Positioning the Professions:
Science, Technology, and
Medicine (STM) Publishing (CE 703)
May 19, 2012
Tom Richardson, New England Journal of Medicine
Jean P. Shipman, University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library
John Tagler, Association of American Publishers
Positioning the Professions: Science, Technology, and Medicine (STM) Publishing (CE 703) by Chicago Collaborative is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
Based on a work at www.chicago-collaborative.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at same site.
Course Objectives
• Learn about the publishing process of
STM journals.
• Gain knowledge of the value added by
publishers to scholarly communication.
• Examine the scope of publishing in a dual
format and multimedia environment.
• Appreciate that no two publishers are
alike in their approaches to publishing.
• Consider choices to be made in
publishing.
Outline of Today’s Program
I. STM Publishing: Editors & Authors
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•
•
•
•
Chicago Collaborative
Editors & authors
Peer review
Ethics
Workshop # 1
Break (15 minutes)
II. Behind the Scenes
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•
Production & delivery
Printing
Semantic publishing
Workshop # 2 (Decision Points)
Outline of Today’s Program
Break (15 minutes)
III. The Business of STM Publishing
• Pricing, sales, distribution
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•
•
•
•
Licensing
Advertising
Issues & challenges in the digital environment
Workshop #3 (Decision Points: cont’d)
Discussion & wrap-up
The Chicago Collaborative
Founding Members (2008)
• Assn of Academic Health Sciences Libraries
• Assn of American Medical Colleges
– Council of Academic Societies
• Assn of American Publishers
– Professional & Scholarly Publishing Division
• Assn of Learned & Professional Society Publishers
• Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
• International Assn of Scientific, Technical & Medical
Publishers
• International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors
• Society for Scholarly Publishing
The Chicago Collaborative
Grand Challenges
•
•
•
•
•
•
Preservation / archiving
Effective STM authorship
Peer review / quality assurance
Dynamic content containers
Branding STM content
Future of the journal
Strategies
• Equal partners in dialogue
– consensus-driven statements
• Broad, high level opportunities & challenges
• Shared ideas representing association interests
Credits: Course Developers
•
•
•
•
Norman Frankel: Society for Scholarly Publishing
Margaret Reich: Consultant
Tom Richardson: Society for Scholarly Publishing
Irv Rockwood: Assn of Learned, Professional &
Scholarly Publishers
• Rita Scheman: FASEB & DC Principles
• Jean Shipman: American Assn of Health Science
Libraries
• Elizabeth Solaro:
Publishing
• John Tagler:
Society for Scholarly
Assn of American Publishers/
Professional & Scholarly Publishing
To Start . . .
What are your questions and
expectations for today’s programs?
I. The Current STM Publishing
Landscape
Publishers . . . Authors . . . Editors
& Peer Review
The Current STM Publishing
Landscape
•
•
•
•
Society publishers (not-for-profit)
Commercial publishers
University presses (not-for-profit)
Contract publishing
– society retains editorial control
– production, marketing and distribution
outsourced to commercial, society
or university press publisher
STM/ Scholarly Journals Publishing
2000+ Publishers
• books & journals
• 25,000 journals
• 675 English-language journal
publishers
1.3 – 1.5 million articles/year
1 million authors/year
10 - 12 million readers
1.8 billion journal article
downloads/year
The STM Market: Global
Institutional
•
•
•
•
•
universities & colleges
medical & professional schools
government research facilities
industry
hospitals
Professional Societies
• members
Individuals
• practitioners
• students
STM Publishing: The Key Players
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Authors
Scientific editors
Editorial board
Peer reviewers/referees
Editorial department
– copyeditors
– journal supervisors
Art/design department
Compositor/printer
Online host
Marketing and sales departments
– direct sales staff (in-house or third-party)
– subscription agents
– booksellers
• Rights and permissions
• Archivists (third party)
The Role of STM Journal Publishers:
Core Responsibilities
Validate and disseminate research results
Establish a quality standard
• ethical policies
• peer review
• selection
• editing
Facilitate access to and maximize usability
of content
• maintain state-of-the art delivery and
file
format
• collaborate in the development of community
tools
The Role of STM Journal Publishers:
Associated Responsibilities & Functions
• manage author and publisher rights and
permissions
• comply with industry standards and
government policies
• maintain digital archiving and preservation
strategies
• partner with authors, readers and librarians to
develop and implement techniques to improve
and expedite scientific communication
and discovery
• ongoing investment in publication
process innovation
The Role of STM Journal Publishers:
Community Benefits
Create a unique community for authors &
readers
• defined scope
• quality seal of approval
• discoverability
Transformation of an article
Provide a measure of the researcher’s
productivity and influence
• vital to career path
• vital for funding to continue
research
THE PUBLISHING PROCESS
The following processes and
staffing vary from publisher
to publisher
The Editorial Team
Responsible for content selection
• editor
• associate/deputy/regional editors
• editorial board
• reviewers/referees
• editor’s assistant/managing
editor
NB: The editor and editorial board
have editorial independence and
are solely responsible for content
selection.
