Presentation on the Scenic Spots
of
Hangzhou
杭州景点讲解
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West Lake Scenic Area
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1. Briefing on the West Lake; Xiling
Bridge;Mucai Pavilion
1）Briefing on the West Lake; (The
formation of the lake; The legend about
the lake )
 Key points: its location and size; the four
features of the lake; the five parts of the
lake; Four Islets in the lake; the origin of
the lake’s name
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（1）the location and size
 The West Lake in Hangzhou is a must for
the travelers, regarded as a pearl in the
paradise and Hangzhou becomes so
beautiful and elegant because of the lake.
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A. The location and size of the lake;
 Covering an area of 5.66 square kilometers, the
lake is located to the west of Hangzhou and it is
surrounded by mountains at three sides. Its
average depth is 2.27 meters. Its lowest part is
about one meter deep and the deepest part is five
meters. It's a fresh water lake, and the water in the
lake is the spring water from the mountains, the
natural drops of rain and the water from Qiantang
River through underground pipes. .
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B. The four features of the lake
 The characteristic of the layout of the lake is “one,
two, three, four”, which stands for four features,
namely (That is to say), one lake, two pagodas,
three causeways and four islands. (the West lake;
Baoshu Pagoda and Leifeng Pagoda; Bai
Causeway, Su Causeway and Yang Causeway；
Three Pools Mirroring the Moon, Mid-lake Islet,
Ruangong Islet and the Solitary Hill, the natural
one.)
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C. The five parts of the lake;
 The lake is divided into five parts by two artificial
causeways,.One is Su Causeway named after Su
Dongpo the governor and a poet in the Song
Dynasty .Another is Bai Causeway named after
BaiJuyi, the governor and also a poet in the Tang
Dynasty. The five parts of the lake are: Outer Lake,
West Inner Lake, North Inner Lake, Lesser South
Lake and Yue Lake .The Out Lake is the largest
part.
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D. Four Islets in the lake
 In the lake are dotted three man-made
islands and one natural island. They are:
Three Pools Mirroring the Moon, Mid-lake
Islet, Ruangong Islet and the Solitary Hill,
the natural one.
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E. The origin of the lake’s name
 There're altogether 36 lakes in China by the name of West
Lake, but the one in Hangzhou is the best. It's so named in
Hangzhou because of two reasons. One is from the
location. The lake in Hangzhou lies in the west of the city.
The second is from one of the four ancient Chinese
beauties, named Xi Shi. It's said she was living about 2400
years ago during the Spring and Autumn Period. She
looked same pretty no matter in plain dress or make-up.
During the Song Dynasty when Su Dongpo, a noted poet,
became a governor in Hangzhou, he composed hundred of
poems. In one of his famous poems he compared the lake
to the ancient beauty. He believed that the West Lake
looked same beautiful whether in sunshine or in rain. So
it's named Xizi Lake after the beauty Xi Shi.
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2）The Formation of the Lake and the
legend about the lake
 Key points: the scientific elements for its
formation; the legendary story for its
formation
• Scientifically, it was lagoon. According to a
legend it was a pearl from the heaven.
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A. The scientific elements for the
lake’s formation
 The West Lake is a natural lake. Before the Qin
Dynasty about 2200 years ago, the West Lake
area was a sallow bay connecting with the
Qiantang River. And later it was separated from
the sea because of the silt carried by the tidal
waves of the Qiantang River. Around 1300 years
ago, it became a beautiful, charming and
wonderful lagoon lake. Soon it was completely
separated from the sea. But it became a freshwater lake until the Sui Dynasty about 1,400 years
ago.
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B. The Legendary story for the lake’s formation—
the Jade Dragon and Golden Phoenix
 According to a folktale, the lake was a bright pearl
coming from heaven.
 Once upon a time, there lived a jade dragon and a
golden phoenix in heaven. They grew up together
and enjoyed each other’s company. One day
when they were enjoying themselves in the open
air, they caught sight of a very special stone. The
phoenix suggested that they carve it into a pearl.
The dragon thought it a great idea. So they started
working together, the phoenix with her beak and
the dragon with his paws.
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 Gradually a dazzling pearl was carved out of the
stone. It was such a magic pearl that trees grew
greener, flowers lasted longer and the land
yielded a bumper harvest when bathed in its
shine. The dragon and the phoenix loved the
pearl so much that they decided to live together
and guard it on the island where they found the
stone forever.
 One day, the Queen Mother of the West was
amazed by the brilliant rays in the sky and wanted
to know from where it came. When reported that it
was from a bright pearl, she immediately ordered:
‘Go and get it for me!’
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 The pearl was stolen while the dragon and the
phoenix were fast asleep. The old lady was so
carried away by its beauty that she longed to keep
it forever. In order not to lose it, she had it locked
in a room after nine doors.
 When they found their pearl missing, the dragon
and the phoenix were very upset and searched for
it everywhere. They believed that if they kept
searching, they’d finally find it by its rays, which
could reach very far. But they didn’t know that it
was locked behind nine doors and the rays could
not come out at all.
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 The big day came when the old lady was
celebrating her 900th birthday. She invited all the
celestial beings and treated them with a grand
feast. It was of course the very occasion for her
show off all her treasures. One after another, all
the treasures were displayed to the guests. At last,
but not the least, it was the pearl’s turn.
 As soon as the pearl appeared in a tray, all the
guests were dumbfounded. Nobody had ever seen
such a beautiful pearl. And meanwhile the dragon
and the phenix saw the rays radiating from the
pear. Without much difficulty, they traced into the
palace and found the old lady showing off their
pearl.
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 They pushed their way to her through the crowd
and demanded the pearl back. ‘We spent 3 long
years carving the pearl. Why should you have
stolen it?’ The lady felt very embarrassed and
ordered to have them expelled from the palace.
The dragon and the phoenix beat the guards and
went directly for their pearl.
 The three of them were involved in a heated fight.
However nobody took hold of the pearl. It dropped
onto the ground and rolled all the way out of the
palace. It fell and fell and fell and finally it landed
on the west of Hangzhou. As soon as it touched
the ground, it turned into a beautiful clear lake.
That was the West Lake.
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 The dragon and the phoenix, when they saw
that their pearl became such a beautiful lake,
they felt reluctant to part from it.
Consequently, they changed themselves
into two hills—the Jade Emperor Hill and the
Phoenix Hill—standing on the south of the
West Lake, guarding this ‘bright pearl’.
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2）Xiling Bridge
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 The location of Xiling Bridge used to be a ferry in
ancient times, when people had to ferry across to
the opposite bank to tour Solitary Hill. The present
bridge stretches across the foot of Qixia Ridge to
Solitary Hill. Local people lovingly associate it with
Su Xiaoxiao, a geisha known for her beauty and
literary talent about 1,100 years ago, and regard it
as one of the three ‘bridges of love’. It was at this
bridge that Su Xiaoxiao, met her lover Ruan Yu on
his tall black horse. They fell in love with each
other at the first sight and soon lived together. .
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3）Mucai Pavilion (the Pavilion for
Admiring the Talent)
Key points:
the story of Su Xiaoxiao;
the history of the Pavilion “Talent
Admiring”
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(1) The story of Su Xiaoxiao
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 Su Xiaoxiao was a native of Hangzhou, a most famous
geisha in the Five Dynasties about 1100 years ago. She
was smart and pretty and she lived with her aunt because
her parents died at her younger age.
 While sightseeing in her carriage, she met her lover Ruan
yu, riding on a gray horse at Xiling Bridge and she fell in
love with him at the first sight. She soon made to live with
him happily. Later his father sent a letter to Ruan yu and
told him that his mother was serious ill. So Ruan yu had to
say goodbye to Su Xiaoxiao and went back home. Upon
his departure, Ruan yu promised to come back to marry
her as soon as possible. From that time on, Su closed her
door to visitors and waited day and night, but Ruan yu
never returned. At last Su Xiaoxiao died of lovesickness at
the age of 22. According to her wish, she was buried near
the Xiling Bridge, and later a pavilion was set up nearby
named as the Pavilion for Admiring the Talented.
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(2) The history of Mucai Pavilion
(the Pavilion for Admiring the Talented)
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 After Su Xiaoxiao died, Mr. Bao Ren, a scholar
benefited from Su Xiaoxiao when he was in his
distress and difficulties, buried her by the Xiling
Bridge and built nearby a pavilion named " the
Pavilion for Admiring the Talented " in memory of
the talented girl. Later the tomb was destroyed.
When Kangxi, the emperor of the Qing dynasty
came to visit Hangzhou, he mentioned something
about Su Xiaoxiao by chance. The officials in
Zhejiang made an empty tomb for her immediately
that night and it was destroyed again in 1966. The
present tomb and pavilion was reconstructed in
2004 when Xiling Bridge was under renovation.
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 2. Qiu Jin and Her Tomb，
Yu Chamber and Yu Yue，
The Liuyi Spring
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1）Qiu Jin and Her Tomb
key points:
the introduction of Qiu Jin;
Qiu Jin’s tomb
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(1) The introduction of Qiu Jin
 Qiu Jin, also called Heroine from Lake Jian, was born in
1875 in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. She was a
distinguished woman revolutionary in the late Qing Dynasty.
In 1904 she went to Japan to study and took part in the
revolutionary activities. In 1906 she went back to China
and founded a newspaper " Chinese Woman" to enhance
the woman's rights and spread the revolutionary ideas. In
1907 she went to take charge of Datong Institute in
Shaoxing, and she also took active part in communicating
the revolutionary party members in Jinhua and Langxi
Cities. And later She organized Recovery Armies and
prepared the Anti-Qing uprisings. The pity was the uprising
failed at last and she was arrested and killed in her
hometown at the age of 38. She was buried by the Xiling
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with her wish.
(2) Qiu Jin’s Tomb and statue
 The foundation of the new tomb is two meters high stuck
with cream-colored granite. On the right front of the tomb is
the marble stone tablet inscribed with the original
calligraphy of Dr. Sun Yat-sen to mourn for Qiu Jin. The
upper line is "Eternal repose to Heroine from Lake Jian",
the medium is " Woman Hero" and the lower is " Sun
Wen". And its back is inscribed a long memorial article
consisting of 722 characters by her best friends Xu Zihua
and Wu Zhiying.
 On the tomb stands Qiu Jin's white marble stone Stature
which is 2.7 meters high. Today the tomb is the historical
relics unit under the protection of provincial government.
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2) Yu Chamber and Yu Yue
 Key points：
the introduction of Yu yue;
Yu Chamber;
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(1) The Introduction of Yu Yue
 Yu Yue, also called Yu Quyuan, a native of Deqing County,
Zhejing Province, was born in 1821 and died in 1907. In
1855, he took up the post of the Provincial Educational
Commissioner in Henan and not soon after he was
dismissed from his post. He then got tired of the official
career and devoted himself to the academic research.
Later he became a teacher in Suzhou, Shanghai and other
cities. He came to Hangzhou and set up Zhejiang Public
House in 1868. Since then he had been the president of
You Zhu Society（诂精经舍） for 31 years.
 You Zhu Society situated on the west end of the Bai
Causeway with the Solitary Hill behind it and the West
Lake in front of it. In You Zhu Society Yu Yue lived for more
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writing books.
Altogether he had completed over 250 volumes.
(2) Yu Chamber
 Yu Chamber, a two-story Chinese style building, where Yu Yue once
delivered lectures and wrote books, was constructed with funds raised
by his students Xu Qi(Xu huanong徐花农) in 1878. Behind the building,
there used to be a stone library, named " Quyuan Library"（曲园书藏）
by himself. It was a place to store Chun Zai Tang Collections（春在堂
全书）. Later the collections were removed to Beijing and the library
was abandoned. But a stone tablet carved with the name of the library
is now still kept in the Xiling Seals & Engravers' Society.
 Before the Anti-Japanese War, Yu Chamber was once rebuilt into a
three-story western style building. And after the war, it was rented and
served as a restaurant. In 1949, it became a resident house. In 1959
the Solitary Hill was under a large scale of renovations. The enclosing
wall of the mansion was torn down and the chamber was turned into a
park. The three-story building at present was rebuilt in 1998 as Yu's
memorial hall.
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3) The Liuyi Spring
Key points:
the origin of Liuyi Spring;
What does “Liuyi” refer to
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(1) The origin of Liuyi Spring
 The Liuyi Spring pool covers an area of 2 square meters
(22 square feet). It is the place where Hui Qin, an eminent
monk of the Northern Song Dynasty, used to preach, and
it’s also the place Su Dongpo met Hui Qin through the
introduction of their mutual friend, Ouyang Xiu, also known
by his literary name Retired Scholar Liuyi. Liu Yi in Chinese
means six ones. Su and Hui Qin often sampled tea and
composed poems together, thus became friends. Four
years after that, Su left Hangzhou whereas Ouyang passed
away. In 1089, Su came to Hangzhou again to take up the
post of prefect. He was very sad when he learnt that Hui
Qin had also passed away. When he came to Hui Qin’s
temple, he found spring water was seen to flow out from
under his preaching desk. In memory of Ouyang, Su
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Liuyi.
(2) What doest Liuyi refer to
 Retired Scholar Liuyi is the literary name of Ouyang Xiu, a
great Northern Song Dynasty poet. His life consists of Liuyi,
namely, “Six Ones”. In his book entitled The Life of Retired
Scholar Liuyi, he said that he would collect one thousand
texts of inscriptions ( on ancient bronzes and stone tablets
surviving from China’s first three dynasties(Xia, Shang and
Zhou);); and one wan(wan, a unit word, means ten
thousand) copies of books; possess one Chinese zither(琴);
play one game of Chinese chess every day; often have
one pot of wine in hand; and he, an aged man, would
enjoy all these wonderful things in his life .
