• Darwin observed the Galapagos finches
while traveling on the H.M.S Beagle.
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• Darwin hypothesized that one finch landed
on the Island.
– This one finch over time and evolved into many
different types of finches.
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• Some finches have small beaks to eats
small seeds,
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• Some finches have small beaks to eats
small seeds, other finches have large
beaks to crush hard large seeds.
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• Some finches have small beaks to eats
small seeds, other finches have large
beaks to crush hard large seeds. Other
beaks were designed to catch insects.
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• Which Finch is better adapted to crush
large seeds that fall to the ground?
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• Which Finch is better adapted to crush
large seeds that fall to the ground?
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• They even evolved into a Vampire Finch.
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• Many species were able to thrive if they
made the journey to the Galapagos
because once they arrived there were very
few mammalian predators.
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• Evolution is the change in the gene pool
overtime.
– Gene Pools can change when…
– Populations can shrink
• Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species,
predators.
– Non-random mating
• Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
– Mutations in the genes
• Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
• The environment will decide.
– Movement in and out of the population
• Immigration, gene flow.
– Natural selection
• Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones.
Usually an advancement.
• Evolution is the change in the gene pool
overtime.
– Gene Pools can change when…
– Populations can shrink
• Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species,
predators.
– Non-random mating
• Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
– Mutations in the genes
• Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
• The environment will decide.
– Movement in and out of the population
• Immigration, gene flow.
– Natural selection
• Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones.
Usually an advancement.
• Review Activity! The Hypotheticus Beast.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The hypotheticus is a normal animal, it
eats leaves and tubers (roots).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The hypotheticus is a normal animal, it
eats leaves and tubers (roots). A male
hypotheticus meets a female.
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• The hypotheticus is a normal animal, it
eats leaves and tubers (roots). A male
hypotheticus meets a female.
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• More babies are born than can possibly
survive.
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• More babies are born than can possibly
survive.
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• Each Hypotheticus is slightly different than
the other.
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• Each Hypotheticus is slightly different than
the other.
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• Each Hypotheticus is slightly different than
the other.
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• Each Hypotheticus is slightly different than
the other.
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• Each Hypotheticus is slightly different than
the other.
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• Predators such the Fanged Tooth
Scienceteachericus kept populations of the
Hypotheticus in check.
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• Predators such the Fanged Tooth
Scienceteachericus kept populations of the
Hypotheticus in check.
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• One of the offspring has more hair than
most. The Hairy Hypotheticus.
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• One of the offspring has a slightly larger
neck. The Long Necked Hypotheticus.
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• One of the offspring is a bit shorter and has
longer claws. The Clawed Hypotheticus.
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• Climate in Hypotheticus Land became
drastically dry for the next several years.
– Many of the shrubs are eaten or start to die.
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• Natural Resources are limited for the
Normal Hypotheticus.
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• The normal Hypotheticus can’t reach the
leaves, and there aren’t enough shrubs to
survive.
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• The normal Hypotheticus can’t reach the
leaves, and there aren’t enough shrubs to
survive.
– The Normal Hypotheticus has a difficult time
surviving.
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• The normal Hypotheticus can’t reach the
leaves, and there aren’t enough shrubs to
survive.
– The Normal Hypotheticus has a difficult time
surviving.
– Tuber roots just below the surface are eaten
quickly.
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• Over thousands of years, the normal type
Hypotheticus slowly have trouble surviving to
reproduce.
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• The Fanged Tooth Scienceteachericus has
no problems killing these tired and weaker
species.
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• The long necked Hypotheticus tend to
survive more often because they can reach
leaves on trees.
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• With more Long Necked Hypotheticus
surviving,
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• With more Long Necked Hypotheticus
surviving, Long Necked Hypotheticus tend to
mate with Long Necked Hypotheticuses,
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• With more Long Necked Hypotheticus
surviving, Long Necked Hypotheticus tend to
mate with Long Necked Hypotheticuses, over
millions of years.
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• Overtime, nature favors the Long Necked
Hypotheticus,
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• Overtime, nature favors the Long Necked
Hypotheticus, and gradually, those offspring
with longer necks survive more often to
reproduce and their offspring have long
necks.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Overtime, nature favors the Long Necked
Hypotheticus, and gradually, those offspring
with longer necks survive more often to
reproduce, and their offspring have long
necks.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Overtime, nature favors the Long Necked
Hypotheticus, and gradually, those offspring
with longer necks survive more often to
reproduce, and their offspring have long
necks.
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• The clawed Hypotheticus can dig up tuber
roots better than the other Hypotheticuses.
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• Nature favors Longer Clawed Hypotheticus,
as they can reach the tubers,
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• Nature favors Longer Clawed Hypotheticus,
as they can reach the tubers, slowly over
thousands and thousands of generations,
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• Nature favors Longer Clawed Hypotheticus,
as they can reach the tubers, slowly over
thousands and thousands of generations, the
Hypotheticus gets shorter, and gets larger
claws for digging.
