Main Ideas
• Nehru was India’s Prime Minister from
independence until 1964
• Jinnah was the first leader of Pakistan, but
died in 1948 just a little more than a year
after independence
• India – Pakistan tensions since
independence – border never resolved –
territory of Kashmir in dispute
• 2 countries became 3 – Bangladesh
separated from Pakistan
Main Ideas
• Lack of stability – especially in Pakistan
and Bangladesh – since the countries are
still young
• History full of assassinations and coups
(short for coup d'état – overthrow of the
government, usually by force with support
of the military)
Border problems
Independent India
• New Constitution gave every
citizen the right to vote.
• The Indian Constitution declared
“Untouchability” illegal. Who
might this create a problem for?
Why?
• Many Indians could not read or
write so their government used
symbols on ballots.
Jawaharlal Nehru
 Ally of Gandhi and the first
Prime Minister of India 1947-1964.
 Created a casteless India.
 Aided millions of Hindu
refugees.
 Advocated Industrialization.
 Promoted “Green Revolution”.
 Mixed Economy.
 Nonalignment Movement –
leader of non-aligned nations
not taking sides during the Cold
War.
 India did have disputes with
Pakistan and China during his
time of leadership.
Non-Alignment Movement
Non-Alignment Movement
During the Cold War, as the countries around the world
were aligning themselves with the Communist or nonCommunist nations, India became a proponent of staying
neutral, or non-aligned.
India’s “mixed economy”
 The “mix” refers to private and
public ownership.
 India limited foreign investments for
fear other countries would have to
much control in India.
 Urban areas have high-tech
companies.
 Three quarters of the population are
farmers living in small villages.
 India's "Green Revolution" allowed
farmers to triple their crop by using
modern science and technology.
India’s “Green
Revolution”
Introducing higheryielding varieties of
seeds in 1965.
 Increased use of
fertilizers &
irrigation.
 GOAL  make India
self-sufficient in
food grains.
 Norman Borlaug –
American scientist
who helped bring
higher yielding crops
to India
Pakistan – the early years
 Led briefly by
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(known as Quaid-i-Azam or
Great Leader) until
his death from tuberculosis
September 11, 1948.
 Jinnah only told his inner
circle how ill he was.
 Do you think a leader
should reveal such an
illness in this situation?
Pakistan – the early years
 Reasons he did not reveal the
illness Afraid the British would not
agree to the separation of the
subcontinent into India and
Pakistan – indeed Lord
Mountbatten, the last British
Viceroy, later said he would
have held off on agreeing to
the creation of Pakistan until
Jinnah was gone had he know
how ill Jinnah was.
 Did not want his people to
panic.
Pakistan – the early years
 Nation struggled in early years
without Jinnah.
 Jinnah’s second in command,
Liaquat Ali Khan, assassinated
three years later.
 Through the years, Pakistan has
had a mix of elected leaders and
those who seized power by using
the military.
 Tension over the role of Islam –
Islamic fundamentalism vs. more
secular nation (separation of
religion from government)
East and West Pakistan:
what do you think went wrong?
Make a theory (or theories) about
why this situation didn’t work out
and explain.
Pakistan and Bangladesh
 War that involved India helped East
Pakistan split apart.
 East separated in 1972 and became
Bangladesh.
 What was previously West
Pakistan is what we know today as
Pakistan.
Bangladesh
-political history has been filled with coups
and assassinations
-Awami League remains one of the major
political parties
-floods and famines are common
-a considerably poor country throughout
most of its history, with jute as its main crop
-economy has been improving rapidly in the
21st century and has become more diverse
India After Nehru
Indira
Gandhi
 Nehru’s daughter.
 Prime Minister of India,
1966-1984, with brief
periods of being voted
out of office.
 Continues Nehru’s
policies.
 Faced corruption
charges & internal
rebellion.
 Assassinated in 1984.
India’s persecution of
the Sikhs
Sikhs
•Sikh separatists wanted
to break away from the
country.
•Sikhs felt Hindu
government did not give
them a fair amount of
resources.
•Indira Gandhi was
assassinated by Sikh
bodyguards who turned
on her.
Rajiv Gandhi
 Indira’s son.
 Prime Minister of
India, 1984-1989.