Editorial Office Staff
•
•
•
•
Editor-in-chief
Executive editor
Subject editors
Associate/deputy editors
– permanent or part-time
– maintain outside affiliations and
professional roles
NB: The editorial office staff
have editorial independence and
are solely responsible for content
selection.
The Journal Editor’s Role*
• Accepts/rejects ms. for review
• Selects referees
• Funded by the publisher
- stipend
-
office/support staff
office space
hardware/software
board meetings
* External to publisher’s control of influence
The Journal Editor’s Role (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
Serves as decision maker
Liaises w/ authors on revisions
Returns accepted ms. to publisher
Establishes & maintains
- acceptance standards
- rejection rates: submissions vs. acceptances
- breadth/evolving scope
• Cooperation w/ editorial board
& publisher for journal
quality & relevance
The Author: Manuscript Submission
• Submits/uploads manuscript to
publisher-provided web-based peer
review system
• Comply with Publisher’s Instructions to
Authors, which provide detailed
manuscript submission and preparation
guidelines, e.g.:
–
–
–
–
–
authorship
ethical policy and COI disclosure
figure and data submission
manuscript type
content suitability
Editorial Systems
•
•
•
•
•
Manuscript submission
Manuscript tracking
Peer reviewer database
Online editing
Production editing
Q: Will authors see tracking information
about their submission as it flows
through system?
Peer Review
Peer Review
• More than three centuries old
• Attributed to Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of
the Royal Society of London, and founder of
Philosophical Transactions (1665), the “world’s
oldest scientific journal in continuous
existence,” who introduced the practice of
soliciting opinions on manuscripts from
colleagues who were more knowledgeable in
the area in question
• Peer review norm adopted at different times in
different fields, and different locations
• Today essentially synonymous with
scholarly journal publishing
• Formal peer review in medicine dates
only from the post-WWII era
The Culprit!
• Henry Oldenburg and Philosophical Transactions,
(1665)
• Journal content now available through JSTOR
The Editorial/Peer Review Process
• Manuscript submission
– usually via online system
– date-stamp the research of a particular
author
• Step one: initial review by intake
editor
– fundamental questions:
• Is it appropriate for the scope of the
journal?
• Does it present new research
findings?
• Other articles on the same topic?
• What is the journal’s capacity at
present?
– may either reject or move forward
The Editorial/ Peer Review Process
• Step two: assignment to ‘decision’
editor
– assigns article to 2-3 reviewers
– may use plagiarism software
– art, statistics and text reviewed for quality
and authenticity
• The final step: outcome options w/
final decision made by editor
– rejection (on scientific or ethical
grounds)
– acceptance (w/minor or major
revisions)
– acceptance
Article Revision & Resubmission
• Upon conclusion of review . . .