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3. Xiling Seal Engravers’ Society;
Louwailou
( Building Beyond Building) Restaurant
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1) The Xiling Seal Engravers’ Society
 Key points:
 (1) Briefing on Xiling Seal-Engravers’
Society;
 (2) Introduction on the garden of the society:
 (3) Three main buildings of Xiling SealEngravers’ Society
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(1) Briefing on Xiling Seal-Engravers’
Society




Key Points:
The origin of its name;
the aim of the society;
its founder and presidents
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A. The origin of its name:
 Xiling Seal-Engraver’s Society is noted throughout the
country for its study of epigraphic art. As the site is near
Xiling, it was named Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society. It was
founded in 1913. From 1904, Wu Changshuo, Ding Ren (
丁仁)，Wang Yi (王易)，Ye Weiming (叶为铭) and Wu Yin
(吴隐) and other epigraphists bought a piece of land to
build a building, thus Xiling Seal-Engravers’ was formally
set up in 1913.
 (From 1904 on, Wu Chjangshuo and other eminent
epigraphists like Ding Ren (丁仁)，Wang Yi (王易)，Ye
Weiming (叶为铭) and Wu Yin (吴隐) often met at Solitary
Hill for academic discussions and research, and proposed
a seal engravers’ society. After ten years of painstaking
preparations, the society was formally set up in 1913, with
the aim to “preserve seal-cutting and conduct
research into
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art”, Wu was elected its first president.)
B. The aim of the society
Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society was formally
set up in 1913 with the aim of “to preserve
seal-cutting and conduct research into
art”. (保存金石，研究印学）
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C. The founder and presidents of
the society
 The founders of the society are吴昌硕、丁
仁、 叶为民、王易、吴隐 .
 The first president is Wu Changshuo. Other
presidents are 马衡、张宗祥、沙孟海、赵朴
初、启功。
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(2) Introduction on the garden of
the society
 Key points:
 the characteristics of the garden
buildings;
 which style does it belong to?
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A. The characteristics of the
garden buildings
 The Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society is also a nice traditional
garden in southeast China. Situated along the hill, the
whole garden creates a serene, agreeable atmosphere that
mingles scenery with art.
 Architecturally speaking, the society is surrounded by
green tiles and white wall. From the viewpoint of its layout,
all the buildings in the garden are built around the hill,
creating a serene, agreeable environment that mingles
scenery with art. In the garden, there are some well-known
constructions consisting of one pagoda—Huayan pagoda,
one stele-- the stele of the Taboo Names and Dates of
Death, three buildings—Bamboo Camber, Cypress Hall
and Four Shinging Hall, three statues---the statues of
Dengsiru，Wuchangsuo and Dingjing,无忧PPT整理发布
and four Springs-the Seal Spring (印泉), the Leisure Spring (闲泉), the
Literary Spring () and the Concentration Spring (潜泉).
B. Which style does it belong to?
 The garden buildings of Xiling SealEngravers’
Society and its layout present the
outstanding art
style of classical garden in south China.
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(3) Huayan pagoda
This is Huayan pagoda. It looks like a big
painting brush erecting in the center of the
garden, therefore becomes the landmark of
the garden. It was set up in 1924 with the
money raised by a member of the society
Monk Hongshan.
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(4) The stele of Sanlao
 A. The origin of the stele
 Kept in a stone house of Sanlao on the hill, is the
stele of the Taboo Names and Dates of Death（《
三老讳字忌日碑》）with a history of over 1900
years. The stele was unearthed at Kexing （客星
）Hill in Yuyao County in 1852 during Qing
Dynasty. “Sanlao” is the title for an official in
charge of cultural and educational work. “Weizi”
refers to the taboo name of the elders and “Jiri”
refers to the dates of death of the无忧PPT整理发布
elders.
 B. The value of the stele
 This is a stele recording the taboo names and dates of the
death of Sanlao and other deceased. The character style
of the epigraph is between seal character in Qin Dynasty
（秦篆）and official script in Han Dynasty（汉隶）.
According to scientific research, the stele was inscribed in
Eastern Han Dynasty in 52 AD. The stele is 88 cm high
and 45 cm wide. It separately records the names of
Sanlao’s parents, his grandparents and his sons and
daughters with 217 legible characters. It is not only the
most treasured stone tablets dating back 1940 to the early
Eastern Han Dynasty and a treasure work of art among the
unearthed antiques of the country but also noted as “The
No.1 Stele in Eastern China”. It provides an important
reference for studying the origin and development of stone
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engraving and tomb inscriptions of China.
(5) Three main buildings of Xiling SealEngravers’ Society
Key points:
three main buildings;
the construction background of the
buildings;
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A. Three main buildings
Three main buildings are the Bamboo
Chamber, the Cypress Hall and the FourShining Hall.
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B. The construction background
of the buildings
 The Bamboo Chamber was put up by Poet Bai Juyi during
the Tang Dynasty. When Bai Juyi was the governor of
Hangzhou, he often took rest in the chamber after going
sightseeing around the West Lake.
 The Cypress Hall dates back 561 years to the Southern
Song Dynasty. It was put up by a monk named zhiquan(志
铨)。It is said that two Cypress tress were planted there as
early as in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. One of
the two trees withered away and became a fossil. When it
was knocked, the fossil sounded like metal and stone.
Therefore Zhiquan, the monk, put up a hall beside the tree
and named it Cypress Hall.
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Si Zhao Pavilion (The Four-Shining Hall) was
founded in Song Dynasty in 1729 when Li Wei
was in the charge of the province. Known as one
of the eight scenes of the temporary imperial
palace in the Qing Dynasty, the pavilion sits at the
top of Solitary Hill with broad windows on the four
sides. Picturesque scenery of the lake is visible
from the building. Hills and pagodas are mirrored
in the clear lake. So in 1671 the pavilion was
named Si Zhao Pavilion, meaning "Reflecting the
Clouds and the Peaks in all sides" by Kangxi, an
emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
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(6) The three stone statues
The three stone statues are statue of Wu
Chuangshuo（吴昌硕）, statue of Deng Shiru(邓
石如) and statue of Ding Jing（丁敬）. The statue
of Wu Changshuo is located in the Small
Longhong Cave. Wu is the first president of Xiling
Seal-Engravers’s Society. His poem, calligraphy,
painting and engraving skills are noted as “Four
Unique Skills”. The statue with an umbrella in
hand and a bamboo hat on back is the statue of
Deng Shiru who was an engraver of Anhui School;
and the statue sitting in front of the Stone House
of Sanlao is the statue of Ding Jing who was the
representative of the Seal-cutting无忧PPT整理发布
of Zhejiang
School.
(7) The four springs of Xiling SealEngravers’ Society
Key points：
four springs of Xiling Seal-Engravers’
Society;
the significances of their names
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A. Four springs
The four springs of Xiling Seal-Engravers’
Society are the Seal Spring (印泉), the
Leisure Spring (闲泉), the Literary Spring ()
and the Concentration Spring (潜泉).
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B. The significances of their names
The two Chinese characters “ Seal Spring” was
written by a Japanese engraver named
Changweijia(长尾甲)，meaning “developing
friendship through the study of engraving”;
“Literary Spring” was named by Yu Quyan,
meaning “Ideas of writing wells up like the spring”;
The Concentration Spring ( Qian Quan ) was
named after Wu Qian, one of the founder of the
society, who invented a inkpad named after the
spring; The Leisure Spring is located under the
Leisure Building, thus the name. 无忧PPT整理发布
2) The Louwailou
( Building Beyond Building) Restaurant
Key points:
the origin of the restaurant;
its history and the popular dishes it
serves;
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(1) The origin of the restaurant
 The name of the restaurant is three Chinese
charaters Lou Wai Lou ( Building Beyond Building)
It was said to be taken from the Southern Song
poet Lin Sheng’s (林升)poem, the first two lines of
which read like this：
 “Mountains beyond mountains and tower beyond
tower,
 Could song and dance by the West Lake be
ended anyhow?”
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 In another story the restaurant is said to be
named by Yu Yue. When the founder set up
the restaurant, it was located to the east of
Yu Chamber. At that time, the founder
invited Yu Yue to give a name to the
restaurant. Yu said with a smile: “Since your
restaurant is located beside my house (Yu
Chamber), why not call it “Building beyond
Building”. From then on, people began to
call it “Building beyond Building”
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(2) Its history and the popular
dishes it serves;
 The Restaurant is a one-hundred-year-old
restaurant, dating back to 1848 with a history of
over 140 years. It was founded by Hong Duantang
(洪端堂)。it has been famed for the traditional
delicacies of Hangzhou cuisine, such as ‘West
Lake Carp in Vinegar Sauce’, ‘Beggar’s Chicken’,
‘Dongpo Pork’, ‘Shelled Shrimps with Longjing
Green Tea Leaves’, ‘Deep Fried Ringing Bells
（Soybean Scum Rolls）’ etc. In 1972, when the
former American President Richard Nixon came to
China, our late Premier Zhou Enlai treated him
with all these dishes here.
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 4. Zhongshan Park; The Solitary Hill;
Zhejiang Provincial Museum；
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1) Zhongshan Park
 Key points:
 Zhongshan Park;
 West Lake Heavenly Sight
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(1) Zhongshan Park
 Zhongshan Park is located on the southern slope of Solitary Hill. It
covers an area of 1 ha. (hectare), or 2.47 acre. It was constructed in
1252 in the Southern Song Dynasty as an imperial garden of a grand
palace named Western Taiyi Palace. In the Qing Dynasty, a traveling
lodge was built there by Emperor Kaixi during his inspection tour of
Hangzhou. Later it was transformed into Shengyin Temple(圣因寺) by
Emperor Yongzheng, which became one of the four noted temples in
Hangzhou ( the other three being Lingyin Temple, Zhaoqing Temple
and Jingci Temple). In 1927 it was partly turned into a public park
called Zhongshan(Sun Yat-sen) Park in memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sun
who led the Revolution of 1911, which overturned the Qing Dynasty.
The two stone lions in front of the doorway of the garden are antiques
from Qing Dynasty. On a wall in the garden, there are two characters
“Guo” and “Shan” (literarily means “Solitary Hill), which was said to be
inscribed in Song Dynasty. The character “Guo” is not completed,
meaning “The solitary hill is not solitary at all”.
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(2) West Lake Heavenly Sight: (西湖天下景)
 West Lake Heavenly Sight is the highlight of the park. On
the spot, artificial rocks are made to imitate different
objects and human figures. Though man-made, they look
most natural. The layout of scenery is so special that it is
regarded as an elegant mini garden in the world. On the
pillars of one of the pavilions there hangs a couplet
inscribed by Huang Wenzhong (黄文中) in 1934 in praise
of the scenic and picturesque West Lake. The couplet
reads: “With water and hills, every place looks bright and
beautiful; In rain or sunshine, every moment appears
pleasant and wonderful.” (水水山山处处明明秀秀，晴晴雨
雨时时好好奇奇)
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2) The Solitary Hill
 Key points:
 the location, the height and size of the
Solitary Hill
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 Today in the lake, there’s one natural island, two
causeways and three artificial islets. To our left, that’s the
only natural island—the Solitary Hill. The Solitary Hill sits in
the northern part of the lake and is the home of quite a few
important tourist attractions, such as the ruins of the
Temporary Palace of the Qing emperors, the Xiling Sealengravers’ Society, Wenlan Ge Library, which is one of the
7 imperial libraries in China, the Crane Pavilion, which is
the recluse residence of the Northern Song Dynasty poet
Lin Hejin, Tomb of Qiu Jin, a heroine who contributed in
toppling the last feudal dynasty etc. Through the trees over
there, you can see the statue of the heroine, Qiu Jin. It was
buried there at her own will. She was executed by the Qing
government at the age of 31 in her hometown, Shaoxing.
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3) Zhejiang Provincial Museum
 Key points:
 the foundation, location and size of the
museum;
 the layout of the museum and the culture
the museum presents；
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(1) The foundation, location and
size of the museum
 Located on the southern slope of the
Solitary Hill, Zhejiang Provincial Museum
covers an area of 5 hectares. Established in
1929 right after the first West Lake Expo
was held, the museum was originally known
as “Zhejiang West Lake Museum” and it
obtained its resent name in 1972.
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(2) The layout of the museum
 The museum is made up of a group of
garden-style buildings richly features the
traditional private gardens south of Yangtze
River. It has such exhibition halls as Cultural
Relics, Celadon, Painting and Calligraphy,
Coin, Handicraft, Gift and Souvenir, and
International Cultural Exchange.
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(3) The culture the museum
presents
 The wall and the gate of the museum
present Liangzhu Culture.
 （The stone carvings inlaid on the wall-“Twin Birds Facing the Rising Sun” (双鸟舁
yu凤) symbolize the worship of Chinese
ancestors towards the sun(图腾) 7000 years
ago. The gate is made of granite with
designs imitating the coronary vessel in
Liang zhu Culture. ）
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 5．Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake；
•
•
Crane Pavilion and Lin Hejing；
Bai Causeway
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1) Autumn Moon Over the Calm Lake
 Key points:
 the history of the pavilion；
 the origin of the name “Autumn Moon
Over the Calm Lake”
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(1) the history of the pavilion
 Known as one of the ‘Ten Best Views on the West
Lake’, the scenic park features a nice pavilion
leading to Solitary Hill and an open terrace
surrounded by the lake water on three sides. The
center of the park is a 400 square-meter flat
terrace with a painted pavilion behind it. The
building of the pavilion can be traced back to
Tang Dynasty. It was called Viewing Lake
Pavilion. It was a favorite spot for poet-governor
Bai Juyi. After a heavy drink, he would rest here,
watching the moon over the calm无忧PPT整理发布
lake.
 Known as one of traditional the ‘Ten Best Views
on the West Lake’, the scenic park features a nice
pavilion leading to Solitary Hill and an open
terrace surrounded by the lake water on three
sides. The center of the park is a 400 squaremeter flat terrace with a painted pavilion behind it.
The building of the pavilion can be traced back to
Tang Dynasty. It was called Viewing Lake
Pavilion. It was a favorite spot for poet-governor
Bai Juyi. After a heavy drink, he would rest here,
watching the moon over the calm lake.
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(2) the origin of the name “Autumn Moon
Over the Calm Lake”
 In 1699 in the Qing Dynasty, a pavilion called the Imperial
Books Hall was put up on its basis as a study for Emperor
Qian Long. At the same time, a stone terrace was built in
front of it. As the terrace projects into (jut into ) the water, it
was regarded as the best spot to enjoy the full moon,
especially on an autumn moon-lit evening. For this reason,
the hall was renamed “Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake”.