– Those that are shorter with longer claws survive
more to reproduce.
– Their offspring are also shorter and clawed.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nature favors Longer Clawed Hypotheticus,
as they can reach the tubers, slowly over
thousands and thousands of generations, the
Hypotheticus gets shorter, and gets larger
claws for digging.
– Those that are shorter with longer claws survive
more to reproduce.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nature favors Longer Clawed Hypotheticus,
as they can reach the tubers, slowly over
thousands and thousands of generations, the
Hypotheticus gets shorter, and gets larger
claws for digging.
– Those that are shorter with longer claws survive
more to reproduce.
– Their offspring are also shorter and clawed.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Maybe it learns to dig and burrow in the earth
to stay cool as the climate gets warmer.
Maybe it loses its hair.
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• Maybe it learns to dig and burrow in the earth
to stay cool as the climate gets warmer.
Maybe it loses its hair.
– It is also advantageous to be smaller to burrow
better.
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• Over thousands of years, the clawed group of
the Hypotheticus finds it difficult to mate with
the Normal Hypotheticus.
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• Over thousands of years, the clawed
Hypotheticus finds it difficult to mate with the
Normal Hypotheticus.
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• Eventually, the two won’t mate at all.
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• Over hundreds of thousands to millions of
years a new species has evolved.
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• Over hundreds of thousands to millions of
years a new species has evolved.
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
Over hundreds of thousands to millions of
years a new species has evolved.
 This
is called adaptive radiation.
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• In this environment, having more hair keeps
you drier and warmer in a cold climate.
– The Long Haired Hypotheticus has a slightly
better chance of survival.
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• Populations of the Hairy Hypotheticus are
stable in size except for some seasonal
changes.
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• The ones that have more hair survive more
and thus reproduce more.
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• The ones that have more hair survive more
and thus reproduce more.
– Because traits are passed down, more and more
Hairy Hypotheticus result.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The world is thrown into an ice age for
60,000 years,
• The world is thrown into an ice age for
60,000 years, only the most Hairy
Hypotheticus survive.
• The world is thrown into an ice age for
60,000 years, only the most Hairy
Hypotheticus survive.
• Now only really hairy hypotheticus have
survived and they mate with other
surviving hairy hypotheticus.
• Now only really hairy hypotheticus have
survived and they mate with other
surviving hairy hypotheticus.
• Over time, the hairy Hypotheticus is so
different from the normal Hypotheticus that
they can no longer mate.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Over time, the hairy Hypotheticus is so
different from the normal Hypotheticus that
they can no longer mate.
– A new species has evolved.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Evolution is the change in the gene pool
overtime.
– Gene Pools can change when…
– Populations can shrink
• Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species,
predators.
– Non-random mating
• Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
– Mutations in the genes
• Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
• The environment will decide.
– Movement in and out of the population
• Immigration, gene flow.
– Natural selection
• Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones.
Usually an advancement.
• Evolution is the change in the gene pool
overtime.
– Gene Pools can change when…
– Populations can shrink
• Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species,
predators.
– Non-random mating
• Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
– Mutations in the genes
• Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
• The environment will decide.
– Movement in and out of the population
• Immigration, gene flow.
– Natural selection
• Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones.
Usually an advancement.
• The Normal Hypotheticus went extinct,
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• The Normal Hypotheticus went extinct,
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• The Normal Hypotheticus went extinct, but
its existence helped evolve several species.
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Extinct
• Interestingly, based on both morphological
and biochemical evidence,
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Interestingly, based on both morphological
and biochemical evidence, it is agreed that
the manatees,
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• Interestingly, based on both morphological
and biochemical evidence, it is agreed that
the manatees, dugongs,
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Interestingly, based on both morphological
and biochemical evidence, it is agreed that
the manatees, dugongs, and hyraxes
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Interestingly, based on both morphological
and biochemical evidence, it is agreed that
the manatees, dugongs, and hyraxes are the
closest living relatives of today's elephants.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Extinct
Moeritherium
species – 50
million years ago.

Variation + Many Offspring + Heredity =
Natural Selection.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Variation + Many Offspring + Heredity =
Natural Selection.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Variation + Many Offspring + Heredity =
Natural Selection.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Evolution is the change in the gene pool
overtime.
– Gene Pools can change when…
– Populations can shrink
• Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species,
predators.
– Non-random mating
• Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
– Mutations in the genes
• Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
• The environment will decide.
– Movement in and out of the population
• Immigration, gene flow.
– Natural selection
• Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones.
Usually an advancement.
• Evolution is the change in the gene pool
overtime.
– Gene Pools can change when…
– Populations can shrink
• Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species,
predators.
– Non-random mating
• Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
– Mutations in the genes
• Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
• The environment will decide.