authors may be asked to revise their
manuscript before it receives further
consideration
• Typical requests
– rewriting
– additional research
• Author’s options
– revise and resubmit
– submit to another journal
New Peer Review Tools & Procedures
• Clinical Trial Registry
– per 9/16/2004 International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors joint statement, ICMJE member journals now
require, as a condition of consideration for publication,
registration in a public trials registry, on or before onset of
patient enrollment (N Engl J Med 351;12,1250)
– URL: ClinicalTrials.gov
• Statistical Review
– manuscripts also often go through one or more rounds of
statistical review
– some journals may require independent statistical analysis
• Reporting conflicts of interest, financial aspects
of research and role of sponsors in funded
studies
– http://jama.ama-assn.org/misc/editpolicy.dtl
Peer Review in the News
• Infrequently
– considering 1.25 million primary research and
review articles published per year across all
disciplines
• Preconditions
– publication of flawed research
– ethics violations
– on a newsworthy topic (e.g., cloning)
• Possible results
– public shaming of the culprit
– adverse publicity for the publication
involved and its editorial staff
– a brief flurry of public discussion
Peer Review Failure or Fraud?
The peer review process is not
designed to detect deliberate fraud
• Failure occurs when a published article
that has been subjected to peer review
contains errors that undermine one or
more of its main conclusions.
• Many newsworthy scientific controversies
are examples of fraud, not
peer review failure.
PUBLICATION ETHICS
Publication Ethics
• Data manipulation
– changing or making up data in a manuscript; intended
to “improve” the results; includes digital image
manipulation
• Selective inclusion/exclusion of data
• Unacceptable figure manipulation
– improper grouping, adjustment
– moving, removing, introducing, obscuring, enhancing
any specific feature within an image
• Duplicate/redundant publication
– submission of or publication of the same paper or
substantial parts of a paper in more than one place
– data; extended verbatim text passages;
tables or illustrations
• Human/animal welfare concerns
– treatment of experimental subjects that
does not conform with accepted standards
and journal policy
Publication Ethics
• Authorship attribution
– disputes arising from the addition, deletion or
change of authors
– ensure all named authors participated in research
– disclosure of all contributors
• Plagiarism/self-plagiarism
– taking the work of another or copying one’s own
work
– copying a figure, table or even wording from a
published or unpublished paper without attribution to
one’s own or another’s work
• Conflicts of interest
– real or perceived conflict due to employment,
consulting, or investment in entities with an
interest in the outcome of the research
• Others
– reviewer bias; reviewer misappropriation
of privileged information
– duplicate submission
Ethics Policies
Publishers set clearly-stated policies
• While publisher policies vary, authors found
to have violated these policies are subject to
a variety of actions, from the issuance of
corrections, retractions and up to and
including notification of their institution
and/or sanctions for the most serious
offenses.
• Many publishers exert extensive efforts on
furthering research integrity through
compliance with ethical policies,
both in staff and editor time.
Acceptable Forms of Image Manipulation
Original Capture
Crop
Contrast-Brightness
Adjustment
Re-size
Con
Submitted Figure
Trt A
Trt B
Trt C
Protein X
Courtesy of Dr. C. Bennett; APS
37
Unacceptable Forms of Image Manipulation
Original Capture
Excessive Cropping
Dropped Background
Re-size – Shape Change
Submitted Figure
Con
Trt A
Trt B
Trt C
Protein X
Courtesy of Dr. C. Bennett, APS
38
Incidence of Cases of Ethical
Misconduct at the APS 2010 – ‘11
+/- 3800 ms/year
39
Recommended Resources
CSE’s White Paper on Promoting Integrity in
Scientific Journal Publications 2009 Update
www.CouncilScienceEditors.org
Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
http://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines
American Physiological Society
www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/apsethic.htm
AAAS
www.sciencemag.org/about/authors/prep/gen_info.dtl
Office of Research Integrity (ORI)
for ethical publication violations for manuscripts
funded by NIH)
http://ori.dhhs.gov
Completion of research
Preparation of manuscript
Submission of manuscript
Assignment and review
Decision
Rejection
Revision
Resubmission
Re-review
Acceptance
Rejection
PUBLICATION!