 On the Moon Festival, people gather here to admire the full
moon, eat moon cakes, miss their friends and relatives
who are not with them while sipping Longjing Green Tea.
The sky is usually clear and the orange moon with its clear
reflection on the lake gives rise to the name of the spot
Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake. 无忧PPT整理发布
(2) the origin of the name “Autumn Moon
Over the Calm Lake”
 In 1699 in the Qing Dynasty, a pavilion called the Imperial
Books Hall was put up on its basis as a study for Emperor
Qian Long. At the same time, a stone terrace was built in
front of it. As the terrace projects into (jut into ) the water, it
was regarded as the best spot to enjoy the full moon,
especially on an autumn moon-lit evening. For this reason,
the hall was renamed “Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake”.
 On the Moon Festival, people gather here to admire the full
moon, eat moon cakes, miss their friends and relatives
who are not with them while sipping Longjing Green Tea.
The sky is usually clear and the orange moon with its clear
reflection on the lake gives rise to the name of the spot
Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake. 无忧PPT整理发布
2) Crane Pavilion and Lin Hejing
 Key points:
 briefing on Crane Pavilion;
 the story of Lin Hejing and his plum wife
and crane son
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(1) Briefing on Crane Pavilion
 Crane Pavilion stands on the northern slope of the Solitary
Hill. There used to be two pavilions built in Yuan Dynasty.
One was the Plum Pavilion set up in memory of a Northern
Song Dynasty hermit poet Lin Hejing , who loved to plant
plums and wrote poetry in praise of their blossoms.
Another was the Crane Pavilion built by Chen Zi’an on the
site where Lin used to release his crane. Both pavilions
collapsed. The present Crane Pavilion was reconstructed
in 1915.
 Every year when Nature begins to revive from severe
winter, people come here to watch the flowering plums.
Sweet and fair, the plum blossoms paint the whole place
white. The spot is, therefore, known as a Sea of Fragrance.
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(2) The story of Lin Hejing and his plum
wife and crane son
 Lin Hejing was a talented poet. He lived a life of seclusion
in a hut at the northern foot of the Solitary hill. He loved
nothing better than to paint plums and raise cranes. The
360 plum trees he carefully cultivated gave him boundless
joy as well as a source of income. It is said that he packed
the plum seeds in 360 bags and had a simple life by selling
one bag each day. Lin also raised a pet crane. Whenever
he was out boating in the lake, he would tell his servant to
release the crane when someone happened to call on him.
The flying crane would suggest that he was wanted and he
would return without delay. It is said that after his death, his
crane pined to death. People buried the crane beside Lin
near his hut. Lin was never married. This gave rise to the
legend that he had the plum as his wife and the crane as
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his son.
3) Bai Causeway
 Key points:
 briefing on Bai Causeway;
 the story of Bai Juyi
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(1) Briefing on Bai Causeway
 This one-kilometer-long causeway stretches from the
Broken Bridge in the east to the Autumn Moon over Calm
Lake in the west and divides the lake into the outer lake
and the north inner lake. It is the only access from the city
to Solitary Hill, the only natural island in the West Lake.
 In spring time, tourists crowded the causeway to enjoy the
unique view of the city. Pink peach blossoms are blended
gracefully with the tender green leaves of weeping willows.
 The causeway is graced by two single-arch stone bridges:
the Embroidered Girdle Bridge and the Broken Bridge, both
of which look almost exactly alike. Interestingly enough, the
former is quite unknown while the latter obtains nationwide
fame.
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(2) The story of Bai Juyi
 Being the earliest construction on the lake, Bai Causeway
was originally called White Sand Causeway which later
was transformed into Bai Causeway in memory of the Tang
Dynasty poet-governor, Bai Juyi. Bai Juyi was a muchloved governor because he had done something good for
the Hangzhou citizens during his service. For example, he
had drains built to store the water of the lake for irrigation
purposes. And he also had the Six Wells dredged so that a
fresh water supply was no longer a problem for the local
people. What is more, Bai issued a series of orders to
protect the scenic lake. On the day when he left his post,
people lined the streets to bid him farewell. In memory of
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Bai, people renamed the causeway after
him. And Bai well
deserved it.
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 6. Broken Bridge and “Lingering Snow at
Broken Bridge”;
 Precious Stone Hill; Baochu Pagoda
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1) Broken Bridge and “Lingering Snow at
Broken Bridge”
 Key points：
 “three unusual sceneries” of West Lake;
three factors for the popularity of Broken
Bridge;
 the explanations of its name;
 the legend “The Romance of the West
Lake”;
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(1) “Three unusual sceneries” of
West Lake
 The name of the bridge reminds local
people of the “three unusual sceneries” of
West Lake. The Broken Bridge is the most
famous bridge in China. The other two are
Long Bridge and Solitary Hill.
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(2)Three factors for the popularity of
Broken Bridge
 The popularity of the Broken Bridge is due to three
factors: its bizarre name, its peculiar scene in
winter and its literary significance. The so-called
Broken Bridge is, of course, not broken. It is as
complete as any other bridge in China.
 The name of the bridge reminds local people of
the three unusualness of West Lake, that is,
Broken Bridge which is not broken, the long bridge
which is not long, and the Solitary Hill which is not
solitary.
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(3)The explanations of its name
 The Broken Bridge has different names over the years but
the present one first appeared in a Tang Dynasty poem.
Explanations of its name may vary, but the more accepted
one is that after a snow fall, people love to come here to
view the snow. Naturally, the snow on the bridge melts
long before anywhere else on the causeway. When viewed
from the top of a nearby hill, the whole causeway seems to
be broken by the bridge. Gradually, the Snow Scene on the
Broken Bridge has constituted one of the best-known
sights in the city. Another explanation is that the name is
derived from the fact that Bai Causeway is terminated by
the bridge. Others think that it has been named after a
certain Duan Family Village which existed many years ago
near the bridge. The word Duan has the same sound as
another word meaning “broken”. Therefore it was called
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“Broken Bridge”. The bridge is also called
Heart-broken
Bridge for it was the scene of a very popular folk story—the
story of White Snake.
(4) The legend “The Romance of the White
Snake”
 The bridge has obtained literary significance because it is
closely related to a very popular Chinese folklore, “The
Romance of the White Snake”. The bridge is the meeting
point for the Lady White Snake and her lover Xu Xian. The
beautiful Lady White Snake, who had been transformed
from a real white snake, met the scholar Xu Xian for the
first time on the bridge. The two fell in love at first glance,
married and had a child. An evil monk who was
transformed from a 1,000-year-old turtle came to interfere
in their love. Using supernatural power, he subdued the
Lady White Snake under a heavy pagoda in Hangzhou.
Years later, the unfortunate lady was freed by her friend
and the monk got due punishment.
 Today, the bridge still remains to be the
three lovers’
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bridges of the West Lake.
2) Precious Stone Hill
 Key points:
 The explanation of the name of the hill;
 Emperor Qin’s Mooring Rock
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(1) Explanation of the name of the hill
 The Precious Stone Hill is over 200 meters
in height. Its scenic feature is the huge
boulders scattered along its ridge. Unlike the
lime stones to be found in most of the
surrounding hills, these boulders are rhyolite
and tuff rocks. They look purple red or grey
and shine dazzlingly bright in the sun like
real jasper. Hence the name, the Precious
Stone Hill.
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(2) Emperor Qin’s Mooring Rock
 At the southern foot of the Precious Stone Hill can
be found a huge boulder, which is believed to be
where the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221207 BC) had his boat moored. The West Lake at
that time was a bay connected with the Qiantang
River. On his way of pilgrimage to King Yu the
Great in Shaoxing, Emperor Qin was stopped here
because of a heavy storm. He had his boat
moored on the rock, which has been thereafter
called “Emperor Qin’s Mooring Stone”(秦皇缆船石
). In Northern Song Dynasty, Monk Si Jing carved
the rock into a 3.3-meter-high bust of the Buddha
which aroused the interest from the
Hangzhou
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citizens and a temple was built there.
3) Baochu Pagoda
 Key points:
 briefing on Baochu Pagoda;
 the origin of its name
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(1) Briefing on Baochu Pagoda
 Baochu Pagoda is known as the landmark of the West
Lake. It stands on the top of the Precious Stone Hill. It was
built in 968 in the Northern Song Dynasty. Baochu Pagoda
used to have nine stories, but has only seven now after
repeated repairs. The present brick-and-stone structure
Baochu Pagoda is 45.3 meters high, was rebuilt in 1933. It
is a solid pagoda with no interior staircase. As a landmark
on the West Lake, the pagoda has particular architectural
value and appears exceptionally elegant and beautiful
when looked at from a distance. The ancient people
compared it to a beautiful girl standing slim and graceful on
the hill. Many a visitor believes that without the pagoda, the
West Lake would not look as pretty as 无忧PPT整理发布
it is.
(2) The origin of its name
 Baochu Pagoda is also called Blessing Chu
Pagoda. In 968, Qian Chu, the last king of the
Wuyue Kingdom, was summoned by the emperor
to the capital, Kaifeng, in central China. Many
days passed with no news of his return home. So
one of his ministers had the pagoda erected as a
temple where prayers could be said for the safe
return of the king. It is thus called Baochu Pagoda,
namely, Blessing Chu Pagoda.
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 7. Leifeng Pagoda; Su Causeway
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1) Leifeng Pagoda
 Key points：
 briefing on the view “Leifeng Pagoda in
Evening Glow”;
 the history of Leifeng Pagoda
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(1) Briefing on the view “Leifeng
Pagoda in Evening Glow”
 Opposite Evening Bell at Nanping Hill is the well-known
splendid Leifeng (Thunder Peak) Pagoda. It is one of the
“Ten Views of West Lake”—“Leifeng Pagoda in Evening
Glow”. In the folklore “The Legend of White Snake”, the
lady white snake used to be subdued under the pagoda.
The pagoda is regarded as another landmark of the West
Lake.
 Located on the south shore of the lake with Baochu
Pagoda situated on the north shore, Leifeng Pagoda
stands far apart facing Baochu Pagoda and the pair of
pagodas form a picturesque view of the lake and formerly
known as two gateways to the lake.
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(2) The history of Leifeng Pagoda
 Leifeng Pagoda was erected in 975 in Wuyue Kingdom in
the Five Dynasty by Qian Hongchu, king of Wuyue, to
celebrate the birth of his son. Built of brick and wood, the
pagoda was a story-pavilion-type structure. It originally had
seven stories and after the rebuilding in Southern Song
Dynasty, it had only five stories. During 950 years, Leifeng
Pagoda survived fires and wars and damage, but collapsed
at last in 1924.
 In the year of 2000, the pagoda was rebuilt by the
municipal government. The reconstruction took two years
and the pagoda was open to the public on Oct. 25 in 2002.
During the reconstruction, many priceless treasures were
unearthed which are now displayed in the Zhejiang
Museum.
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2) Su Causeway
 Key points:
 briefing on Su Causeway;
 Why is it called Su Causeway
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(1) Briefing on Su Causeway
 Su Causeway is 2.8 kilometers long across the
lake from south to the north. It is studded with six
single-arch stone bridges, hence it is also called
“the Six-bridge Causeway”. Along its entire length
weeping willows and peach trees are planted at
regular intervals. In spring the scene here is most
spectacular with pink peach flowers intermingled
with green willow leaves. The singing of orioles
usher in the dawn of a beautiful spring day. This is
how the spot gets its poetic name, Spring Dawn at
Su Causeway. Some Southern Song Dynasty
artists regarded it as the top of the
Ten Top Views
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along the West Lake.
(2) Why is it called Su Causeway?
 Whenever it is mentioned, people usually
associate the causeway with the famous Tang
Dynasty poet Su Dongpo. When serving as the
governor of Hangzhou, Su Dongpu initiated a
huge dredging project in West Lake and he used
the silt dredged from the lake to build the
causeway. The causeway links Nanping Hill in the
south with Yu Fei’s Temple in the north. In
memory of his brilliant accomplishment, people
named the causeway after him.
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 8. Three Pools Mirroring the Moon;
 Mid-lake Pavilion;
 Ruan Gong Islet
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1) Lesser Yingzhou and “Three Pools
Mirroring the Moon”
 Key points:
 Lesser Yingzhou；
 Three Pools Mirroring the Moon
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(1) Lesser Yingzhou
 This islet was made of the mud from the
Lake when it was dredged. The dredging
was organized by Su Dongpo in Northern
Song Dynasty. It’s called “ Lesser Yingzhou”
. “ Yingzhou” is one of the fairy islands
inhabited by immortals. Such islands are
considered as paradise, with beautiful
surroundings. This islet is beautiful just like
such an island, hence the name.
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(2) The origin of “Three Pools
Mirroring the Moon”
 Here on the south of the islet, we can see three stone
pools erecting in water. It is the very site of ‘Three Pools
Mirroring the Moon’, one of the Top Ten Views on the
Lake.
 The three pools mark the three deepest points in the lake
and the deepest point is called ‘tan’ in Chinese, meaning
‘deep pool’. Look at the pools, please. You may easily find
they’re hollow. There’re five holes in each. On the Moon
Festival, candles are lit in the pools and the holes are
covered with white sheet of paper. Looking from a
distance, they are like small moons. In each pool, you can
see five moons. With their reflections, there are ten moons.
Three pools together, there’re 30. With the real moon in the
sky and its reflection in water, you can see 32 moons, big
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or small, true or false. That’s why this place
was named
‘Three Pools Mirroring the Moon’.
(3) Why did Su Dongpo put up the “three pools”
in West Lake when he had West Lake dredged?
 The three pools erected to mark the deepest
part of the lake and to indicate a zone in
which it was forbidden to plant any water
vegetation to prevent the lake from
becoming overgrown.
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2) Mid-lake Pavilion
 The Mid-lake Pavilion Islet was set up by Su
Dongpo, governor of Hangzhou in the Northern
Song Dynasty over 1000 years ago. Like Bai Juyi,
another governor in the Tang Dynasty, he dredged
the lake and had two causeways and this islet built
with the silt from the bottom of the lake. Located in
the center of the lake, the pavilion on it was
named ‘Mid-lake Pavilion’ and hence the name of
the islet.
