Things to know for the APHG exam You will need to be able to give examples or identify examples of particular concepts. These are on your classnotes and/or handouts and notecards. If you did not take classnotes, make notecards, or keep your handouts, perhaps you can find someone to help you with that. Your book has examples of course, and don’t forget my notes online. Notice that I have removed a few of the terms,etc that I know are not on the exam. While exam covers all units, more exam questions come from units 2 and 3. Unit One (Chapter one) built landscape sequent occupance Carl Sauer’s Cultural Landscape theory Diffusion: relocation; expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus hearth independent invention distance decay Direction (absolute; relative) Epidemic vs. Pandemic Environmental Determinism Theory Possibilism Theory Location (absolute; relative) Site Situation toponym Region (formal/uniform; functional/nodal; perceptual/vernacular) Scale Size Distortion Geographic Information System (GIS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Maps: types of thematic or statistical (cartogram, dot, choropleth, isoline) Mental map Projection (Mercator, Robinson) Remote sensing Pay particular attention to: Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term Site vs. situation: definition and examples Maps: types, projections, distortion Scale: large vs. small Differentiate between different types of regions Differentiate between different types of diffusion Unit Two: Population and Migration (chs. 2 and 3) Chapter Two: Population Age distribution Carrying capacity Cohort Demographic equation Demographic momentum Demographic Transition model Dependency ratio Doubling time Ecumene Infant mortality rate J-curve Malthus, Thomas Mortality Natality Neo-Malthusian Overpopulation Population densities Population distributions Population projection Population pyramid Rate of natural increase S-curve Sex ratio Standard of living Sustainability Zero population growth Arithmetic density vs Physiologic density crude birth rate crude death rate pro-natalist (expansive) policy anti-natalist (restrictive) policy Chapter 3: Migration asylum Chain migration Cyclic movement Distance decay Forced migration Gravity model guest workers Internal migration Intervening opportunity Migration patterns • Intercontinental • Interregional • Rural-urban Migratory movement Periodic movement Push-pull factors internal Refugee international refugee Ravenstein’s laws of migration Step migration Transhumance Transmigration Voluntary migration Xenophobia remittances quotas Pay particular attention to: Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term Contrast physiological and arithmetic density; give example of each Know major population clusters, internationally and here in the US Population trends in the US, Europe, Africa, and Asia, both current and historical Migration trends in the US, Europe, Africa Analyze population pyramids and relate to population trends. Demographic transition model: know phases, causes of phases (historical and present), relate to current world population trends and areas. Know population statistical terms and their significance, esp. TFR, CBR, CDR Be able to identify Ravenstein’s laws of migration Push vs. Pull factors: identify examples Unit Three: Culture (Chapters 4-7) Chapter Four: Local Culture, Popular Culture, and Cultural Landscapes Acculturation Assimilation Built environment Commodification/authenticity Cultural core/periphery pattern Cultural landscape Culture Culture region • Formal—core, periphery • Functional—node • Vernacular (perceptual)—regional self-awareness Diffusion types • Expansion—hearth, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus • Relocation Distance decay/time-space compression Ethnic neighborhoods Folk culture Global-local continuum Local Culture Maladaptive diffusion Material/nonmaterial culture Neolocalism Popular culture Reterritorialization Sequent occupance Chapter Five: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality Ethnicity Terms Barrio Chain migration Cultural shatterbelt Ethnic cleansing Ethnic enclave Ethnic group Ethnic homeland Gender Dowry death Enfranchisement Gender Terms Gender gap Infanticide Longevity gap Maternal mortality rate Ethnic landscape Ethnicity Ethnocentrism Ghetto Plural society Race Segregation Chapter Six: Language Creole Dialect Indo-European languages Isogloss Language Language family/subfamily Lingua franca Monolingual/multilingual Official language Pidgin Seven: Religion Buddhism Christianity Confucianism Ethnic religion Enclave/Exclave Fundamentalism Hinduism Interfaith boundaries Islam Jihad Judaism Monotheism/polytheism Mormonism Muslim pilgrimage Religion (groups, places) Religious architectural styles Religious conflict Religious culture hearth Religious toponym Sacred space Secularism Sharia law Shintoism Sikhism Pay particular attention to: Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term Be able to give geographic location of the major religions, both internationally and in the US Be able to give geographic location of the major ethnic groups in the US Identify dominant languages Give examples of linguistic conflicts Give examples of religious conflict, both among different religions (Northern Ireland) and within the same religion (Shi’a vs Sunni) Compare/contrast local and popular cultures, especially in the US Be able to give examples of gender inequality Unit IV. Political Organization of Space Autocracy Balkanization Berlin Conference of 1884 Boundary, disputes (definitional, locational, operational, allocational) Boundary, type (natural/physical, ethnographic/cultural, geometric) Buffer state Centrifugal forces Centripetal forces City-state Colony/colonialism Confederation Decolonization Democracy Democratization/Arab Spring Devolution Enclave/Exclave European Union Federal system Gerrymandering Mackinder’s Heartland Theory (vs. Rimland Theory) Irredentism Landlocked states Mercantilism Multinational states Multi-state nations Nation Nationalism Nation-states NATO Ratzel’s German School/Organic Theory Reapportionment Shatterbelt Sovereignty Stateless nations Supranational organizations Territorial morphology (compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupted, perforated) The Law of the Sea/Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Territoriality Unilateralism Unitary United Nations Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: Core/Periphery/Semi-periphery Processes Pay particular attention to: Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term Identify types of boundaries and give examples of advantages and disadvantages. Identify national boundary shapes and give examples of advantages and disadvantages.