Adapted from a figure by Dale Benos
41
Session 1: Workshop
Discuss the types of Peer Review
• blind peer review
• double blind peer review
• open peer review
• post-publication peer review
II. Behind the Scenes of
STM Publishing
PRODUCTION & DELIVERY
Post-acceptance Publication Process
(processes vary per publisher)
Figures checked for
authenticity
Accepted , unedited
manuscript
published online
Figures
edited/redrawn;
manuscript
copyedited
Author reviews,
marks, returns
proof
Page proofs emailed
to author and
copyeditor
Ms to compositor;
Pagination and final
corrections
Issue posted online
issue printed
& mailed
typesetting/page
layout completed
45
“Pre-print” or “In print” Publication
• Article should carry a DOI* for
discoverability and version control
• Author manuscript posted online
immediately after acceptance
• Usually not copyedited or formatted,
although some publishers provide
minor formatting
• Allows fastest publication of research,
without quality control
• Is superseded by final, edited,
formatted copy when issue is
published online
*Assignment of DOI varies per publisher
Copyediting/Quality Control
• Transfer of accepted mss from Editor’s office
to editorial/production office of publisher
• Copyediting may be internal or outsourced
– cost vs. speed vs. quality control
• Copyediting tasks
– correcting spelling, grammar, punctuation,
inconsistencies
– follow journal style and rewriting
• re-writing is usually minor
• require author and editor approval
– code and edit non-text elements
•
•
•
•
•
math & formulas
tables & charts
figures
halftones
some publishers have illustrators that
re-create graphics
– typesetting codes
Composition and Imposition
• XML coding allows consistent
typesetting, page makeup and multiple
uses (e.g., print, online, archiving) of
manuscript files)
• Compositor takes text and figure files;
makes up pages according to journal
style
• Page proof sent to author; corrections
made when returned from author and
proofreader
• Journal issue makeup (imposition)
includes articles and front/back
matter, advertisements
Sample XML File
<title-group><article-title>Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise-induced increase in insulin
sensitivity</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Newsom</surname><given-names>Sean A.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schenk</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>Kristin M.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harber</surname><given-names>Matthew P.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Knuth</surname><given-names>Nicolas D.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goldenberg</surname><given-names>Naila</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">²</xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Horowitz</surname><given-names>Jeffrey F.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">¹School of Kinesiology and </aff>
<aff id="aff2">²Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan</aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp>Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: <addr-line>J. F. Horowitz, School of Kinesiology, Univ. of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave.,
48109-2214</addr-line> (e-mail: <email>jeffhoro@umich.edu</email>).</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2010</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></pub-date>
<volume>108</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>554</fpage><lpage>560</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></date>
</history>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2010 the American Physiological Society</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="zdg00310000554.pdf"/>
<abstract>
<p>The content of meals consumed after exercise can impact metabolic responses for hours and even days after the exercise session. The purpose of this study
was to compare the effect of low dietary carbohydrate (CHO) vs. low energy intake in meals after exercise on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism the
next day. Nine healthy men participated in four randomized trials. During the control trial (CON) subjects remained sedentary. During the other three
trials, subjects exercised &#x005B;65&#x0025; peak oxygen consumption (V&#x0307;<sc>o</sc>_2peak); cycle ergometer and treadmill
exercise&#x005D; until they expended &#x223C;800 kcal. Dietary intake during CON and one exercise trial (BAL) was designed to provide sufficient
energy and carbohydrate to maintain nutrient balance. In contrast, the diets after the other two exercise trials were low in either CHO (LOW-CHO) or
energy (
49
Online Presentation of Content
• In online journal issue, each article is
usually presented in two ways:
– HTML
– PDF
• HTML
–
–
–
–
–
easier to read online
text flows
live links to citations, references, affiliations, etc.
figures can be enlarged and downloaded separately
reader can easily access online-only (supplemental)
material
• PDF
– easier to print and read offline
– retains style of print publication
– lose access to online-only functionality
and material
Online presentation
51
PDF file
52
Other Electronic Delivery Methods
• Mobile devices
– decisions must be made to deliver all
or some of content
– software and design requirements to
allow readability on smaller screen
– different software and design
requirements
– interactive elements must be
• created
• designed
• implemented
Mobile Devices: Constantly Evolving
54
Printing . . .
Most Journals Are Still Printed!
