Homer’s Iliad
Homer is said to be the first teller of adventures of all times. He was not the first author because in his day stories were passed down---they were told. He was a blind man whose date of birth is unknown.

Eris, Goddess of Discord
Angry because she was not invited to the wedding of the Sea Goddess Thetis to King
Peleus, Eris tossed the Golden Apple marked
“To the Fairest” into the banquet.

The Fairest
Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena wanted the apple
Zeus would not choose, he did not want the goddesses angry with him
Paris was asked to make the decision

The Decision
Hera offered to make
Paris ruler of Europe and Asia
Athena offered to let him lead Sparta in a victory over the
Trojans
Aphrodite offered him the most beautiful woman in the world

Paris Chooses Aphrodite
The most beautiful woman in the world is Helen, the wife of King Menelaus
Aphrodite helps Paris seduce and kidnap Helen

The Beginning of War
King Menelaus called on all those who were loyal to him.
They gathered a huge army, and built a thousand ships to carry the army to Troy
Helen of Sparta was now called “Helen of Troy”
She was “The face that launched a thousand ships”

The Trojan War
The battle raged for 10 years
Many great heroes lost their lives
A prophet predicted that Troy could be captured only with the help of Achilles.

The Hero Achilles
Knowing of the prophecy, and worried that her son would be killed in war,
Achilles’ mother dipped him in the river Styx to make him immortal.
His only weakness was the place on his heals where she held him.
During the war, Achilles is forced to give up his war prize, a slave girl, to
Agamemnon, and so he refuses to fight.
Patroclus, his friend, asks Achilles if he may ride out in his armor so the
Trojans would lose heart.

Achilles
Achilles agreed to allow his friend Patroclus to wear his armor.
The next day Patroclus was killed and stripped of the armor by the Trojan hero Hector, who mistook him for Achilles.
Achilles was overwhelmed with grief for his friend and rage at
Hector.
Achilles kills Hector. He desecrated the body, dragging it behind his chariot before the walls of Troy.
Finally Paris, aided by Apollo, wounded Achilles in the heel with an arrow; Achilles died of the wound.

10 Years of War
The Gods are tired of watching men kill each other, and decide to help end the war. Athena whispers an idea in the Spartan hero Odysseus’s ear.

The Trojan Horse
Odysseus tells them they will build a huge horse of wood.
Some would climb inside and hide.
The rest would sail around the tip of the island, where they could not be seen.
One would stay behind and tell the Trojans that he had been abandoned by the Greeks, and that the horse was an offering to
Athena.

The Fall of Troy
The Trojans believed the trick.
They had a huge banquet to celebrate the end of the war.
At night the men from inside the horse came out and unlocked the gates to the city.

The Burning of Troy
The city is invaded by the army.
The Trojans are drunk and spent from their night of revelry, unable to fight back.
The Spartans destroy and burn the city.
Aphrodite saves Helen from the destruction.

The War Ends
King Menelaus accepts Helen back.
The Warriors can now return home.
Odysseus leaves for home, and his wife and son.

What types of epics are the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Iliad – War Epic
Odyssey – Journey

How were heroes characterized in Homer’s day?
Special Aristocrats or Demigods
Placed somewhere between Gods and ordinary humans.

How is Odysseus different from other heroes?
Hero in Trouble
Clever (not just brute strength)
Did not want to go to war

Why did Odysseus object to the
Trojan War?
He believes no war should be fought over an unfaithful woman
(Helen)
He wants to stay at home with his wife and newborn son

Odysseus attempts to
“Draft Dodge”
Tried to appear insane by planting salt instead of seeds.
Draft recruiters throw his son in front of his plow
Odysseus reveals his sanity by avoiding running over Telemachus

The Odyssey Begins
Odysseus been gone 20 years
Telemachus is 20 years old
Suitors have invaded his house, robbing him of his inheritance, and attempt to marry his mother Penelope
(Odysseus’s Wife)