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3) Ruan Gong Islet
 Ruan Gong Islet was built in the Qing Dynasty
about 200 years ago. It was also built with the silt
from the lake bottom but had long been a wildlife
refuge since the soil was too soft to support any
buildings. It was not until 1982 did the local
government reinforced the foundation, planted
trees and had some bamboo pavilions built on it,
making it one of the New Top Ten Views on the
Lake. Every evening in summer, there's a show of
local opera entertaining the pleasure-seekers from
both at home and abroad.
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4. New West Lake Project
 The classic top ten views of West Lake can all be found around the
lake. Not long ago, it only covered an area of no more than 6 square
kilometers. However, in the Ming Dynasty, it was much larger. As time
passed, the surface area of the lake shrank and many of the former
famous sights lost their majestic positions.
In order to restore the look of the old lake area and further promote
tourism, the local government has invested heavily in the New West
Lake Project and successfully restored some picturesque sights along
the west bank of the lake by the end of September, 2003. Residents
living in the area were either relocated from their somewhat run-down
houses or had their houses refurbished. Large clods were dug out and
water was directly drawn from the West Lake to form unbroken ponds.
Some marshes were changed into neat grassland with wooden
pavilions made in the traditional Chinese style. Small brooks flow from
mountainsides, rushing by the residents' cottages. Compared to old
West Lake sights, the new "lake" area is more delicate and presents a
superb modern workmanship in making the southern
style gardens. We
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will arrange a visit to some of the parks in the new area.
II. Lingyin Temple
Scenic Area
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Introduction
 Ladies and gentlemen, Hangzhou is a well-known historical
and cultural city, as well as one of the seven ancient
capitals of China.
Since ancient time, it has been noted as the “Buddhist World
in south-eastern China”. This scenic area consists not only
the nationwide popular Linyin Temple, but also the unique
ancient stone carvings—the cliff carvings on the Peak
Flying from Afar. The beautiful landscapes here intermingle
with the renown figures, the well-known temples,pavilions
and springs to create a serene, elegant, agreeable
Buddhist world.
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 9. Briefing on the Peak Flying from Afar;
Qinglin Cave；
Milky Jade Cave
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1) Briefing on the Peak Flying from Afar




Key points:
The screen wall
The stone carvings on the peak;
The origin of the peak’s name and the
legend;
 The scientific reason for the formation of
the hill
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(1) Screen wall (照壁)
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 Ladies and gentlemen, please look at the screen
wall with four Chinese characters “Zhi chi xi tian”
on it. “zhi” is a chinese unit word used in Zhou
Dynasty, having the significance “not far”. The four
characters tell us that it’s not far from the Western
World. With only one step, you can reach the
Buddhist World—Linyin Buddhist Monastory. The
arch-shaped screen wall looks like an embrace of
the Buddha, greeting tourists to pay a visit to the
holy place. Now forget all the troubles you had and
enter the temple with peace and calmness.
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(2) The stone carvings on the peak
 In front of us, you can see a hill called the
Peak Flying from Afar. The peak is 209
meters high and on the slope of the hill and
in the caves, you can find there are
altogether 338 stone carvings. These
carvings were made during the periods from
Later Zhou of the Five Dynasties to Yuan
Dynasty. The oldest is over 1000 years old
and the youngest one is 600 years old.
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 The most representative ones among are:
the earliest carvings—Three Saints of the
West on the rock face in Green Forest
Cave, done in 951.AD (Later Zhou in Five
Dynasties)；
 the most delicate carving—the relief
sculpture Locana Buddhist Festival on the
outer rock wall of Green Forest Cave., done
in 1002 during the Northern Song Dynasty;
 and the most outstanding carving as well
as the largest one—Maitreya Buddha on
the southern side of the Cool无忧PPT整理发布
Spring, done
in the Southern Song Dynasty.
 The carvings are distinguished for its “Three
Most” among grottoes carvings in China:
 1) There are Most Yuan Dynasty stone
carvings than other grottos in China;
 2) There are Most Arhat stone carvings
than other grottos;
 3) There are Most Lamaist stone carvings
than other grottos.
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(3) The origin of the peak’s name and
the legend
 The peak’s name originates from a legend. It was said in
the legend that when the India monk built this temple, he
found the hill in front of the temple look exactly like a hill in
India, which was Lingjiu Hill. He thought this hill must have
flown from the India, so he named it “Peak Flying from
Afar”.
 The real reasons for the name of the peak are:
 A. It’s appearance is different from that of the surroundings
peaks. It is much smaller.
 B. Its conformation is different. This hill is made of
limestone while the surrounding peaks are made of
sandstone.
 The differences made the peak look so exotic, hence the
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name.
(4) The scientific reason for the
formation of the hill
 Actually, the formation of the hill were
caused by the movement of the earth crust.
Two pieces of earth crust moved towards
each other and the hill was uplifted.
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2）Qinglin Cave / Green Forest Cave





Key points:
The origin of the cave’s name;
Three Saints of the West;
Lucana Buddhist Festival;
Stone bed and stone fingerprint of Ji
Gong
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(1) The origin of the cave’s name
 The biggest cave of the hill is called
“Qinglin” Cave, also locally known as “Tiger
Cave” because the entrance of the cave
looks like the mouth of a tiger. Since it is on
the east side of the hill and is the first cave
to meet the sunshine when sun rises, it got
the third name: Golden Light Cave.
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(2) Three Saints of the West, Lucana
Buddhist Festival
 In the cave, you will find three statues. They are
the Three Saints of the West which was made in
951AD during the Five Dynasties. The three
statues are the oldest ones among the 338
sculptures.
 Lucana Buddhist Festival
 Another carving is the Lucana Buddhist Festival,
a relief sculpture done in 1022 during the Northern
Song Dynasty. It is a representative work of
Arhats.
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(3) Stone bed and stone fingerprint of
Ji Gong
 In the cave there are also the stone bed, stone
fingerprint of the monk Ji Gong(济公) who is
popular among the overseas Chinese. When
visitors come here, they are busy touching the
stone bed because they hope to get blessing from
the crazy monk. Ji Gong was a special monk in
Song Dynasty. Unlike other monks, he loved to
drink rice wine and eat dog’s meat. When he got
wine and meat, he hid himself in the cave and
enjoyed the wine and meat on the stone bed. So
this bed is named Li Gong Bed.
 It is said the cave is also the place where the
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Indian monk Hui Li, founder of Lingyin
Temple
passed away.
3) Milky Jade Cave (玉乳洞)
 Key points:
 the origin of the cave’s name;
 the carvings on the cliff
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(1) The origin of the cave’s name
 Here is the second biggest cave, Milky Jade
Cave. It is so named because there used to
be water dripping from the ceiling. With
limestone dissolved in it, the water looks like
milk. It’s also called Bats’ Cave for it was
once inhabited by bats.
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(2) The carvings on the cliff
 Caved on the cliff are more than 20 life-size
Arhats which date back nearly 1000 years
during the Northern Song Dynasty. So the
cave got its third name “Arhats’ Cave”.
Inside the cave there is a stone platform. It
is said that Xie Lingyun(谢灵运), a poet of
Southern and Northern Dynasties, used to
read Buddhist scriptures on the platform.
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 10. Huili’s Pagoda/Stupa;
The Dragon Cave;
The Carving of Maitreya Buddha
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1) Hui Li’s Pagoda/ Li Gong Pagoda
 Key points:
• briefing on Monk Huili;
• the function of pagoda
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(1) Briefing on Monk Huili
 Now we see a small pagoda with seven stories. It
is the tomb of the Indian monk Huili who had this
temple built in 326AD. When he traveled here, he
found this place was an ideal location for a temple,
so he settled down and had the temple built. When
he passed away, other monks of the temple had
this pagoda built to bury his remains and named
the pagoda “Li Gong Pagoda” in memory of Hui Li.
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(2) The function of pagoda
 Pagoda in ancient India was called stupa
and was used to bury the remains of the
distinguished monks. This pagoda was first
built in Song Dynasty and rebuilt in 1590
during the Ming Dynasty.
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2) The Dragon Cave
 Key points:
• the origin of the cave’s names;
• the carvings on the cliff
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(1) The origin of the cave’s names
 This cave is called Dragon Cave. It is said that a
dragon came into being from the cave, which
houses a cold spring. As there is a statue of
Guanyin (Goddess of Mercy) carved into the rock,
it is also called Guanyin Cave. Move inside and
look up you can see a natural figure of Guanyin,
standing and holding a boy in her right arm. The
sky can be seen from the dome opening at the
top, hence another name for the cave—the Cave
Leading to the Sky (通天洞).
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(2) The carvings on the cliff
 On the cliff of the cave, there are many carvings.
At the entrance are two typical Song Dynasty
carvings. “Tsuantsang Returning to the East”（唐
僧取经） and “the “White Horse Carrying the
Buddhist Sutras”(白马驮经). The former one tells a
story about the Journey to the West. The monk is
named Tsuantsang(玄装)in the Tang Dynasty
traveling to India for Buddhist scriptures
accompanied by Monkey King.
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(3) The caving of Maitreya Buddha
 Key points:
• briefing on the carving of Maitreya Buddha;
• the legend about Maitreya Buddha
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A．Briefing on the carving of Maitreya
Buddha
 Of all the 338 carvings, the most prominent one is
the Maiteya Buddha, simply called Laughing
Buddha. It was carved in the year 1,000 during the
Northern Song Dynasty. You see, he laughs from
ear to ear because he is happy to see people
come to China and pay a visit to Hangzhou.
According to the scripture of Buddhism, when
Sakyamuni passed away, he became the
successor, so he was also called Future Buddha.
But you may find this Buddha looks exactly like a
Chinese, not an Indian.
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B．The legend about Maitreya Buddha
 The Maitreya Buddha attains the image from a fat monk by
the name of Qici from the Five Dynasties over 1000 years
ago. The monk, also nick-named Cotton Bag Monk., lived
in a temple in Fenghua county, Ningbo city. He always
begged alms in the village with a cotton bag in his hand
and with his chest naked. One day before he died, he said:
“I’m the Maitreya Buddha and the Maitreya Buddha
appears in many different forms; I’m always with you
people every day, but you guys can never recognize me.”
Not until then people believe he was actually the Maitreya
Buddha. Since then all the Laughing Buddha made in
China is on his image. Another feature of the Buddha is his
big belly, or beer belly. In China, there is an old saying: a
carefree mind, a fatty kind. That is to say, if you are happy
all the time, you will get healthier and someday you are
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going to have a beer belly like Laughing
Buddha.
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11. Duowen Heavenly Guardian;
The Thunder Pavilion and Cold
Spring Pavilion
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1) Duowen Heavenly Guardian
 Key points:
• briefing on Duowen Heavenly Guardian;
• the differences between stone carvings in
the south and in the north
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(1) briefing on Duowen Heavenly Guardian
 This is the statue of one of the four heavenly
guardians who are in charge of the four directions
of the Buddhist world. His name is Duowen and
takes charge of the north. Duowen heavenly
Guardian is also considered to be the god of
wealth of the Buddhist world. Riding on a strong
lion and armed with heavy armors and a pestle, he
looks so powerful and vivid. Among the carvings
on the peak, the statue of Maitreya Buddha is
regarded as the masterpiece of the carvings of
Song Dynasty and the statue of Duowen Heavenly
Guardian is generally considered无忧PPT整理发布
the masterpiece
of the carvings of the Yuan Dynasty.
(2) the differences between stone carvings
in the south and in the north
 The art of stone carvings in China started from the
north; therefore, most of the carvings exist in the
northern part of China, such as Dunhuang, Datong
and Luoyang. But it came to a decline after Tang
Dynasty. The carvings on the cliff, with many other
carvings in the south, carved after Tang Dynasty.
They are much different from the carvings in the
north. First, they were carved on the cliff while the
carvings in the north were carved in grottoes.
Second, they were carved out from the limestone
while the ones in the north were carved out of
granite.
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 2) He Lei Pavilion (the Thunder
Pavilion) and Leng Quan Pavilion
(Cold Spring Pavilion)
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(1) He Lei Pavilion ( the Thunder Pavilion)
 Facing the Guardian, there stands a pavilion
known as the Thunder Pavilion. It was built in
Song Dynasty when the tenth generation of
grandson of the first emperor of Song Dynasty
served as the governor of Hangzhou. It was so
named because nearby there used to be a dam
with a flood gate (闸门) holding the Cold Spring
water. The lock would be pulled up when the
stream was flooding, making a thundering noise.
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(2) Leng Quan Pavilion (Cold Spring
Pavilion)
 Key points:
• the origin of the pavilion’s name;
• the plaque and the couplet on the pavilion
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(1) The origin of the pavilion’s name
 More importantly and interestingly, there is
another pavilion next to this one. It is called Cold
Spring Pavilion as the Cold Spring is in front of it.
The pavilion used to stand in the middle of the
Cold Spring pool dating from the mid-Tang
Dynasty. People could come to sit on the bench in
the pavilion with their feet dipping in the water
while doing rod fishing. The pavilion was washed
away by the mountain floods. It was rebuilt on the
bank in the Ming Dynasty.
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(2) The plaque and the couplet on the pavilion
 There are two things making the pavilion important and
interesting. One thing is there used to have a plaque on the
pavilion. On the plaque, there were three characters in
Chinese “Leng Quan Ting”, namely, Cold Spring Pavilion.
The first two characters were written by Bai Juyi, a wellknown poet in Tang Dynasty when he was the governor of
Hangzhou. The third character was written by Su Dongpo,
another well-known in Song Dynasty 200 years later. The
style of latter character was much different from the former
two. The plaque was damaged in Ming Dynasty. The
present one was written by general Guo Huaruo (郭化若).
 Another thing is the couplet on two pillars of the pavilion. It
raises two questions for people to answer. The couplet
reads: “When did the spring begin to cool; where did the
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peak fly from?” The two questions have
aroused much
curiosity and attracted much temptation from the visitors.
 12. The Front Hall/ Heavenly
Guardians’ Hall;
the Statue of Veda
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(1)The Front Hall/ Heavenly Guardians’
Hall
 Key points:
• the difference of the clay Maitreya Buddha;
• the four Heavenly Guardians
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1) The difference of the clay Maitreya
Buddha （弥勒佛）
 Here in the shrine facing the main entrance
is Maitreya Buddha, or Laughing Buddha.