• Printing options
– medium to large press runs (1000’s)
• web offset press
• 5X faster than sheet fed press
• Small press runs (100’s to 1000’s)
– sheet-fed offset press
– mini-web offset press
Printing . . .
Most Journals Are Still Printed!
Print on Demand (POD)
• digital printing
• can order 1 to multiple copies,as needed
Covers
• printed separately on heavier coated stock
Binding
• selected binding (advertising)
• foreign editions
Semantic publishing, data mining
& text mining
Semantic technology – allows for:
• aggregation
• analysis
• visualization
• author/researcher publication patterns
• discoverability
• enhanced search
• re-configuration
Semantic publishing, data mining
& text mining
What is metadata?
• data about data
• controlled vocabularies allow added power to content via
semantic tagging
What does it mean to publishers?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
spec of the file format
digital asset management
the size of the image/content file
who created the image/content
who owns the image/content
whether it is art of a larger collection
when it was created
Semantic publishing, data mining
& text mining
Metadata in the workflow
• deeper commitment but bigger upside
• requires planning for tools, workflow,
usability & maintenance
• allows author participation (or subject
specialists) at beginning of workflow
• good metadata planning should combine with
creativity in product development
• semantic tagging describes what
content “is” and not merely how it
should “look” on the page or screen
Semantic publishing, data mining
& text mining
The power of semantic web technologies is already available today,
but it is most prevalent in vertical applications with semi-structured
content.
• The #1 limitation today to almost any semantic technology solution
is the user (training, ease of use.)
- the industry is rarely limited by “what can be done” but we are
almost always limited by “what will be used” and “how will it be
used”
- anyone in Natural Language Processing will say that Google is
not the most advanced search engine, but few grasp why it
attracts more utilization than all others combined
- ease of use
- familiarity (“first mover advantages”)
• The #2 limitation today is budget, but it is a
VERY distant cousin to # 1
Options for Current & Future
Product Offerings
Audio
Books
Book
Chapters
Book Series
DIGITAL Content
Management
System & ARCHIVE
EDITING, APPROVAL &
PRODUCTION
Reference Works
Graphics
Journal
Articles
Digital Collections
Journal article
Journal issue
Video
61
Workshop # 2
Decision Points: 1
III. The Business of STM Publishing
Pricing Considerations
Decision makers
• editorial, marketing, finance, society, sales
Position of individual journal
• established or new
• competitive environment
• expanding/contracting discipline (page projections)
Open Access option
• hybrid model
• gold/green
Pricing Considerations
Subscription model
•
•
•
•
institutions
individuals
society members
others
Package pricing
• consortia
• aggregation platforms
• third-party vendors
Advertising
Sales & Distribution
Publisher sales & site-licensing team for
institutional sales
• direct sales force to libraries
• third-party vendors/platforms
• internal contact for subscription agents,
aggregators or other third party vendors
Additional sales & distribution channels
• pay-per-view, bundling, subject subsets
• sales to individuals
• member access
Support & help desk functions
• hours of operation 24/7 (?)
