CHINA
1911- THE PRESENT
NATIONALISTS
VS.
COMMUNISTS
FATHER OF THE CHINESE
REPUBLIC
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Dr. Sun Yat Sen
fought for 20 years to
overthrow the corrupt
Qing Dynasty
Gov’t based on
democratic principles
Support from the
West
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The Republic
 Spontaneous
revolution of 1911
erupts
 Sun returns and becomes president
of provisional gov’t
 Emperor is forced to abdicate
 China becomes a republic in 1912
POWER STRUGGLE IN THE
NEW REPUBLIC
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Yuan Shikai, a
powerful general,
negotiates the
abdication
Sun agrees to make
him President
Pushes Sun out
Some modernization
Corrupt
The Nationalist Party
The Koumintang (KMT)
Political Party founded by Sun Yat Sen
 Unification of China
 Economic reforms
 Based on 3 Principles of the People
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Nationalism - End Monarchy and Western
domination
 Democracy - elected republican Gov’t
 People’s Livelihood - land reform
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The May Fourth Movement
1919 Student Protests
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China joined the Allies
in WWI and expected
fair treatment in Treaty
of Versailles
Instead Chinese land
was given to Japanese
Protest against weak
gov’t
Basis for other
revolutionary groups,
including communist
party
Warlord Era
1915 - 1930
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Weak republican gov’t
Locally powerful generals
control sections of China
Military rule
Eventually defeated by
the Nationalists
Indicates lack of strong
central gov’t
Wu Peifu first Chinese
person on TIME cover
PU YI (1905 – 1967)
State Visit to Tokyo - 1935
Chiang Kai Shek
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Young protégé of Sun
Sketchy ties to
Shanghai’s Gangs
1926 Led the Northern
Expedition to oust the
warlords from power
Leader of the Nationalist
Party, (KMT)
WWII - One of the “Big
Three” Allied Leaders at
Cairo Conference
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Generalissimo
Chiang Kai Shek
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The CCP
Chinese Communist Party
The ideas of Karl Marx become popular in
China after the May 4th Movement
 1921 informal communist network
established in Shanghai
 Soviet Union assists in organization
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MAO ZEDONG
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MAO’S RISE TO POWER
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1911 Mao joined the
revolution to
overthrow the
dynasty.
Studied in Beijing at
time of May 4th Mov’t
Becomes interested
in communism
1921 attends Party
Congress
The Long March
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1927 Communists
“purged” from KMT
1934 KMT targets
Communists in their
southern stronghold
6000 mile/370 day
retreat to Yanan in NW
Only 1 of 10 survive
(80,000+ casualties)
Heroic event for Mao and
the Party
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Route of the Long March
Qu i ck Ti me ™a nd a
TIF F (Un co mpre ss ed )d ec omp res so r
a re ne ed ed to s ee th i s pi c tu re.
Qu i ck Ti me ™a nd a
TIF F (Un co mpre ss ed )d ec omp res so r
a re ne ed ed to s ee th i s pi c tu re.
1927-1936 these groups fight for control.
 Nationalists control coastal cities, enjoy
the support of Western powers.
 Communist strength in rural west.
 Temporary truce to fight against the
Japanese invasion of China.
 Second Sino-Japanese War
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The Japanese in China
“The Rape of Nanking”
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1937 Japanese
attack Chinese cities
Target civilian
populations
Strategy is to horrify
the Chinese people in
to surrender
Controversy Continues…
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PRC does not draw
attention to these
events after war.
Publication of
Chang’s book shocks
the world.
China demands an
apology and wants
Japan to
acknowledge these
events in their
textbooks.
Communist Strategy
Communist develop strong ties with the
rural peasants.
 Promise land reform.
 Attract many new recruits.
 Engage the Nationalists and move
progressively towards the coast.
 After WWII take the coastal cities and
drive Nationalists out of mainland.
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Nationalists Flee to Taiwan
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Defeated Nationalists
Flee to Taiwan
Establish Republic of
China gov’t in exile.
Tension with
Taiwanese.
“The dog leaves, the
pig arrives.”
The Peoples Republic of China
“The Chinese people have stood up.”
 PRC established on Oct. 1,1949
 Single party rule by CCP - “to restore
order and achieve revolutionary goals”
 Mao becomes Party Chairman
 “5 Year Plans” to address problems in
industry and technology
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What were they
thinking???
MAOISMMao Zedong Thought
Agricultural proletariat (peasants)
 Glorified the peasants
 Mobilization of “the masses”
 Sweeping political “reforms”
 Egalitarian – challenges traditional social
order
 Peoples Revolt
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Collectives and Communes
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Collective farms - state owns the land, farmers
work for the state and get a share of the
harvest.
Communes - gov’t combines whole villages,
controls every aspect of life - jobs, housing,
clothing, education, meals and recreation.
Could be mobilized quickly for big projects.
Also, could be easily be manipulated.
The Great Leap Forward
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1958 Mao’s plan for
rapid agricultural and
industrial growth.
Resulted in the
Famine of 1959 in
which 20 million died.
To meet quotas, gov’t
officials collect every
grain of food. Some
desperate peasants
resort to cannibalism.
The Steel Making Campaign
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Part of the GLF
Need to increase
industrial production.
Manufacture farm
machinery, rail lines,
bridges etc.
People make steel in
their backyards.
GLF - Sparrows Campaign
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The Great Proletarian
CULTURAL REVOLUTION
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Public Humiliation and Abuse
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Cultural Revolution
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Destroy the “4 olds”
Old thought,
 Old culture,
 Old customs
 Old habits
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Excuse to purge political rivals
400,000 Deaths
8 BAD CLASSES
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Renegades
Spies
Capitalist roaders
Landlords
Rich peasants
Counterrevolutionaries
Bad elements
Rightists
“Stinking Ninth Class” - Intellectuals
Zhou En Lai
Premier (Mao’s #2 Man)
Arranged Nixon’s
visit in 1972
 Introduced 4
Modernization
 Popular with
people
 His funeral used
by people as an
opportunity for
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Jiang Qing
-Madame Mao
 -Shanghai film star
 - Ruthless rise to
power during
Cultural Revolution
- Prosecuted as one
of the “Gang of
Four”
TIANANMEN SQUARE
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Gorbachev’s Visit to China
China hardliners alarmed by democracy
movements in Russia and E. Europe
Wanted to “Clean up the mess” before
Gorby’s visit
Foreign press were in Beijing to cover visit
Is China a military threat?
2.3 million in PLA
 1 million in reserves
 $70 billion defense budget
 Actively purchasing submarines from
Russia
 100 - 400 nukes, 18 of which are capable
of reaching the US mainland
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But…
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1.4 m US armed forces better equipped and
trained
China needs to patrol 8000 mi. of border
Defense spending is 15% of US budget
Air force is outdated, over 40 years old
No real navy, no aircraft carriers(US has 12 of
21 in world)
Only 5 Nuclear subs, US has 72 w/nukes
US has 10,000 nukes, capable of destroying all
major Chinese cities
Economic Threat?
Cheap manufactured goods
 Low wages to workers
 Wealth concentrated at the top
 Aging population (one –child policy)
 Lack freedom needed to spark
innovation?
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But,
China owns $1.2 trillion of the $14.1 T
total US debt
 Undervalues its own currency
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