It explains learning in terms of observable
behaviours and how they are influenced by
stimuli from the environment.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov’s 5 concepts
Generalization
Operant Conditioning
A
type of learning that occurs when
individuals learn to produce
involuntary emotional or
physiological responses similar to
instinctive or reflexive responses.
 Object
or event causing the instinctive or
reflexive physiological or emotional
response.
 Instinctive
or reflexive physiological or
emotional response caused by the
unconditioned stimulus.
 An
object or event that does not initially
impact behaviour one way or the other.
 Formerly
neutral stimulus that becomes
associated with the unconditioned
stimulus.

A learned physiological or emotional
response that is similar to the
unconditioned response.
 The
conditioned and unconditioned
stimuli must exist at the same time.
Food
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Salivation
(natural, not learned)
Bell
Conditioned Stimulus
Salivation Conditioned Response (to bell)
Food
Unconditioned Stimulus
Salivation
Unconditioned Response
(natural, not learned)
Bell
Conditioned Stimulus
Salivation
Conditioned Response (to bell)
 Teachers
or peers affect how you feel
when you enter the class.
 When
a teacher creates a friendly
environment in the class, the pupils will
generally feel comfortable entering the
class.
 Occurs
when stimuli is similar- but not
identical - to a conditioned stimulus elicit
the conditioned response by themselves
(N. Jones, Kemenes, & Benjamin, 2001)
 Observable
responses that change in
frequency or duration as the result of
consequences, events that occur following
behaviours. (B.F. Skinner, 1953, 1954)
 In
summary, behaviours are largely
controlled by consequences rather than by
stimuli preceding the behaviour. The
consequence of an action results in the
behaviour portrayed.




The term used by B.F. Skinner to describe the
effects of the consequences of a particular
behavior on the future occurrence of that
behavior.
There are four types of Operant Conditioning:
Positive Reinforcement, Negative
Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction.
Both Positive and Negative Reinforcement
strengthen behavior while both Punishment and
Extinction weaken behavior
 The
process of applying reinforcers to
increase behaviour.
 Process
of increasing the frequency or
duration of a behaviour as the result of
presenting a reinforcer. Sometimes,
reinforcing of undesirable behaviour
may result.
 Process
of increasing behaviour by
avoiding or removing an aversive
stimulus (Baldwin & Baldwin, 2001; B.F.
Skinner, 1953)
 The
removal of an adverse stimulus
which is ‘rewarding’ to the animal.
Negative reinforcement strengthens
behaviour because it stops or removes an
unpleasant experience.
a
process which reinforces
successive approximation of the
desired behaviour.
 Use
of punishers to weaken behaviour.
Type of
stimulus
Desirable
Action
Present
Behaviour
Strengthen
Strengthen
Aversive
Remove
Weaken
Aversive
Present
Concept
Positive
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Type 1 punishment
Type of
stimulus
Action
Desirable
Behaviour
Concept
Weaken
Type 2 punishment:
Time out
Remove
Desirable
Weaken
Withheld
Extinction
The ABC of
Behavioral
Learning
 Learning
is about the increased
probability of a behaviour based on
reinforcement which has taken place in
the past, so that the antecedents of the
new behaviour include the
consequences of previous behaviour.