Access control & authentication
administration
Licensing
Site Licensing
• site-wide access to books, journals, databases
Aggregated/Third-Party Licensing
• third party (e.g., an aggregator provides
access to content)
Point-of-Care Licensing (MD decision
support tool)
• third parties or publishers provide access to
customer-designed/aggregated content to aid
bedside analyses
Local Edition Licensing
• publishers develop versions of the
journals for specific markets and
countries either translated or in the
local language
Licensing: Options
• Organization-wide, 24/7 access to one
title or a collection of titles
• May come with or without a print
edition
• Single-user or simultaneous user
provision
• Individual license is negotiated between
the publisher and library
Licensing: Third-Party/Aggregators
• Aggregators: Companies that bundle
books, journals, databases and other
information into online-content
subscriptions
• Aggregators allow publishers to reach
non-core markets and provide a
supplemental revenue stream
• Provide libraries with one portal to
access numerous products
Point-of-Care Licensing
MD Decision Support Tool
• developed for physicians who need
reliable information quickly and
flexibly
• provides physicians with evidence
summaries to guide them in their
clinical thinking and decision
making
Third-Party Licensing:
Point-of-Care Services
Most POC services include at least
some of the following features:
• synthesis of current evidence for treatment
and drugs
• means for rapid consultation at the point of
patient care
• evidence-based, frequently updated
information with links to relevant literature
• drug information, ICD coding, basic
information for patients, provision for
links to electronic health records
Locally Licensed Editions
• Many U.S. and British publishers reach
out to their colleagues overseas through
licensed editions (print and/or online)
• Licensed editions, both translated or in
English, provide selected articles to
local markets
• Publicizes research performed in the US
and encourages local researchers to
submit their work to the primary
collection
• Translated content can reach larger
local audience
Electronic Sales Process
SALES SUPPORT
E-FULFILLMENT
Analysis
Contract
Call Prep
Invoice
Sales Call
Electronic
Entitlement
HELPDESK
Helpdesk
24/7 Support
Negotiation
Agreement
License
Usage Analysis
73
Administration
Points of Access
• login (UN/PW)
• IP range
• proxy server
• federated sign-on
– e.g., Shibboleth, Athens
•
•
•
•
consortia user
third-party agent
geolocation
PPV
– patientACCESS (pilot project)
• other
– patientINFORM, Research4Life
Authentication
Content Configurations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
date ranges
own vs. access model
calendar year, rolling year
society access/content
library allowances
bundles
open access content
PPV conditions & time entitlements
Advertising: New Considerations
Print advertising in decline, but still a significant
revenue source
• biomedical journals account for vast majority
of that base/primarily from the pharma
industry
– digital dimes replacing analogue dollars
– online advertising increasing, but not
approaching print levels
Advertising: New Considerations
Growth in 2011 increased by 6%, but lagged behind 2010
The 2012 market is slow, down 14% in pages
Print advertising remains the strongest channel
Source: Medical Media, and Marketing, April 2010
Advertising: New Considerations
2007 -2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals
Advertising: New Considerations
2007 -2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals
Advertising: New Considerations
2007 -2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals
Advertising: New Considerations
• Regional restrictions
– brand names, government regulations, product approval &
availability
• Society/editorial guidelines and approval processes
– commercial ads (e.g., no ads on article pages), society
ads, publisher ads
• Integration w/ eTOC, alerts, searches, interstitial ads
• Sponsorship of subscriptions, topic collections,
translated editions
• Demand for more detailed reporting
on click-through rates (CTR) and impressions
• Demand for more detail on who is visiting the
site and validation/registration
• Cost of creating cross-channel campaigns
(e.g., mobile, tablet, print, online)
The Digital Environment:
Issues & Challenges
Article Versions
Publisher versions
• post acceptance, interim publication (e-only)
• final publication (multiple formats)
• preprint (only some publishers) (e-only in IR;
preprint server)
• Version of Record (VOR)
– typically the final electronic version
– publisher ensures update/correction of VOR
– What provisions are made for updating other
sources?
Other sources
•
•
•
•
•
PubMed Central
institutional repository
pre-print servers
author web site
rogue/uncontrolled sites
Online Environment
• Content moves from library stacks to
digital platform
– shifts responsibilities from the library to the
publisher or host site
• Online delivery platforms
– self-host (ScienceDirect, Wiley
Interscience)
– outsource (HighWire, Ovid, BioOne,
Atypon)
• Disaster recovery strategy
• Archive provisions
– in-house
– external (e.g., Portico, JSTOR,
LOCKSS)
Digitizing Archival Content
Preliminary decisions
•
•
•
•
•
•
gathering print copies in good condition
cover-to-cover scanning?
advertisements?
project management assignment internally
choosing a vendor/partner
pricing strategy
Digitization Process
• scanning
–
decision on destructive or non-destructive processing
–
–
–
dependent on quality and layout of original
quality assurance: human oversight is essential
specialized content (e.g., medical) not easily recognizable by OCR
–
necessary to make content findable on the Web
• OCR (optical character recognition)
• XML conversion
Issues in Digital Preservation
• Reliable and perpetual access is a priority as
more and more journals move online
• Who is responsible for it and who pays for it
– publisher, library or combination?