Different from the stone Laughing Buddha
on the cliff of the Peak Flying from Afar, this
one is made of clay and younger than that
one. The Buddha smiles very kindly. He is
laughing from ear to ear because he is
happy to see so many visitors come to pay
homage to Buddha.
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(2) The Four Heavenly Guardians
 Inside the hall, you can see four guardians, two on
each side. The four clay figures, made in 1932,
are eight meters high. They represent the four
major protectors of Buddhist doctrines. They are
supposed to be in charge of the four directions of
the Buddhist world. Each of them takes care of
one part of the world: east, west, south and north.
They work together to bring favorable weather and
to keep the world in peace, prosperity and
harmony.
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 Dhrtarastra (东方持国天王)
 The one holding a Pipa takes care of the
affairs in the east. As he plays the
instrument, it can produce wind, so this
guardian controls wind. It is also believed
that the beautiful music he plays will make
people believe in Buddhism gradually.
 Virudaka （南方增长天王）
 The sword carrier takes care of the affairs in
the south. This sword can regulate climate.
So he is in charge of climate.
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 Virupaksa （西方广目天王）
 The one who holding a nake in his right hand
takes care of the affairs in the west. The snake is
known as small dragon in China, and the dragon
can summon rain. So he commands rain.
 The one with an umbrella takes care of the affair in
the north. This umbrella is used not to provide
against rain but to bestow money and valuables
and to suck in and keep under control all trouble
makers.
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2) The Statue of Veda

At the back of the hall, you can see the statue of Weituo, or Veda. In
Buddhist legend, Veda is a general under the Guardian of the South.
Buddhism honors him as the Guardian of the Law. This statue was
carved out of a single piece of camphor wood about 800 years ago. It’s
the oldest statue in Lingyin Temple. Veda is always standing in front of
Sakyamuni, served as temple guardian, holding a pestle for destroying
demons.
 Veda serves as the chief bodyguard of Sakyamuni. Behind it there’s a
story. It is said that Veda was very brave and loyal to the Great
Buddha. Whenever he found people doing something wrong, he would
kill them without any delay. One day when the great Buddha got that
information, he called Veda and had talk with him. He said: “I know you
are very brave and loyal to me, but it’s improper to kill people at some
small reasons. From now on, without my word, you can never lay any
fingers on people. So Veda, standing opposite the great Buddha, is
waiting for the Buddha’s order.
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13. Fairy Island
 Key points:
• the red boy;
• the three layers of Fairy Island
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1) The red boy
 On the back wall is a group of relief clay sculptures with a
height of 20 meters. It is called Fairy Island. In this group
sculptures, there are altogether 151 images in different
poses. It tells a story about a boy named Red Boy who
went to 53 immotals to learn Buddhism. At age of seven,
he wanted to become one of the disciples of Guanyin,
Goddess of Mercy. In order to test his determination,
Guanyin made him some troubles and difficulties on
purpose, but gave the boy a hint to go to 53 immortals for
help. That took the boy five years. At last with the help of
the 53 immortals the boy overcame all the difficulties and
became one of the disciples of the Goddess of Mercy.
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2) The three layers of Fairy Island
 Key points:
• Guanyin, or Goddess of Mercy;
• Di Zang Bodhisattvas, or the Guardian of
the earth;
• the sculpture of Sakyamuni meditating in
Snow Mountains
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(1) the bottom layer--- Guanyin, or
Goddess of Mercy
 The Fairy Island consists of three layers. Now, let’s look at it from
bottom to the top.
 The statue at the middle of the bottom layer is Guanyin, or Goddess
of Mercy. She is believed to live at sea, so she is standing on the back
of a big fish. The water from the bottle in her hand is called the Water
of Mercy, or Sweet Dew. It’s supposed to be able to cure all kinds of
diseases. Among all the Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, Arhats, even including
Sakamuni, Guanyin is the most popular with the Chinese people. It is
because she is believed to be able to carry all living creatures to the
other shore of happiness, that’s to say, delivering all living creatures
from torment.
 What’s more, she is considered to be able to send a baby-boy to any
family. You see, there is a boy on her left who is the Red Child as I
told. After he went through the trials and tribulations to consult 53
famous masters, he became a disciple of Guanyin. On the right of
Guanyin stands the daughter of Dragon King. She and Red Child are
both assistants of Guanyin and are popular known as “Golden Boy and
Jade Maiden”. One two sides of this layer are 无忧PPT整理发布
18 Arhats standing on
various sorts of animals while they are crossing the sea to pay homage
to Guanyin.
(2) the middle layer---Di Zang
Bodhisattvas, or the Guardian of the earth
 At the middle layer is one of four famous
Bodhisattvas in Buddhist world who is named Di
Zang Bodhisattvas, or the Guardian of the earth.
He is a prince from Korea and demonstrates his
power on Mount Jiuhua. He swears he will help
the human being to go to the heaven and he will
remain the last one to go. The other Bodhisattvas
are Guanyin Bodhisattvas, Wen Shu Bodhisattvas
and Pu Xian Bodhisattvas.
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(3) the top layer---The sculpture of
Sakyamuni meditating in Snow Mountains
 On the top layer is the sculpture of Sakyamuni meditating
in snow mountains. He looks much older than his age, in
his 30’s at that time, because he led a very simple life
without nutrition. But he survived by eating the wild fruits
offered by a mokey and drinking the milk by a deer. That’s
why you can see these two animals beside him.
 Now look up, you can find an old man with white hair sitting
there. He is Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism.
Sakyamuni was a prince in ancient India, the present
Nepal. When he was 15 to 16 years old, one day he went
out of his palace, and found people outside suffering from
starvation, disease, oldness and death. As he backed
home, he started to find an answer and a way out, but he
couldn’t.
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 At age of 29, one day he ran away from the palace and
said goodbye to his wife and children and got into the snow
mountain and spent six years searching for the
enlightenment. But life there was so hard, sometimes he
got no food and no drink. Sakyamuni decided to stick it till
the bitter end. Two animals were deeply moved by his
action. The monkey got some wild fruits for him to eat and
the deer offered her milk for him to drink. Through six years
of self-cultivation in the snow mountain, he couldn’t find a
solution.
 So one day he moved out of the mountain and had a big
shower in a river. After the shower he got fainted because
of hunger and fatigue. At that time a milky girl passed by,
offering some milk for him to drink. Then he sat down
under one bodhi tree and thought and thought for 49 days.
He tested all kinds of temptations and went through attacks
from devils. At last he reached the full 无忧PPT整理发布
enlightenment.
14. Briefing on Lingyin Temple
 Key points:
• briefing on Lingyin Temple;
• the Sutra Pillars; the Plaques;
• In front of the Front Hall and out of the Front
Hall
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1) Briefing on Lingyin Temple
 Lingyin Temple is “No. 1 Buddhist Monastery in Southeast China”. It
means this temple is the oldest, largest and most well-known in China.
It was first built in 326AD during the Jin Dynasty about 1600 years ago.
Its founder is an Indian Monk named Huili. When he came to
Hangzhou, he found this place nestled in the woods from the hill with
serene and beautiful surroundings, and thought it must be the place for
the Buddha to retreat his soul. So he settled down here and had this
temple built, and named it “Lingyin Temple” which means “the
Monastery of Soul’s Retreat”.
 During the Wuyue Kingdom about 1,000 years ago, the temple met its
heyday with 9 buildings, 18 pavilions, 72 halls and 1.800 rooms. It was
rated as one of the “Five Famous Buddhist Temples in South of
Yangtse River” in Southern Song Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty,
Emperor Kang Xi visited the temple four times and Emperor Qian Long
paid sis visits to the temple. After liberation in 1949, the temple has
undergone 3 large renovations. The present buildings were
reconstructed in 1988 by the local government.
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2) The Sutra Pillars
 The two sutra pillars in front of the Front
Hall are the oldest remains of this temple.
They were built in the year of 969AD and
remain standing until today, though part of
them is eroded. They are the witness of the
temple, so they have great archaeological
value.
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3) The Plaques
 Please look at the two plaques hanging above the main
entrance of the hall. The lower one tells us the hill in front
of it coming flying from the Vulture Peak in ancient India.
The upper one bears the name of the temple written by
Emperor Kang Xi in Qing Dynasty. It’s interesting to note
that the name written by the emperor for the temple is not
“Lingyin Temple”, but “”Yunlin” instead.
 According to a folktale, it is a mistake the emperor made
when he wrote the name because he had drunk too much.
Another saying goes like this: one day, Emperor Kang Xi
climbed to the top of the North Peak behind the temple and
found the temple was surrounded by fog. The beautiful
sceney reminded him of a poem composed by a famous
Tang Dynasty poet. Thus, he named the temple “Yunlin
Temple”. However, up to now, the temple
is still called
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“Lingyin Temple” by the local people.
 4) In front of the Front Hall and
out of the Front Hall
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(1) In front of the Front Hall
 Before we enter the temple, please take a look at this
stupa. As I’ve told you, the temple is over 1670 years old.
But nothing in it is that old. The oldest witnesses of the
temple include these two sutra pillars in front of the Front
Hall, one here, the other on the other side. The two pillars
were built in the year 969AD and remain standing till today,
though part of them is eroded. They are of great
archaeological value.
 Do you see the two plaques hanging above the main
entrance of the hall? The upper one bears the name of the
temple written by Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.
The lower one tells us the fact that the hill in front of it
came flying from the Vulture Peak in ancient India.
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 It is interesting to note that the name written by the
emperor is not ‘Lingyin’, but ‘Yunlin’ instead.
According to a folktale, the emperor made a
mistake because he had drunk too much. Another
saying is that he thought the name ‘Yunlin’ was
more suitable for it. Anyhow, whatever the
emperor said must be obeyed, hence the plaque.
However, the local people neglected the
emperor’s opinion and are still calling this temple
‘Lingyin’.
 Now let’s go into the temple to have a close look.
Here we need to pay another admission fee, but
I’ve got this ‘check’ here.
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(2) Out of the Front Hall
 Now ladies and gentlemen, today in the temple, there’re
two treasures. One is the statue of Veda, standing in the
Front Hall, facing back this way. It’s a big statue and was
carved out of one single block of camphor wood. This one
here is a camphor tree. It’s interesting to note that this tree
tends to become hollow once it grows to a certain size. So
it’s really something to find a big tree like this, which was
not hollow. What’s more, the statue was carved in the
Southern Song Dynasty over 800 years ago.
 The other treasure is the statue of Sakyamuni, founder of
Buddhism in the main hall. It’s the biggest sitting Buddha
statue made of wood in China. Now please follow me and
I’ll give you some detailed explanations无忧PPT整理发布
about the statues
in the halls.
 15. The Main Hall/ The Great Buddha Hall/
The Grand Hall;
 the Statue of Sakyamuni;
 20 Devas (heavenly being) (诸天) and the
Female Cannibal (食人者) ;
 12 Pratyeka Buddhas ( 园觉 )
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1) The Main Hall/ The Great Buddha
Hall/ the Grand Hall
 Key points:
• the construction of the Main Hall and two
pagodas;
• the statue of Sakyamuni;
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1) The Main Hall/ The Great Buddha Hall/
the Grand Hall
 Key points:
• the construction of the Main Hall
• two pagodas
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(1) the construction of the Main Hall
and two pagodas
 Now we move to the second hall, the Main Hall or
the Great Buddha Hall. It’s 33.6 meters high. The
building we see today was built in 1910 during
Qing Dynasty and was restored in 1956.
 The hall is one-story building with three eaves and
is in Tang Dynasty style of architecture. In the
middle of the top, you can see two dragons and
one silver pearl. They are called “Two Dragons
Playing with A Pearl”.
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(2) two pagodas
 Here in front of the hall, there are two
pagodas. They were built in 960AD, when
Hangzhou was the capital of the Wuyue
Kingdom. The king had them built in honor
of a Grand Monk. They are the oldest
witnesses of the temple.
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2) The statue of Sakyamuni
 Key points:
• descriptions of the statue
• the story of Sakyamuni
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(1) Descriptions of the statue
 Now let’s enter the hall. The big statue sitting in
the center is Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism.
It is made up of 24 pieces of camphor wood with a
height of 19.6 meters. It is the highest wood statue
in sitting position in China. It is coated with 3
kilogrames of pure gold. A Chinese saying goes
like this: to show the value of a men, he should be
dressed up; to show the value of a Buddha statue,
it should be gilded.
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 Now let’s pay attention to this statue. Please look at his
blue hair knot. It’s a kind of hairy style in ancient India for
man. Blue is symbol of the sky. It shows that Sakyamuni is
as great and high as the sky. On his forehead, you can see
a glass ball which is called the Eye of Wisdom. The mirror
behind his head is known as mirror of brightness. Around
the mirror are seven small images of Buddha, they are
images of Sakyamuni before he got enlightenment, so one
of them is Sakyamuni himself. The ear-lopes of Sakyamuni
is big and long. It’s 1.3 meters long. The long ear-lope in
China is symbol of longevity. The position the Buddha
sititing in is Lotus Position. There are two reasons for his
lotus position. In Buddhist believers’ mind, lotus symbolizes
of purity because lotus emerges from the mud in the pond
but keeps unstained, and also it’s said lotus was the
national flower in ancient India so that Sakyamuni had that
flower for the Buddhism.
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(2) the story of Sakyamuni
 Sakyamuni was the prince of an ancient Indian kingdom, named
Gautama. It is said that the moment Sakyamuni was born nine dragons
appeared in the sky, spraying water onto him to give him a good
shower. Sakyamuni was able to walk and talk immediately. He took
seven steps into each of the four directions and, with one hand pointing
to the sky, the other pointing to the earth, said: From the heaven to the
earth, I am the most respectful. At each step he took, lotus flowers
emerged from the ground to meet his feet. As you know, lotus is the
symbol of purity. As legend says that Gautama’s mother became
pregnant when she was dreaming that a saint riding an elephant into
her body. And Gautama was born from the right side of his mother in a
park named Lumbini. Gautama was leading a very good life but one
day he realized that the pleasure of life would eventually disappear and
that one would finally get old, fall sick and die. He became very upset.