 Assassinated in 1991
while campaigning to
get back into office.
Manmohan Singh
 May 2004  he
held up a letter
from India's
president
authorizing him to
form a new
government as
prime minister.
 He stood next to
Sonia Gandhi, the
candidate for the
post who stunned
the country when she declined the office.
May 2004
Swearing in of Prime Minister Singh, the
first Sikh in the job. He served for ten
years.
1971 India-Pakistan War
The India-Pakistan Arms Race
Heats up in the late 1990s –
both sides are nuclear powers
Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn
Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear
Tests - 1998
Hot Air Balloon Protesting India &
Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998
2002 Nuclear
Statistics
India Displays Nuclear Missiles During
“Republic Day,” - 2002
What title would you give this
political cartoon?
Is this a possibility?
Is the dream gone?
Kashmir
• State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually
just referred to as Kashmir.
• Area has been disputed since
independence.
• There was no clear decision made on
which villages were on which side of
the border.
• One of the most violent places in the
world over the last fifty years.
Kashmir Crisis
Indian Soldiers Near the
Pakistani Border - 2001
A Pakistani Ranger
At the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post
in Wagha, India - 2001
Anti-war Protestors in
Karachi, Pakistan - 2001
Kashmiri Militants - 2003
Major problems & Issues
in Pakistan today
 Economic development.
 Political instability/military
dictatorship.
 Hindu-Muslim tensions.
 Terrorism.
 The Kashmir dispute and nuclear
weapons.
Benazir Bhutto
 First Woman Prime
Minister, 1988
 Ousted in 1990,
returned, then
ousted again in 1993
on corruption
charges.
 Left the country for a
time, returned in 2007
with support to regain
power, but was
assassinated by
opponents.
Benazir Bhutto
 Famous family
 Father, Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto, had been prime
minister earlier
 Husband, Asif Ali
Zardari, was president
for five years after her
assassination
Nawaz Sharif
• Current Prime
Minister
• Serving his third
term in that
position
• Had previously
been overthrown,
accused of
wrongdoing, and
out of the country
in exile.
Gen. Pervez Musharraf
 Coup d’etat.
 Secular government against Islamic
fundamentalists.
 U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”
Partners in the “War on
Terror?”
Musharraf ousted
• Lost support of many people for working
with the U.S. in its war on terror in
neighboring Afghanistan.
• Resigned in 2008, living in London,
planned to return for next election in 2013
but was ruled ineligible.
• Recent president – Asif Ali Zardari (who
was married to Benazir Bhutto).
• Key leader – Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
U.S. / Pakistan Relations
Strained
• 2011 – U.S. forces kill Osama bin
Laden in Pakistan
The Taliban
• Strict Islamic fundamentalist group
• Gained control of Afghanistan’s government in
1996
• Instituted Sharia (or Islamic) law
• Ousted from power in Afghanistan in 2001 by US
forces who attacked the country because alQaeda bases were there
• Although out of power, group continued to attack
US troops
The Taliban
• Spilled over border into Pakistan, gained control
over local areas there in recent years
• Pakistan’s military has fought with them –
currently peace talks are planned, but they have
been attempted before and not agreements have
not lasted long
Malala Yousafzai
• Pakistani teenager who movement to raise issue
of the lack of and restrictions on education for
girls in her nation
• Outspoken critic of Taliban
• Shot in the head by a Taliban member October
2012 at age 15
• Miraculous recovery, has become international
symbol for human rights and basic freedoms
• Has spoken at UN, visited White House, won
numerous awards and written autobiography
Mumbai attacks
• The 2000s were a relatively calm period in IndiaPakistan relations until the Mumbai attacks of 2008.
• Twelve attacks occurred in coordination with one
another, killing 257 people.
• Carried out by terrorist organization believed to have
ties to Pakistan’s govt.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RAVcIjegj4
Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam
(Tamil Tigers or LTTE)
• Organization responsible for assassination of
Rajiv Gandhi
• Tamils are an ethnic group in southern India and
Sri Lanka who have long felt overlooked and
oppressed in both nations, especially in Sri Lanka
• Also assassinated president of Sri Lanka in 1993
• Still active organization, Sri Lanka very split and
unsettled