Juvenile Incarceration: Hope versus Despair
Dr. Erica D. Arana, RN, DNP, PHN, CNS, CNL
BABNA Flo Stroud Conference, February 6, 2016
edarana@usfca.edu
Juvenile Incarceration/Reentry
What is juvenile incarceration/reentry?
Definition: Young people (under 18) detained &
Reentering the system or community
Root Causes of Juvenile Incarceration
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Poverty
Behind in educational attainment
Single family home
Lack Substance Abuse
Developmental delay
Mental health issues
Incarcerated relative
Trauma
Lack of supervision/structure/core caregiver/male role models
Environmental violence
Hopelessness
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National Problem
Juvenile Offenders
• 2010: 66,322 youth in custody
• 100,000 released to the community per year
• Minority
• Male
• 15 years or older
• ~45% will be rearrested post release
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Local Problem
California
• 2010: 10,908 youth in-custody
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Alameda County
• 2012: 256 youth per month were booked
• Cost: $297.66 cost per youth per day
• 2012: 260 youth per month were released
• ~40-50% of youth return to juvenile hall
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Juvenile Recidivism
What is juvenile recidivism and why do youth
recidivate?
• Definition: Repetition of criminal behaviors
• Why? Root causes plus returning to same
environment with same level of support and role
models
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2012 Detention Demographics
2012 Detention Demographics
Health Issues
Higher rates of mental and physical health issues
• Mental health disorders: depression and cooccurring with SA
• Teen pregnancy and STIs-high risk sexual behavior
• Developmental issues
• Chronic health issues-asthma, obesity, diabetes,
dermatological, dental decay
• Poor continuity of care
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Adolescent Development
Erikson: Identity vrs. Role Confusion (who am I?)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development
Brain not fully developed until 25
http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/02/18/at-what-age-is-the-brain-fully-developed/
Push limits, Rebellious, Risk takers, Daring
Juvenile Delinquent Elephant Example
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B5W4lq_LmU
Youth Example—Story of Despair
17 year old AA male
• Incarcerated multiple times for theft
Background Story
• Parents deceased-one murdered and one heart attack (aunt
is guardian)
• Poverty
• High-risk sexual behavior (exploitation)
• HIV positive
• Mental health issues (on and off medication)
Youth Example—What Does Hope Look Like?
Trusting Relationship with someone:
• Compassion
• Accountability
• Mutual respect
• Provision of individualized support to meet goals
• Care for entire family
• Reverse stigma
• Believe in youth
• Mentorship
• Encouragement
• Recreate hope
JJC Strategic Design
Expanded Medical & Mental Health Services
Interagency Collaboration
Focus on Positive Youth Development
Continuity of Care
MODEL
Reentry Guiding Principles
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Reentry planning starting at booking
Multidisciplinary reentry planning
Incorporation of youth development
Emphasis on community support
Transition Center Vision, Mission, & Goal
Vision: All Alameda County Juvenile Justice Center youth and their
caregivers will thrive through receiving community supports to be healthy, safe, and
successful.
Mission: To empower youth to lead healthy, safe, and successful lives by
connecting them and their caregivers to healthy alternatives and supportive
environments.
Goal: To prevent recidivism through providing youth and their caregivers
with the necessary assistance, referrals, and resources to encourage smooth
transitions to positive outcomes.
Transition Center Services
• Oakland school enrollment and school assistance
;linkage to case manager
• Health assistance, such as health education and aid with health
appointments
• Resources and referrals to meet Terms and
Conditions, such as counseling services and youth development programs
Transition Center Outcomes
Outcomes:
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Youth complete terms and conditions of probation without
reoffending or recidivating.
Youth continue necessary health and mental health care services in
the community.
Youth are connected to sustainable school placements and are
supported to achieve their academic goals.
Youth are connected to resources that support youth development,
i.e. employment, job training, extracurricular activities, &
mentorship.
Youth and caregiver commit to personalized plan to achieve
Transition Center Values
Values:
• Promote hope
• Empower youth
• Engage caregivers
• Personalize service
• Advocate connections
Alameda County
Probation
Department
Alameda County
Office of Education
Alameda County
Health Care Services Agency
Key Partners
Measure Y
Alameda County Probation Department
Alameda County Health Care Services Agency
Alameda County Office of Education
Oakland Unified School District
City of Oakland Measure Y
UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland
Alameda County Juvenile Courts
Alameda County
Juvenile Courts
Systems Change Vision
Care, Custody, and Control
-ToPlan, Prevention, and Success
References
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Abrams, L. S., Shannon, S. K. S., & Sangalang, C. (2008). Transition services for incarcerated youth: A
mixed methods evaluation study. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 522-535.
Alameda County Probation Department (2013, March). A look into probation: Monthly report.
Retrieved from http://www.acgov.org/probation/documents/March2013Report.pdf
Griel, L. C., & Loeb, S. J. (2009). Health issues faced by adolescents incarcerated in the juvenile
justice system. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 5, 162-179. doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01049.x
Hockenberry, S., Sickmund, M., & Sladky, A. (2013, September). Juvenile residential facility census,
2010: Selected findings [National Report Series Bulletin]. Washington DC: U.S. Department of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency. Retrieved from
http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/241134.pdf
Huskey & Associates, Inc. (2004, December). Alameda County, California Comprehensive Study of
the Juvenile Justice System: Final report. Hayward, CA: Huskey & Associates, Inc. Retrieved from
http://www.acgov.org/probation/documents/huskey_report.pdf
Synder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (2006, March). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2006/downloads/NR2006.pdf
Snyder, H. N. (2004). An empirical portrait of the youth reentry population. Youth Violence and
Juvenile Justice, 2, 39-55. doi:10.1177/1541204003260046