• Trigger event(s):
–
–
–
–
a publisher stops operations
publication of a title ceases
back issues are no longer available
a publisher’s delivery platform fails for a sustained
period
• Dark vs. light archives
• Rights transfer
• Access control
Major Preservation Solutions
• Member/subscriber initiatives
– Portico
– LOCKSS
– CLOCKSS
• Government-supported initiatives
– Koninklijke Bibliotheek e-Deposit
• National Library of the Netherlands
– German National Library of Medicine Retrodigitization
– British Library e-Legal Deposit
– National Science Library, Chinese Academy of
Sciences
• Other
– Keepers Registry (EDINA & ISSN International
Centre)
Benefits to Users
90% of STM journals are online*
• benefits both teaching and research
• access to more content than ever before
• incalculable improvement in delivery time
– faster turnaround in flow-through processes
– article-by-article release rather than by issue
• 24/7 access: anytime & anywhere
– mobile devices enhance this benefit
•
•
•
•
reference links: open up endless navigation possibilities
publisher competition to enhance the user experience
social networking/subject community possibilities
giving customers what they expect
– especially younger audience: “If it’s not online,
it doesn’t exist”
– reading more articles but spending less reading
time per article: Renear and Palmer, Science, 325,
828 (2009)
*2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals
Benefits to Libraries
• Consortia & university system collections
expand
– esp. medium and small academic libraries
– reduced ILL support, better speed
• Global licensing and access for corporate
customers
• National or state-wide licensing and access for
government agency libraries
• Simultaneous access
– current journal issues + books & reference works
• Saves on space & staff time
• No missing/delayed/damaged issues:
instant check-in
• Usage data gathering for analysis &
collection management
– understand/better serve users
Benefits to Publishers
• Develop new pricing and packaging models
– reach new niche markets
• Usage data
– understand/analyze customer base
– better editorial analysis
– marketing capabilities
• Content can be used in new & innovative ways
– repackaging
– customization per customer/geographic/discipline sector
– data mining & semantic publishing for future re-mixing and
retrieval
• Industry standardization benefits everybody
– CrossRef
• DOI
• CrossCheck and CrossMark
– interoperability enhances everyone’s content
and platform by providing a better user
experience
Challenges for Publishers
• Steadily increasing volume of submissions
• Constant pressure to keep up with industry
innovations in technology and functionality
• Increasingly capital intensive back office
requirements
– additional investment in hardware and software
– higher skill set for staff, more training, longer learning curve
. . . all resulting in increased costs
• Coupled with declining library and practitioner
funds for subscriptions
• Market demand to increase efficiency and service
while holding or (preferably) reducing prices
• Uncertainty about sustainability of
traditional business model
– open access (author-paid model)
– public access
– government mandated deposit
Challenges for Publishers
Major changes in publishing model
Old
• organizational silos
• slow to change
• significant variable costs for each
issue printed and mailed
Challenges for Publishers
Major changes in publishing model
New
• working together with internal and external
•
•
•
•
groups in new ways
near constant pressure to change & very
competitive
reduced variable cost for Web delivery
significantly increased fixed costs for
publishing, Web development, hosting
higher skill set for online 24/7 support
Environmental/Technological Challenges
• Speed to publication continues unabated
• Continuity of the journal brand . . . or the
journal as package
• Global perspective: input + output
– content, languages, interfaces, customs, help desk support
• Mobile devices
– PDAs, Notebooks, eBooks, eReaders
• New digital content added to platforms with
expectation of functionality, flexibility and
discoverability comparable to journals
– reference works, book series, monographs
– audio, video, animation
• Future of copyright in the digital world
• Digital piracy
– economic threat
– integrity of content
Medical Journals Then…
95
Medical Journals Now…
Databases
Text
Supplements
User
Slide
Shows
Audio
Video
Metadata
96
Workshop # 3
Decision Points: 2
Wrap-up
Thank you
trichardson@nejm.org
Jean.Shipman@Utah.edu
jtagler@publishers.org