Consequently, he left his home and family and spent six years
searching for enlightenment.
 In the following 45 years, he traveled across central India preaching.
He was called Sakyamuni, meaning “Saint of the Sakya”. Sakya was
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the name of a clan in northern India in the mid-sixth
century BC.
3) 20 devas (heavenly being), the female
cannibal and 12 Pratyeka Buddhas
 On both sides of this hall, you can find 20
guardians including four Heavenly
Guardians and Weituo in the Front Hall.
They are called devas (heavenly being) (诸
天). The female guardian on the right side
holding a child in her hand is the female
cannibal (食人者).
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 The goddess used to be a Yaksha (鬼子母神), in
English, a malevolent spirit, or a female cannibal.
In the past she looked mean and ferocious, though
she looks kind generous now. The cannibal had a
thousand kids and loved them dearly. The most
favorite one is her youngest boy. According to the
Buddhist Scripture, never a day passed without
her eating a child from some other family. When
Guan Yin, Goddess of Mercy, learned of this, she
decided to convert her. She stole Yaksha’s
youngest son and hid him and went to her when
she was like a cat on hot bricks. The cannibal told
Guan Yin her trouble.
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 “You have lost only one child, and still have 999
left. So what?” said Guan Yin.
 The cannibal stood there, silent. She realized that
she was a sinner indeed. From then on she turned
over a new leaf. In time she became a disciple of
Guan Yin, and so did her youngest boy standing
beside her now. She looks kind and generous
today.
 This story shows the Buddhist nature—saving all
mortal from sufferings and bringing them peace
and bless. It also proves that Guan Yin is one
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Mercy.
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 At the back of this hall sit 12 figures, called
Yuanjue(圆觉) or Pratyeka Buddha,
meaning the Buddha who attain
enlightenment by self-cultivation and their
positions are between the Buddha and the
Arhat. Lingyin Temple is the only temple
which contains 12 Pratyeka Buddhas in the
Main Hall.
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 16. The Hall of the Medicine Buddha;
The Scripture Repository and
Huayan Hall；
The Arhat Hall
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1) The Hall of the Medicine Buddha
 Key points:
• Medicine Buddha (药师佛);
• three saints of the Eastern World (东方三圣);
• 12 medicine Yaksas (药童)
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(1) Medicine Buddha
 The third hall we see in this temple is Hall of Medicine
Buddha. Restored in 1994, this hall houses the statues of
Medicine Buddha and his disciples. According to the
Buddhism, the world is divided into three parts, namely
Eastern World, Central World and Western World.
Medicine Buddha is the director of the Eastern World.
Sakyamuni and Amitabha are directors for the other parts
respectively. Medicine Buddha is sitting in the center and
dominates the scene. He is believed to bring people good
health and longevity. He holds a pagoda in his hand, which
can suppresse all the evil spirits of diseases and blesses
the believers with good health.
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(2) three saints of the Eastern World
 The two figures standing on his two sides are his
two assistants, Bodhisattva of Moonlight and that
of Sunlight. They present Yin and Yang in Chinese
culture. According to Chinese medicine, when a
person maintains a good balance of Yin and Yang
in the body, he is in good health. When he loses
the balance, he falls sick. That’s how the Medicine
Buddha helps people to have good health with the
assistance of the two Bodhisattvas. Medicine
Buddha with his two assistants stands for the
“three saints of the Eastern World”.
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(3) 12 medicine Yaksas
 On both sides of the hall, stand 12 special
guardians. They are known as medicine Yaksas in
Buddhism. Each of them is shaped like one of the
12 symbolic animals and protects the 12 years in a
round. The 12 symbolic animals are rat, ox, tiger,
hare, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey,
rooster, dog and boar/hog, which are used to
denote the year of a person’s birth. You may figure
out your symbolic animal according to the year
you were born and turn to the right yaksa, who
would treat you like a doctor.
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2) The Scripture Repository and
Huayan Hall
 Key points:
• the Scripture Repository,
• Huayan Hall
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(1) The Scripture Repository
 The fourth hall is the Scripture Repository and the
fifth hall is Huayan Hall. Both of them were built in
2002. They are up on the slope of the Northern
Peak and nestled in the woods, making them afar
from the vanity fair of the world and are ideal
places for self-cultivation.
 The Scripture Repository consists of Yunlin
Repository (云林藏宝), the Hall for Preaching
Buddhist Doctrines (法堂), and the Scripture
Repository (藏经楼). In the Scripture Repository,
there stored various kinds of Buddhist books and
other antiquities.
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(2) Huayan Hall
 Huayan Hall is the highest hall of Lingyin Temple.
It is featured with the giant statues of the Three
Saints from Huayan Sect (华严宗)of Buddhism.
They are made of Nanmu wood with superb
workmanship. The statue in the middle is an
image of Sakyamuni after he got enlightened. On
the two sides of him sit two Bodhisattvas, Puxian (
普贤) and Wenshu (文殊). To the east of the hall,
there is a pond which tells the story “Nine dragons
washing Prince” (九龙吐水). To the west, there is a
statue of a Japanese monk, who was trained in
Lingyin Temple and created Zhenyan
Sect (真言宗
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) of Buddhism when he was back in Japan.
3) The Arhat Hall
 Key points:
• the history of Arhat Hall;
• the origin of Arhat;
• the four Bodhisattvas in the Arhat Hall
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(1) the history of Arhat Hall
 The Arhat Hall stands in the west of Lingyin
Temple. The original one was destroyed in a
fire in 1936. The present one was built in
1999. In the hall, there are five hundreds of
Arhat statues made of bronze. Each statue
weighs 1000 kilograms with a height of 1.7
meters.
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(2) the origin of Arhat
 Arhats were real persons. They were actually monks who
had attained enlightenment and have broken away from
reincarnation. The Buddhists believe in reincarnation or
transmigration. To be precise, there’re six levels of
reincarnation: heavenly-beings, human beings, ogres,
animals, hungry ghosts and hellions. If a person is
suffering in this life, he must have done something evil in
their previous life. So the person need save up enough
credits by doing good deeds for their future life. For
example, your previous life might have been a horse. But
because you saved up enough credits by doing all the
good deeds, you were granted to be a human being in this
life. You may have noticed that all the arhats have very
strange appearances. It tells us a message that if you want
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to be an arhat, you must have a peculiar
face.
(3) the four Bodhisattvas in the Arhat Hall

In the center of the hall sit the four most popular
Bodhisattvas, namely, Guanyin (Avalokitesvara or
Goddess of Mercy), Puxian (Samantabhadra), Dizang
(Ksitigarbha) and Wenshu (Manjusri). They represent the
four major characters of Bodhisattva: Manjusri represents
Universal Great Wisdom; Samantabhadra represents
Universal Worthy Great Conduct; Ksitigarbha represents
Earth Treasury King Great Vow and Avalokitesvara
represents Great Compassion.
 Among the four Bodhisattvas, Guanyin is the most widely
worshiped in this area. Most Buddhists have a small statue
of Guanyin at home, especially female Buddhists.
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 III. Yue Fei’s Tomb and Temple
Scenic Area
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 17. Briefing on Yue Fei’s Temple;
The plaque of “The Loyalty Is As
Bright As Sunlight”;

Yue Fei’s statue
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1) Briefing on Yue Fei’s Temple
 Key points:
• Brief introduction;
• The history of Yue Fei’s Temple;
• The layout of Yue Fei’s Temple
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(1) Briefing introduction
 Key poits :
• The location and constructive style of the
temple;
• How many Yue Fei’s Temples are there in
China?
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A. the location and constructive style of
the temple
 The one is different from others. Unlike the Buddhist
temples, it is a memorial one, dedicated to a national hero
by the name of Yue Fei. He fought against the invaders
from the north and recovered much of the lost territory.
Unfortunately, he was murdered by a traitor named Qin
Hui, who was actually the Prime Minister. The story took
place in the South Song Dynasty over 800 years ago, while
Hangzhou served as its capital. There are Yue Fei's
Temples in three places in the country.
 Besides the temple in Hangzhou, there is another temple in
Yue Fei’s hometown, Tangyin county, Henan Province,
and the third one is in Yilan county, Taiwan Province. But
the temple in Hangzhou is most worth visiting for Yue Fei’s
remains buried there. Yue Fei’s Temple is located at the
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foot of Xixialing Hill, facing the West Lake.
The gate of the
temple was built in Qing Dynasty style.
B. how many Yue Fei’s Temples are there
in China?
 There are Yue Fei's Temples in three places in the
country. Besides the temple in Hangzhou, there is
another temple in Yue Fei’s hometown, Tangyin
county, Henan Province, and the third one is in
Yilan county, Taiwan Province. But the temple in
Hangzhou is most worth visiting for Yue Fei’s
remains buried there. Yue Fei’s Temple is located
at the foot of Xixialing Hill, facing the West Lake.
The gate of the temple was built in Qing Dynasty
style.
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(2) The history of Yue Fei’s Temple
 Yue Fei’s temple was first built in 1221 in Southern
Song Dynasty on the basis of a Kwan-yin temple.
It was renamed as Martyry Temple in Ming
Dynasty and reconstructed in 1715 in Qing
Dynasty. During the Cultural Revolution, from
1966 to 1976, it was totally destroyed and almost
smashed into pieces by the Red Guard. And the
temple now was reconstructed in 1979 after the
Cultural Revolution.
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2) The plaque of “The Loyalty Is As Bright
As Sunlight”
 Look at the plaque on the hall. The four characters
were written by Mr. Ye Jianying, one of the ten
marshals of PRC. The meaning is “My heart is as
bright as the sun in the sky” ( or “My heart is as
bright as sunlight” ). Before his death, when Yue
Fei was asked to sign on a piece of paper with
some false evidences, he refused to do so and
wrote down some characters instead, “My heart is
as bright as the sun shining in the sky” to show
that he was innocent and someday he would be
exonerated. The characters on the plaque express
the words from his bottom of heart.
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3) Yue Fei’s statue
 In the hall the one catching your eye first is the big statue
of Yue Fei. This sculpture was also built in 1979 when the
temple was restored. It’s 4.54 meters high.
 Yue Fei wears helmat and armor, with a sword in his left
hand, which reopresenting he was a general. But outside
of the armor is a robe in purple color with dragon
designing. This is a dress for a high-ranking official to go
into the imperial palace to see the emperor. The animals
designed for this robe are not dragons, but Mang, a
dragon-like animal with three fingers in each paw. Dragon
is an animal with five fingers in each paw. A dress like this
with armor and official robe together means Yue Fei was
well versed in both polite letters and martial arts.
 Look up at the ceiling, you can find there painted 300
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cranes, symbol of the longevity. As a human
being, Yue
Fei didn’t have a long life, but his spirit of Being Loyal to
the Motherland handed from generation to generation.
 18. Yue Fei’s background information;
the Murals (the first four)
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1) Yue Fei’s background Information




Key points:
The birthday and birthplace of Yue Fei;
His name and style name;
The background information about Yue
Fei’s joining into the army and his
achievements;
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(1) The birthday and birthplace of Yue Fei;
His name and style name
 Yue Fei was born in 1103 in a farmer’s
family in Tangyin County, Henan Province.
 It was said that upon his birth, there was a
giant bird flying over The Yue’ house,
therefore Yue Fei was name Fei, namely
flying, and he styled himself Penju. (鹏 举),
meaning “ a large bird is flying over”.
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(2) The background information about Yue Fei’s
joining into the army and his achievements
 Under his mother’s education, Yue Fei never forgot her
instruction “ To be loyal to the motherland”. At age of 13,
he learned Chinese martial arts from his master, Zhou
Tong and practiced it very hard. And he became very much
accomplished in Martial arts. In 1122, Yue Fei joined the
army. Under such a circumstance, Yue Fei joined the army
at the age of 20. Because of his bravery and intelligence,
he was promoted from an officer to a higher position and a
general to lead an army named Yue Family Army, a welldisciplined and brave army. Led by Yue Fei, Yue Family
Army won many victories in the wars against the Jin
invaders and recovered some of the lost territories.
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(3) The background behind the murder of
Yue Fei and the process of the murder
 A. The complot of the traitors
 After the great victory the whole country was
happy except the traitors and the emperor. What’s
wrong? Because if the whole country were
reunited, the two kidnapped emperors would come
back and he would not be an emperor any more.
Actually being an emperor for 15 years he really
enjoyed the emperor’s life in Hangzhou. Well, he
would lose such a beautiful life, so he didn’t want
Yue Fei to fight again against the Jin invaders and
make peace with them.
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 B. The process of the murder of Yue Fei
 Around the emperor gathered a group of traitors.
Qin Hui, the prime minister, as the head of this
group, said something ill in front of the emperor
behind Yue Fei. So at last the emperor believed in
them and within 24 hours he issued 12 imperial
orders to call Yue Fei back from the front. Yue Fei
felt so sad to have all these orders, but he had to
obey. As soon as he came back to Hangzhou, he
was promoted to a higher position, but no
commanding of his army. Not so long he was put
into the jail in the charge of betraying the emperor.
At last in 1142 he was murdered by a glass of
poisonous wine. When he died, he was just at the
age of 39.
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(4) A brief introduction on Yue Fei
 General Yue Fei was a Song commander who led
an army north against the Jin invaders when
Hangzhou was the capital of the Southern Song
Dynasty. Despite his success, he was ordered to
withdraw by Emperor Gaozong on the advice of
his Prime Minister, Qin Hui, who favored
capitulation. Yue Fei was framed, arrested and
killed along with his son, on the charge of some
“probable” crimes.
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 Only 21 years later, Yue Fei was exonerated
under the force of public opinion and buried
with due ceremony. In 1221 a temple was
also built to honor Yue Fei at Qixia Ridge.
For generations, people have visited here to
pay their respects to the hero who was
determined to recover the lost territories.
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 2) The Murals (the first four)
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(1) Studying Diligently and Training Hard /
Learning diligently 勤学苦练
 Now look at the eight murals one by one.
The first is “Studying diligently and training
hard. It tells that when Yue Fei was at age of
13, he learned Chinese martial arts and
practiced it very hard from his master, Zhou
Tong, the old man in white beard in the
picture. Until he grew to age of 17 or 18 he
becomes so strong that he could pull open a
bow of 100 kilograms.
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(2) Mother Tattooing Characters / Mother
tattooing Yue’s back 岳母刺字
 Look at the second mural. When Yue Fei
joined the army at the age of 20, in order to
encourage his son to flight bravely against
the Jin invaders and do some great
contribution for the country, his mother
tattooed four Chinese characters on his
back “ Be loyal to the Motherland。” The old
lady was Fue Fei’s mother and the younger
one was his wife.
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(3) Recovering Jiankang / Recapturing
Jiankang 收复建康
 The city Jiankang is today’s Nanjing, the capital of
Jiangsu Province. In 1130, Yue Fei led his army to
fight against the Jin invader in Jiankang, at last the
Jin invaders were defeated by the Yue Family
Army and the city was recovered. Later the Jin
invaders felt frightened whenever hearing the
name of the Yue Family Army, a saying among
them goes like this: It’s easier to shake a
mountain, but hard to defeat Yue’s Army.
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(4) In Alliance with Heshuo / Uniting with
anti-Jin forces 联结河朔
 In order to make his army more powerful
and strong, Yue Fei united all the farmer’s
rebellion troops against the Jin at the both
sides of the Yellow River. Later they played
an important part in the fighting with the
invaders.
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19. the Murals (the latter four)； the
Loyalty Cypress
 1) The Murals (the latter four)
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(5) Recovery of the Lost Territory /
Recovery our lost territories 还我河山
 This one tells the story that Yue Fei, on his
way from Lin’an (today’s Hangzhou) to
Jiangzhou(today’s Jiujiang, Jiangxi
Province), climbed a mountain by the
Yangtze River. He looked to the north area
occupied by the Jin invaders, and wrote
down four characters “Recovery of the Lost
Territory”， expressing his ambition to have
all the lost territories recovered.
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(6) Great victory at Yangcheng / A signal
victory won at Yancheng 偃城大捷
 In 1140, the Yue Family Army had a big fight with the
invaders in Yangcheng and gave the invaders a severe
attack and totally defeated them. And Yue’s army headed
for Zhuxianzhen, only 225 kilometers away from Bianliang
(today’s Kaifeng), the capital of the fallen Northern Song
Dynasty.
 After the victory, the folks were so happy to welcome the
soldiers and commanders back. You see, Yue Fei on the
white horse was offered a bowl of wine by a middle-aged
man, but he refused because he thought that was not the
right time, he would have a big drink until he had the whole
country reunited. Pity is that he never realized that dream,
just a wish.
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(7) Forced to Withdraw / Compelled to
retreat 被迫班师
 After the great victory the whole country was
happy except the traitors and the emperor. What’s
wrong? Because if the whole country were
reunited, the two kidnapped emperors would come
back and he would not be an emperor any more.
Actually being an emperor for 15 years he really
enjoyed the emperor’s life in Hangzhou. Well, he
would lose such a beautiful life, so he didn’t want
Yue Fei to fight again against the Jin invaders and
make peace with them. Within 24 hours, 12
imperial orders were issued to Yue Fei to withdraw
from the battlefield. Yue Fei felt so
sad and angry,
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but he had to obey.
(8) Unjust Charge at Fengbo Pavilion / An unjust
case at the Wind and Wave Pavilion
风波冤案
 As soon as Yue Fei came back to Hangzhou, he was
promoted to a higher position, but no commanding of his
army. Not so long he was put into the jail in the charge of
betraying the emperor. One day when Yue Fei was asked
to sign on a piece of paper with some false evidences, he
refused to do so and wrote down some characters instead,
“My heart is as bright as the sun shining in the sky” to show
his innocence.
 On 29th, Dec., 1142 in Chinese Lunar Calendar, the day
before the Spring Festival, he was poisoned to death by a
glass of wine offered by Qin Hui. When he died he was just
at the age of 39.
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2) Loyal Cypress Pavilion
 Key points:
• the signification of the semi-pavilion;
• the formation of the cypress fossil;
• the signification the cypress fossil reflects;
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(1) The signification of the semi-pavilion
 Now we come to a semi-pavilion which is
called Loyal cypress Pavilion. Semi-pavilion
represents the half of the nation because
the country had lost half of its territories and
the whole nation was not reunited.
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(2) The formation of the cypress fossil
 It was said this big cypress tree used to be
planted near the Fengbo Pavilion. At the
time as Yue Fei was killed by Qin Hui, the
tree withered and died at once. Later it
turned into fossil and people were deeply
moved and had this pavilion built to host this
cypress fossil.
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(3) The signification the cypress fossil reflects
 But it took the cypress 120 million years to
become a fossil and Yue Fei was killed only about
800 years ago. So it was not possible that these
two incidents had any relations. The fossils were
collected to tell a legendary story, which shows
people’s respects toward Yue Fei, the national
hero for his loyalty towards our motherland. The
fossil of cypress implies Yue Fei’s faithfulness and
unyieldingness.
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 20. The Stele Corridor；
The Tomb Stone
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1) the Stele Corridors
 Key points:
• the stone tablets;
• the value of the steles;
• the four characters “Jin zhong bao guo”
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(1) The stone tablets
 Now we are in the courtyard of stone tablets. On
both sides of the yard are arranged 125 carvings
or steles. The northern side contains poems,
memorials to the throne, and other formal writings
in Yue Fei’s calligraphy (handwriting); while
among the steles on the southern side, some are
poems by prominent persons throughout history to
express their respect for the national hero, others
are records of repeated repairs and renovations
that the temple has undergone.
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(2) The values of the steles
 Stele of Wen Zhengming’s Poem All these steles are of
high cultural and historical value. But the most important
one is the poem“manjianghong”(满江红) composed in 1530
by Wen Zhenming(文徵明), a noted artist of the Ming
Dynasty. He hints that it was the emperor other than Qin
Hui, the Prime Minister who wanted Yue Fei to die. It was
very bold of him to do this, because in the feudalistic
society, no one could say anything unfavorable about the
emperors. That’s why for a long time, Qin Hui, the Prime
Minister had been regarded as the murderer of General
Yue Fei. Now we understand, he was only a scapegoat.
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(3) the four characters “Jin zhong bao guo”
 Why does the character “Jin zhong bao guo ”
lack a stroke and remain uncompleted?
 Please look at the wall at the eastern end of the
tomb yard. On the wall there are four characters
“Jin zhong bao guo”. The character “guo” lacks a
stroke. Why is it not completed? The lack of one
stroke in the character “guo” refers that at that
time the country had lost half of its territories and
the whole nation was not reunited.
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2) The tombs stone
 Key points:
• the legend of Stone Wen Zhong;
• the symbols of horse, goat and tiger;
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(1)The legend of Stone Wen Zhong
 The stone figures standing in front of the tomb are
the tomb guardians, made in Ming Dynasty about
500 years ago. They are named Stone Wen
Zhong. Wen Zhong was a very strong man and
brave warrior in the Qin Dynasty over 2200 years
ago. As he died, the First Qin Emperor ordered to
have his image made of bronze to commemorate
him. Later, images in his like were made standing
in front of the tombs of the emperors and the kings
to prevent them from being robbed.
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(2) The symbols of horse, goat and tiger
 You can also see six stone animals, three
on each side. They are stone tigers, stone
goats and stone horses. The animals
represent Yue Fei’s virtues. The horse
represents loyalty; the goat is symbol of
obedience and nice to parents and the tiger
symbolizes bravery. They were also placed
during the Ming Dynasty.
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 21. The tomb yard;
the four kneeling cast iron statures
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1) The tomb yard
 Key points:
 the treatment of Yue Fei’s remains after
his death;
 the construction of the tomb; its style
and its significance
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(1) The treatment of Yue Fei’s remains after
his death
 Here you can see two tombs, the big one is the tomb of Yue Fei with
his remains inside, and the small one is the tomb of Yue Yun, Yue Fei’s
son.
 It was said the night when Yue Fei was killed, a jail guard named Wei
Shun, respected Yue Fei a lot and risked his life to steal Yue’s body
and buried somewhere secretly (under a pile of snail shells). He didn’t
dare to tell that secret to anyone else, even his wife. As time passed
away, one day he got pretty sick and was dying, he called his son and
told him this big secret.
 In 1163, 21years after the death of Yue Fei, when the second emperor
came into power, he decided to clear Yue Fei’s name in order to win
people’s heart and support. Then posters were hung up looking for
Yue’s remains. At that time the son of the jail guard dared to speak out
the secret told by his father and the location of Yue’s remains. So the
tomb of Yue Fei here is a real one. But the tomb of Yue Yun is the one
without remains inside. When Yue Fei was murdered, the next day Yue
Yun and Zhang Xiang were chopped off into two pieces and hung up at
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the gate of the city wall for three days. So nobody
dared to risk his life
to get the body and buried them.
(2) the construction of the tomb; its style
and its significance
 The tomb was renovated in Southern Song Dynasty
architectural style in 1979, which is situated in the west of
the temple’s compound. It’s the most important historic
relic of this spot and is under the protection of the state.
The gate to the tomb was rebuilt with its arched wing
corridors according to Southern Song architectural style as
well. On both sides of the path leading to the tomb stand
the preserved ceremonial stone guardians—six stone
figures of civil officials and military officers, two horses, tow
goats, and two tigers. The stone tigers and goats were
made in the Southern Song Dynasty together with the
tomb, while the others were added during renovations at
the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.
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2) the four Kneeling Cast Iron Statues
 Key points:
• the position and story of each figures；
• the history of the construction and
reconstructions of the figures
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(1) The position and story of each figures
 At the both sides of the gate you can see four
kneeling iron figures. They were four traitors. One
was Qin Hui, the prime Minister of the Southern
Song Dynasty, and the one beside him was his
wife. Qin Hui and his wife are on the north and
their two accomplices Zhang Jun and Moqixie on
the south. Moqixie was a court official and Zhang
Jun, a general. We’ve already known that Qin Hui
played a trick to kill Yue Fei, so he needed to
kneel down in front of Yue Fei and asked his
forgiveness.
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 Why did his wife kneel down together with him? It
was said, the lady, named Wang Shi, was so
wicked that she made her husband kill Yue Fei
without any hesitation. When Yue Fei was put into
the jail, Qin Hui wanted to kill him immediately but
he found no evidence to do that. He felt so worried
that he lost the taste of eating and drinking. One
day his wife came to him and said: It’s easy to
catch a tiger, but difficult to release it. That means
if the general was set free, the Prime Minister
would be in trouble. Hearing the advice, Qin Hui
made his mind to order to kill Yue Fei without any
delay. So this ugly-hearted lady also needed to
kneel down in front of Yue Fei and asked for Yue’s
forgiveness.
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(2) The history of the construction and
reconstructions of the figures
 The four iron figures had been damaged
eight times and reconstructed nine times
since 1513 in Ming Dynasty. Because all the
visitors would spit on them out of hatred of
the traitors, the figures became decayed in
Qing Dynasty. So Ruanyuan founded it
again which were disappeared during the
Culture Revolution. The present ones were
made in 1978.
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 IV. Six Harmonies Pagoda
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22. General Information about the pagoda
 Key points:
• The origin of the pagoda;
• the history of its construction;
• the external part and internal part of the
pagoda
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1) The origin of the pagoda
 Key points:
• the briefing of the pagoda;
• the origin of its name
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(1) The briefing of the pagoda
 The pagoda was first constructed in 970 AD, but it
went through many times of fires and wars and it
was last rebuilt in 1153. Three big renovations
have been taking place after the liberation in 1949.
 When people first hear the name of the Six
Harmonies, that reminds them of the Buddhism,
but the making of the pagoda has noting to do with
Buddhism. Only its name is from six codes of the
Buddhism.
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(2) The origin of its name
 The name of the pagoda is related to six codes of
Buddhism. Six Harmonies mean the harmonies of
body, mind, opinion, speech, wealth and
abstinence from temptation. If a pagoda related to
the Buddhism is built, it’s for two purposes, either
to keep the Buddhist scriptures, like the Wild
Goose Pagoda in Xi’an or to bury the remains of
the high-ranking monks, like the Pagoda in
Shaolin Temple in Henan Province. Another
explanation goes that the six harmonies refer to
the harmony of six directions of the universe—
north, south, east, west, heaven and
earth.
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2) The history of its construction
 Key points:
• the date of the construction; the reason for
the construction of the pagoda;
• the history of its damages and
reconstructions
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(1) The date of the construction
 The pagoda was first constructed in 970 AD
in Northern Song Dynasty by Qian
Hongshu(钱弘俶), the King of Wuyue
Kingdom.
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(2) The reason for the construction of the pagoda
 The construction of this pagoda is to suppress the
tidal waves of the Qiantang River, which come
from the sea into the river, surging upstream. The
bores were so destructive that the local people
suffered a lot. They had got nothing to do, just left
for begging. But at that time people were very
superstitious and believed if they built a pagoda
near the river, the pagoda would take control of
the tidal waves. So that this pagoda was set up by
the river to take control of the tidal bores and later
the pagoda is used as the lighthouse for the night
navigation.
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(3) The history of its damages and
reconstructions
 Since its completeness over 1000 years
ago, the pagoda went through many times
of fires and wars and it was last rebuilt in
1156. The present structure underwent a
major reconstruction in 1900 and three big
renovations following after the liberation in
1949.
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3) The external part and internal part of
the pagoda
 Key points:
• The size, height and number of stories of the
pagoda；
• The external part and internal part of the
pagoda
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(1) The size, height and number of stories
of the pagoda
 The pagoda is built in storied-pavilion type.
It is 200 feet high. To be precise, it is 196.5
ft or 59.89m high. When it was first built, it
was a nine-story pagoda. But it collapsed in
the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years
ago. In 1153 when it was rebuilt it was made
into a seven-story structure. It has 13 stories
outside, but seven stories inside.
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(2) The external part and internal part of
the pagoda
 The pagoda is made of the two parts, the
internal part of stone and bricks and the
external part of wood and tiles. In the
pagoda there's no lift/elevator to take you to
the top, but a spiral staircase of 226 steps
leading to the top. If you like, you can climb
to the top to get a bird's eye view of the
Qiantang River and the bridge, as well as
the surrounding mountains.
