Accounting Principles
From:
Accounting Principles, 7th Edition
Weygandt • Kieso • Kimmel
Prepared by Naomi Karolinski
Monroe Community College
and
Marianne Bradford
Bryant College
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2005
CHAPTER 1
ACCOUNTING IN ACTION
WHAT IS ACCOUNTING?
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Accounting is an information system that identifies, records,
and communicates the economic events of an organization
to interested users.
Akuntansi merupakan sistem informasi tentang identifikasi,
pencatatan dan komunikasi tentang kejadian ekonomi dalam
organisasi untuk kepentingan pengguna
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THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS
Users of Accounting Information
– Investors / investor
– Creditors / kreditor
– Suppliers / pemasok barang
– Customers / pelanggan
– Owners / pemilik perusahaan
– Management / manajemen (direktur dan
manajer)
– Employees / karyawan
– Others / Masyarakat
QUESTIONS ASKED BY INTERNAL USERS
QUESTIONS ASKED BY EXTERNAL USERS
BUSINESS ENTERPRISES
• Proprietorship / perseorangan
Owned by one person.
• Partnership / firma atau CV
Owned by two or more persons.
• Corporation / PT
Organized as a separate legal entity under state
corporation law and having ownership divided into
transferable shares of stock.
PERHATIAN DALAM AKUNTANSI
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Ethics / etika
Standards by which actions are judged as right or wrong, honest
or dishonest.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Established by the F.A.S.B and the S.E.C.
Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK)
Penerbit Dewan Standar Akuntansi (DSAK/IAI)
Assumptions /Asusmi
– Monetary Unit
Only data that can be expressed in terms of money is included in
the accounting records.
– Economic Entity
Includes any organization or unit in society.
- Going Concern - assumes organization will continue into
foreseeable future
Prinsip Dasar Akuntansi
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Fiscal Period Principle
Historical Period Principle
Accrual Basic Principle
Revenue Realization Principle
Cost Income Matching Principle
Full Disclosure Principle
Materiality Principle
Consistency Principle
Objectivity Principle
Conservatism Principle
Persamaan Dasar
Akuntansi
Assets
=
Liabilities)
+
Owner’s Equity
Contoh Soal
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Tuan Ray Neal memutuskan untuk mendirikan perusahaan jasa pemrograman
computer dengan nama “SOFTBYTE”. Pada tgl 1 september 2005 Tuan Ray Neal
menginvestasikan uang tuani sebesar $15.000 kedalam bisnis tersebut
“SOFTBYTE” membeli peralatan berupa computer secara tunai sebesar $7.000
“SOFTBYTE” membeli perlengkapan berupa ATK secara kredit sebesar $1.600
“SOFTBYTE” menerima jasa pemrograman dari pelanggan secara tunai $1.200
“SOFTBYTE” memasang iklan di sebuah surat kabar, pada saat di tagih “SOFTBYTE”
menjanjikan akan di bayar minggu depan sebesar $250
“SOFTBYTE” menyerahkan jasa pemrograman seharga $3.500 kepada pelanggan,
namun pelanggan tersebut membayar sejumlah $1.500 dan sisanya akan dibayar
bulan depan
“SOFTBYTE” membayar secara tunai sewa took sebesar $600, gaji karyawan $900
dan rekening listrik $200
“SOFTBYTE” membayar tagihan iklan sebesar $250
Diterima secara tunai tagihan dari pelanggan sejumlah$600
Tuan Ray Neal mengambil uang dari perusahaan sejumlah $1.300 untuk keperluan
pribadinya
Kelompok Aktiva/Harta
• Assets are resources owned by a business. They are used in carrying out
such activities as production, consumption and exchange.
• Assets : Current Asset and Fixes Assets
1. Current Assets : Cash, Account receivable, Note Receivable, Inventory,
Prepaid expenses, Accrued Revenues
2. Fixes Assets : Fixed tangible Assets and Fixed intangible Assets
a. Fixed tangible Assets : land, Building, Furniture, Equipment
Machine, Cars
b. Fixed intangible Assets : Goodwill, Patent, Trade Mark
Kelompok Hutang/Kewajiban
Liabilities
=
Assets
-
Owner’s Equity
• Liabilities are creditor claims against assets or existing debts and
obligations to creditors
• Current Liabilities : Short Term Loan, Account Payable, Notes
Payable, Accrued Expense
• Long Term Liabilities : Bonds, Hipotek
Kelompok Modal
Owner’s Equity
=
Assets
-
Liabilities
• Owner’s Equity represents the ownership claim to total assets.
