REGIMES IN
LDCS

Less stable, more diverse compared to RDs




Authoritarian developmental (AD; South Korea,
Taiwan)


No development, no capability
Developmental democracies (DD; Chile, Costa
Rica, Mauritius)


Development + improved citizen capability
Authoritarian predatory (AP; Nigeria, Zaire
(DRC))


Politics = conflict more likely to be violent
Institutions = more fragile
Policies = more erratic
Development + improved citizen capability
Fragmented democracies (FD; Brazil, India,
Philippines)

Some development + some citizen capability
AD: POLITICS

Geography, politics




Powerful enemies
Threat of internal unrest
Absence of natural resources
Incentives to promote economic development, share
wealth
Nationalism, anticommunism
 Support in key constituencies

Entrepreneurs/capitalists
 Farmers
 Workers paid cost of industrialization; over time
enjoyed more benefits

AD: POLICIES
 Rapid
industrialization;
competitiveness
 Import substitution industrialization
(ISI)
 Manufacture for export, Exportoriented industrialization (EOI)
 Not market capitalism model
 Japan’s state-led development model
AD:
INSTITUTIONS

Centralized political system (power concentrated
in small elite; executive)


Legislatures, courts, local government not effective
check
Strong, coherent state


Effective policy implementation
Officials autonomous, competent, professional
Close relationship to business community
 Institutions devoted to legitimation and security




Elections
Schools, media
Security, repression
AP: POLITICS
No economic, no human development
 Little incentive
 Plagued by ethnic, linguistic, regional conflicts






Class interests submerged
Narrow coalitions -- ethnic, linguistic, regional loyalties
Clientelism = patron gives client favors for support
Divide and rule; intimidation
Clientelist politicians



Narrow, geographically defined constituencies
Patronage to supporters
Most get little benefit
AP: POLICIES
 Goal
of leaders = enrich themselves,
families, followers
 Economic development – concentrate
wealth in elite hands

ISI  accumulation of wealth by
leaders
 Human
development policies
(education, health care) opportunities for
making money

School, clinic construction – kickbacks, graft
AP: INSTITUTIONS
Weak states – no capacity, autonomy
 Political parties – no clear policy goals
 Weak legislatures
 Corrupt bureaucracies
 State unable to deliver basic goods and services

Inadequate infrastructure
 Limited protection of property rights
 Inefficient firms protected
 Inefficient management of foreign investment, aid

AUTHORITARIAN
REGIMES
 Why
are some developmental (AD), others
predatory (AP)? (see Table 8.1, 225)
Incentives leaders have to build broad/narrow
coalitions
 Quality of state institutions for implementing
policies
 Kinds of groups and social classes for
coalitions of support

DD: POLITICS
Democracy, economic growth, and human
development; mutually reinforcing
 Consolidating democracy  convincing social
groups/classes they benefit from democracy
 Meet needs of poor; do not threaten interests of
wealthier groups
 Trade-offs  broad-based social democratic
political parties, federations of labor and
business, capable, coherent state bureaucracies
 Compromise  political influence to agricultural
workers, small farmers, and urban workers

DD: POLICIES
 Strong



social democratic parties
Capitalist economic growth, substantial safety
nets
Minimal state ownership
Growth with equity
 Export-led
growth, integration into global
market
 Substantial social welfare programs
 Strengthened labor union bargaining
power
 Increased citizens’ capability
DD:
INSTITUTIONS
Stable, broad-based political parties
 Capable, coherent state bureaucracies
 Parties appeal to broad groups of voters through
policies that promote growth with equity
 Broad-based labor and business federations
 Represent workers and businesses in most
sectors
 Strong, autonomous states
 Implement policies favoring broad categories
of population
 Bureaucracies with capable officials; coherent,
successful policy-making, implementation

FD: POLITICS
Fragmented political parties, interest
associations, states
 Large inequalities in wealth, power, citizen
capability; large and diverse populations
 Politicians appeal to upper income groups
 Clientelism inhibits peasants and workers
 Rulers engage in identity politics
 Politicians engage in populism
 Governments target benefits to privileged
groups, organized workers
 Local elites manipulate elections

FD: POLICIES
 Benefits
go to wealthier business people,
union leaders, large farmers, middle class
 ISI protects businesses; gives subsidies to
large farmers
 Educational, health care, retirement,
unemployment geared to upper- and
middle-classes
 Policies biased toward urban middle-class
and wealthy, some improvements in lives
of poor
FD: INSTITUTIONS
 Fragmented
political institutions
 Multiple political parties, interest groups,
federal systems
 Parties rely on patronage, appeals to
racial and ethnic identity
 Legislators focus on pork barrel projects,
local benefits
 Fragmentation within state prevents
implementation of coherent programs
DEMOCRATIC
REGIMES
 Why
some developmental (DD), others
fragmented (FD)? (Table 8.4, 236)




Incentives leaders have for broad/narrow
coalitions
Quality of state institutions for implementing
policies
Groups and social classes for coalitions of
support
Political parties, interest groups broad-based
or fragmented
COMPARING
CAPABILITY
Physical well-being
 AD/DD > FD > AP (Table 8.5, 237; Table 8.6,
238)
 Informed decision-making
 AD > DD > FD > AP (Table 8.7, 239)
 Safety
 AD > DD > FD > AP (Table 8.8, 240)
 Civil and political rights
 DD > FD > AD > AP (Table 8.9, 241)