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 23. The Qiantang River;
the Qiantang Tidal Bore;
the Explanation for the Tidal
Bore
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1) The Qiantang River
 Key points:
• the general information about the Qiantang
River (its headwaters,
• its length, its drainage area, the cities and
counties it flows through
• the names of its upper reach, middle reach
and lower reach); the origin of its name
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(1) The general information about the
Qiantang River
 Qiantang River is the biggest river in this province, known
as the Mother River. The river is the southern terminal of
the Grand Canal, which begins from Beijing and all the
down to Hangzhou.
 Originated from the Xiuning County, Anhui Province, the
river flows down through Chunan , Jiande, Tonglu, Fuyang
and Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province. It is 605 kilometers
long with a drainage area of 48800 square meters. The
river is divided into three parts: the upper reach is named
Xinan River, the middle Fuchun River and the lower
Qiantang River.
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(2) The origin of its name
 The name Qiantang came from the embankments
on the river. During the Wuyue Kingdoms in the
Five Dynasties, the King Qian had this
embankment built because of the tidal waves
washing away the farmlands at both sides of the
river. Benefited from this embankment, the local
people named it Mr. Qian's Embankment, which is
pronounced as Qian Tang in Chinese. So this part
of the river is named Qiantang River.
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2) The Qiantang River Tides
 Key points：
• the best places and time to watch the tidal
waves of the Qiantang,
• the history of watching tidal waves,
• the remarkable natural phenomenon of the
tidal waves,
• the explanation of the tidal waves
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(1) The best places and time to watch the tidal
waves of the Qiantang River
 The river is famous for its spectacular tidal waves. Every
year around the Moon Festival, on the 15th day to 18th day
of the eighth lunar month, thousands of the tourists as well
as the local residents are attracted to view this awesome
natural phenomenon and experience the mighty power of
the nature.
 The waves come from the sea into the river and surge
upstream all the way to the end of the lower reach of the
river. The best place to see this mighty tidal waves is
Yanguan town in Hainin County, about 45 kilometers away
from Hangzhou and the waves are at its most spectacular
on the 18th day of the 8th month by the lunar calendar,
when the combined attraction of the moon and the sun for
the sea is greatest. According to the historical record, in
1956, the tidal waves rose to six meters
high and swept a
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1.5-ton iron ox 10 meters away. You can imagine how
powerful the tidal waves are.
(2) The history of watching tidal waves
 Watching the tidal waves of the Qiantang has
been a significant event for over 2000 years. In the
Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), when
Hangzhou was the capital of the country, the event
reached its height. People in the capital city had a
happy time for a whole week over the tidal waves.
The 18th of the 8th lunar month was supposed to
be the tidal waves’ birthday, on which the imperial
fleet was reviewed.
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(3) The remarkable natural phenomenon of
the tidal waves
 The Qiantang River tides is a remarkable natural
phenomenon that has excited many people. The first thing
that meets the eye when the tidal waves come is a long,
white streak across the horizon. In the meantime, one
seems to hear the muffled thundering in the distance. A
few minutes later，the white streak turns itself into myriads
of silvery fish chasing each other up the river happily. As
the tidal waves approach, the spectator sees a wall of
water piling up higher and higher as if tens of thousands of
untamed horses were galloping. The deafening noise
inspires nothing short of awe and admiration.
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3) The explanation for the excessive
momentum of the tidal waves
 Firstly, It is related to the attraction and movement of the
sun and moon. Secondly, it is attributed to the fact
Hangzhou Bay, the outlook of the Qiantang, shaped more
or less like a huge trumpet.
 A geographical survey shows that the section of the river in
Yanguan is no more than three kilometers (1.8 meters)
wide as against 100 kilometers (62 miles) at the estuary.
When the sea tides come up, it brings huge amounts of
water (about 100000 tons) pushing inland at a speed of 30
kilometers (18.64 miles) per hour, but the abrupt narrowing
of the river prevents its smooth progress. With waves
coming upon waves, the tide eventually surge higher and
higher, forming a gigantic white of tidal water.
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 24. The Qiantang River Bridge;
the statue of Monk Zi Tan;
the Imperial Stele Pavilion
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1）The Qiantang River Bridge
 Key points:
• the length of the bridge,
• the the construction of the bridge,
• its designer; its aspect and its functions
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(1) the length of the bridge
 Qiantang River Bridge is 1453 meters long. Its
construction was started on Aug. 8, 1934 and the
bridge was opened to traffic on Sep.26. The bridge
was designed by Mao Yisheng(1896-1989), a
great Chinese engineer at a time, but was soon
blown up by him in order to stop the Japanese
invaders from pushing further south. It was
repaired in 1947, two years later after the AntiJapanese War.
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(2) the construction of the bridge
 Qiantang bridge is the first one built on this
river. It is double decked for two functions.
The upper deck is for automobiles and the
lower for trains. In Hangzhou, there will be
10 bridges on Qiantang River in the future.
Seven of them have been completed.
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2）the statue of Monk Zi Tan
 Key points:
the position of Zi Tan;
His contribution to the
reconstruction of the pagoda
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(1) The position of Zi Tan
 The bronze-colored statue you look at is Zi
Tan, who was the director monk of the
temple beside the pagoda in Southern Song
Dynasty over 800 years.
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(2) His contribution to the reconstruction
of the pagoda
 The Six Harmonies Pagoda was constructed
in 970 AD. But it collapsed because of wars.
Being the director monk of the temple, Zi
Tan decided to collect donations for the
reconstruction of the pagoda. It took him 12
year to asking for alms. At last he got
enough funds and had the pagoda rebuilt in
1153. Thus his statue was set up here to
commemorate him.
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3) The Imperial Stele Pavilion
 Key points:
the aspect of the stele;
the contents on it
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 Please look at this stele. It’s the stele inscribed by
Qianlong, the emperor of Qing Dynasty. The stele
records the history of the damages and
reconstructions of Six Harmonies Pagoda as well
as the emperor’s feelings while he was viewing the
beautiful scenery around the Qiantang River. The
stele is 4.35 meter high and 1.5 meter wide with
clear inscriptions so it has high historical and
cultural value. Unfortunately the original stele
pavilion was damaged. The present one was
constructed on the foundation of the original one in
the year of 1997.
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 25. The Story of Liuhe;
Three Statues
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1) The Story of Liuhe
 Look at the white statue here. It's a fishing boy, named Liu
He, looking so angry and determined. Can you see what
he’s doing? He is filling the river with stones. The boy,
Liuhe, lived by the river with his family and villagers. One
day the Dragon King in the East China Sea made a big
tidal wave and his parents and the villagers died of that
flooding, he was the only survivor.
 The boy felt so sad and angry that he wanted to teach the
dragon King a good lesson. From that day on he collected
these big stones day and day and put them by the river.
When he thought he had enough of these stones, he
started to throw the stone into the river in order to smash
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him finally.
 That made the Dragon King very headachy. He
ordered his guardians to have a talk with the little
boy. The boy refused all the offers given by the
Dragon King, but said he could stop throwing the
stones into the river unless the Dragon promised
three things, that is, giving back his parents and
villagers, regulating the tidal waves and reducing
the power of the waves.
 At first the Dragon King refused to agree with his
requirements, but finally he gave up. After that all
the villagers lived happily by the river. In order to
commemorate this little boy, they had this pagoda
built named after him.
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2) Three Statues (the statue of King Qian; the
statue of Lu Zhishen; the statue of Wu Song)
 Key points:
• King Qian shooting arrows at the tides;
• the death of Lu Zhishen;
• Wu Song entering the Buddhism
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(1) The statue of King Qian Shooting
Arrows at the Tides
 Now please look at the three statues. The first one is Qian
Liu, the first King of the Wuyue Kingdoms who had the
pagoda built to suppress the tidal waves. He loved his
people and was sad to see his people suffering from the
tidal waves. One year on the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival,
when the waves were the highest, the King organized
about 10000 people to line up by the river. At the right time,
with the order from the King, 10000 arrows were shot
together at the tides which brought by the evil spirits and
the evil spirits were shot dead. Therefore, the king didn’t
have any difficulty in building the embankments and people
lived happily and peacefully by the river.
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(2) The statues of Lu Zhishen and
Wu Song
 The second and the third are two heroes from a rebellion
uprising in the Northern Song Dynasty. They were also two
figures from one of the four well-known classical novels by
the name of " Story of the Marsh". The other three are
"Dream from the Red Chamber", "Romance of Three
Kingdoms" and “Journey to the West"
 Lu Zhisheng And Song Jiang joined in this rebellion. At last
they surrendered to the imperial court and were organized
to conquer another rebellion happening in this province,
called Fang La Rebellion. At last they made that.
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 On the way to the capital to be received and rewarded by the emperor,
they spent one night at the temple by the pagoda. At the midnight, Lu
Zhisheng was woken up by the deafening sound like the roaring of
enemies marching toward to the temple. He got up and picked up his
weapon and dashed out to fight with the enemies. But when he moved
out of his room, he found no one outside but the roaring of the white
tidal waves.
 Seeing that he suddenly realized what his master told him: The
moment when you hear the deafening sound and see the coming of the
white waves, is the time for you to die. So he got back his room and
had a big shower in scented water and changed into the clean
garments and sat down peacefully. A few minutes later he was found
dead. His body was buried at the temple by the pagoda.
 Wu Song was a very famous hero for killing a tiger with his bare fist
when he got drunk before he joined the rebel. He lost his left arm
during the battle of conquering the Fang La Rebellion. After Lu
Zhisheng died, he refused to get rewarded form the emperor and
insisted on staying in the temple as a monk. He died at the age of 80.
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26. The Origin of the pagoda; the Function
and development of pagoda in China
 Key points:
• briefing on "Ancient Chinese Pagodas
Exhibition Garden";
• the origin of the pagoda;
• the Function and development of pagoda in
China
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1) briefing on "Ancient Chinese Pagodas
Exhibition Garden"
 For your better knowledge of the pagodas in
China, the local government had this
"Ancient Chinese Pagodas Exhibition
Garden" built. There're altogether 100 mini
pagodas, a scale-down of size of the original
pagodas scattering all over the country.
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2) the Origin of the pagoda
 Pagoda, as an ancient construct style with strong features
of the nationality, was originated from India. It came to
China when the Buddhism started to be practicing during
the Han Dynasty over 2000 years ago. In 67 AD, Buddhism
was introduced to China by two Indian monks. As part of
Buddhism, stupa came to China too. It was first built to
store the relics of Sakyamuni after his death, such as
bones, hairs and teeth. Later it was used as a kind of the
tomb to bury the high-ranking monks, called stupa. With
the growth of Buddhist population, more and more stupas
were built but in combination of Chinese architecture. And
they got a new name in China, pagoda.
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3) The Functions and Development of the
pagoda in China
 Key points:
• the development of the pagoda;
• the functions of the pagoda
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(1) The development of the pagoda
 The pagoda in the old day is for the
Buddhism only. Burying the monks was its
main function. Later with the development of
Chinese culture and history, the function or
the purpose of making pagoda have
enlarged a lot.
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(2) The functions of the pagoda
 First, it can be used to have a bird's eye view of
the scenery, like the Six Harmonies Pagoda in
which we're now. You can climb through the stairs
to the top to enjoy the beautiful sceneries.
 Second, it's used as a watch-house, like the Liaodi
Pagoda in Ding County, Hebei Province. It's a
pagoda to watch out for the enemies. It took 55
years to finish, from the year of 1001 to 1055
during the Northern Song Dynasty. It is 84 meter
high, the highest pagoda existing in China today.
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 Third, it can be a lighthouse, like the Six
Harmonies Pagoda. During the day time,
seeing this pagoda people will know they
are closer to the sea and at the dark night
it's the signal of the directions.
 Forth, it's used to beautify the city, like
Baochu Pagoda by the West Lake in
Hangzhou. It's slender and elegant like a
beautiful lady standing on the Precious
Stone Hill.
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27. The Structure and types of ancient
pagodas
 Key points:
• the structure of ancient pagodas;
• the types of ancient pagodas;
• the Well-known Pagodas in China
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1) The structure of ancient pagodas (the
function of different parts of the pagoda)
 For the architectural point of view, a pagoda consists of
four parts: the underground chamber, the foundation, the
body and the top.
 The underground chamber is used to keep the Buddhist
relics, gems and the Buddhist scriptures. It is same as the
ancient Chinese emperors' tombs, for example, the
underground city of the Ming Tombs in Beijing.
 The foundation of the early pagoda was usually low. To
make the upper part of the pagoda more solid and
magnificent, after the Tang Dynasty, the foundation part
was made of two parts, the stand and the pedestal. The
stand was the previous foundation and the pedestal was
getting higher, more magnificent and elegantly decorated
with the development of the architecture.
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 The body is the main part of the pagoda and its
inside is either hollow or solid. For the pagoda of
the solid, the internal part is filled with bricks and
stones. And for the pagodas of the hollow, their
bodies were made of different materials. For
example, some are made of woods, others have
bricks walls and wood floors and pillars leading to
the top and so on.
 The top is the most important part of the pagoda. It
usually designed in round or needle shape.
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2) The types of ancient pagodas
 In China there’re many different kind of
pagodas in terms of their structures: the
storied-pavilion type(楼阁式), the denseeave type （密檐式）, the overturned-bowl
type (Stupa type) （覆钵式）, the Vajrathrone type（金刚宝座式）, the pavilion
type (亭阁式), the floral type （花式）and
the crossing-the-street type （过街式）
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3) The Well-known Pagodas in China
 Examples for the storied-pavilion type: Big Wild Goose
Pagoda in Xi’an, Tiger Hill Pagoda in Suzhou, and Six
Harmonies Pagoda in Hangzhou.
 Examples for the dense-eave type: Little Wild Goose
Pagoda in Xi’an.
 Examples for the pavilion type: Four-Gate Pagoda in
Licheng, Shadong.
 Examples for the overturned-bowl type (stupa type): White
Pagodas of Miaoying Temple and of Beihai in Beijing,
White Pagoda of Hangzhou
 Examples for the Vajra-throne type: Pagoda of Zhenjue
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