Subdivisions of Owner’s Equity:
1 Capital or Investments by Owner (+)
2 Drawing (-)
3 Revenues (+)
4 Expenses (-)
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Kelompok Investasi
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Investments
• are the assets the owner puts in the business
• increase owner’s equity
Kelompok Prive
•
Drawings
• are withdrawals of cash or other assets by the owner for
personal use
• decrease owner’s equity
Kelompok Pendapatan/Penjualan
•
Revenues
• gross increases in owner’s equity from business activities
entered into for the purpose of earning income
• may result from sale of merchandise, services, rental of
property, or lending money
• usually result in an increase in an asset
Kelompok Biaya/Beban
• Expenses
• decreases in owner’s equity that result from operating the
business
• cost of assets consumed or services used in the process of
earning revenue
• examples: utility expense, rent expense, supplies expense,
and tax expense
Menaikan atau menurunkan
modal pemilik
Decreases
Increases
Investments
Withdrawals
Owner’s Equity
Revenues
Expenses
Proses Identifikasi Transaksi
ANALISIS BUKTI TRANSAKSI
Lima puluh enam juta dua ratus ribu rupiah
Laporan Keuangan
•Four financial statements are prepared from the
summarized accounting data:
• Income Statement/ Laporan laba rugi
revenues and expenses and resulting net income or net loss for a specific
period of time
• Owner’s Equity Statement/ Laporan perubahan equitas (modal)
changes in owner’s equity for a specific period of time
• Balance Sheet / Neraca
assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at a specific date
• Statement of Cash Flows / Laporan arus kas
cash inflows (receipts) and outflows (payments) for a specific
of time
period
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Income Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2005
Revenues
Service revenue
Expenses
Salaries expense
Rent expense
Advertising expense
Utilities expense
Total expenses
Net income
$ 4,700
$ 900
600
250
200
1,950
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$ 2,750
Net income of $2,750 shown on the income statement is added to the
beginning balance of owner’s capital in the owner’s equity statement.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Owner’s Equity Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2005
Retained earnings, September 1, 2005
Add: Investments
Net income
Less: Drawings
Retained earnings, September 30, 2005
$ 15,000
2,750
$
-017,750
17,750
1,300
•$16,450
Net income of $2,750 carried forward from the income statement to the owner’s
equity statement. The owner’s capital of $16,450 at the end of the reporting
period is shown as the final total of the owner’s equity column of the Summary
of Transactions (Illustration 1-8).
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2005
Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable
Supplies
Equipment
Total assets
$ 8,050
1,400
1,600
7,000
$ 18,050
Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Liabilities
Accounts payable
Owner’s equity
R. Neal, capital
Total liabilities and owner’s equity
$ 1,600
•16,450
$ 18,050
Owner’s capital of $16,450 at the end of the reporting period shown in
the owner’s equity statement is shown on the balance sheet.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2005
Assets
•$ 8,050
Cash
Accounts receivable
Supplies
Equipment
Total assets
1,400
1,600
7,000
$ 18,050
Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Liabilities
Accounts payable
Owner’s equity
R. Neal, capital
Total liabilities and owner’s equity
$ 1,600
16,450
$ 18,050
Cash of $8,050 on the balance sheet is reported on the statement of cash flows.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Month Ended September 30, 2005
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from revenues
Cash payments for expenses
Net cash provided by operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of equipment
Cash flows from financing activities
Sale of common stock
Payment of cash dividends
Net cash provided by financing activities
Net increase in cash
Cash at the beginning of the period
Cash at the end of the period
$ 3,300
(1,950)
1,350
(7,000)
$ 15,000
(1,300)
13,700
8,050
–0–
•$ 8,050
Cash of $8,050 on the balance sheet and statement of cash flows is shown as the
final total of the cash column of the Summary of Transactions (Illustration 1-8).