– Movement in and out of the population
• Immigration, gene flow.
– Natural selection
• Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones.
Usually an advancement.
• This video is what we are often taught when
we are young. (Not correct)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmdWfPvyQ-A
Shorter Version at.. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdeosyDtYfg
• Extra Credit Activity! Create a story book
about your own type of unique Hypotheticus.
– Please include the mechanism for change
(The parts of Natural Selection from the
notes).
– Create pictures, have fun with names.
– Provide text above or below the pictures.
– Your Hypotheticus should change into a new
animal, or many animals over many thousands
to millions of years.
– Use technology if you want, or use paper,
staples, and your creative abilities.
– Be prepared for story time!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Extra Credit Activity! Create a story book
about your own type of unique Hypotheticus.
– Please include the mechanism for change
(The parts of Natural Selection from the
notes).
– Create pictures, have fun with names.
– Provide text above or below the pictures.
– Your Hypotheticus should change into a new
animal, or many animals over many thousands
to millions of years.
– Use technology if you want, or use paper,
staples, and your creative abilities.
– Be prepared for story time!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Extra Credit Activity! Create a story book
about your own type of unique Hypotheticus.
– Please include the mechanism for change
(The parts of Natural Selection from the
notes).
– Create pictures, have fun with names.
– Provide text above or below the pictures.
– Your Hypotheticus should change into a new
animal, or many animals over many thousands
to millions of years.
– Use technology if you want, or use paper,
staples, and your creative abilities.
– Be prepared for story time!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Extra Credit Activity! Create a story book
about your own type of unique Hypotheticus.
– Please include the mechanism for change
(The parts of Natural Selection from the
notes).
– Create pictures, have fun with names.
– Provide text above or below the pictures.
– Your Hypotheticus should change into a new
animal, or many animals over many thousands
to millions of years.
– Use technology if you want, or use paper,
staples, and your creative abilities.
– Be prepared for story time!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Extra Credit Activity! Create a story book
about your own type of unique Hypotheticus.
– Please include the mechanism for change
(The parts of Natural Selection from the
notes).
– Create pictures, have fun with names.
– Provide text above or below the pictures.
– Your Hypotheticus should change into a new
animal, or many animals over many thousands
to millions of years.
– Use technology if you want, or use paper,
staples, and your creative abilities.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Extra Credit Activity! Create a story book
about your own type of unique Hypotheticus.
– Please include the mechanism for change
(The parts of Natural Selection from the
notes).
– Create pictures, have fun with names.
– Provide text above or below the pictures.
– Your Hypotheticus should change into a new
animal, or many animals over many thousands
to millions of years.
– Use technology if you want, or use paper,
staples, and your creative abilities.
– Be prepared for story time!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• These are the mechanisms that must be
mentioned in your story.
– Please record one on each slide now. You
can arrange them into your story later.

Divergent evolution: When a group from a
specific population develops into a new
species.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Examples of divergent evolution.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• People are all of the same species, but we
can see that people all over the world have
minor differences from each other.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Teacher can minimize out of slideshow
and assist students in dragging the
person to the correct star on next slide
• The Maasai in Kenya are tall and thin, adapted
for maximum heat loss in the heat of East
Africa.
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• If you live in a cold environment, then you will
usually have small ears to retain your heat.
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• Which rabbit lives in the warm climate, and
which in the cold climate?
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• Which rabbit lives in the warm climate, and
which in the cold climate?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which rabbit lives in the warm climate, and
which in the cold climate?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which rabbit lives in the warm climate, and
which in the cold climate?
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• Which rabbit lives in the warm climate, and
which in the cold climate?
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• Which rabbit lives in the warm climate, and
which in the cold climate?
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• Which fox lives in the warm climate, and
which lives in the cold climate.
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• Which fox lives in the warm climate, and
which lives in the cold climate.
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• Which fox lives in the warm climate, and
which lives in the cold climate.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which fox lives in the warm climate, and
which lives in the cold climate.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which fox lives in the warm climate, and
which lives in the cold climate.
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• The Inuit of the Arctic are short and squat,
perfectly adapted for retaining heat in the
cold winter.
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• Who is more adapted to live in a hot dry
climate?
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• Who is more adapted to live in a hot dry
climate?
“I’m sweating like a wild
beast out here!”
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• Who is more adapted to live in a cold wet
climate?
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“Get me out of
here!” “I’m
freezing!”

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
This Side:
One part of
the world
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
This Side:
One part of
the world
This Side:
Another part
of the world
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
This Side:
One part of
the world
Ex. S. America
This Side:
Another part
of the world
Ex. Asia and
Australia
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Convergent Evolution: Similar evolved
structures in unrelated animals.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Convergent Evolution: Organisms evolve
similar shapes or structures, in response to
similar environmental conditions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy