State-building, expansion, and conflict
•Political structures and forms
of governance
•Empires
•Nations and nationalism
•Revolts and revolutions
•Regional, transregional, and
global structures and
organizations
1750-1914:
European Hegemony!
The Balance of Power shifted
after centuries of domination
from Asia!
Absolutism vs. Enlightenment
New Economic and Social
Ideas=Democracy
1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe,
Muslim Empires and China were
absolutist.
They held on to their power claiming
Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of
Heaven (China)
What Changed and Why?
Forces for Political Change
Concept of nation-state shifted loyalties from a
king or noble to a nation
Britain and the Netherlands both had
constitutional monarchies
Industrial Rev. led to economic changes and the
demands for political change by the end of the
19th c.
The Enlightenment a.k.a. The Age of Reason
led to serious questioning of absolutist govts.
This was influenced by previous eras such as
Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation
and the Scientific Rev.
The idea that people COULD figure things out
and come up with better governments.
John Locke’s Social Contract said that people had the
right to overthrow the government if it was bad.
French philosophes Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
spread the new ideas to France which was the picture of
absolutism.
New wealth led to the rise of the bourgeoisie who had no
power. These self-made men were literate and supported the
ideas of the Enlightenment. Afterall, they wanted the power to
go with their money. Why should the do nothing aristocrats get
all the power?
American
French
Haitian
Latin American
American Revolution:
•New political thought
•Upset with new taxes and
trade controls
•Restrictions on moving west
•Declaration of Independence
•Constitution based on
Enlightenment principles, but
limited the right to vote and
kept slavery
The French Revolution
•Ancien Regime
•Absolutist power for the king
•Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the bourgeoisie
take control and declare the National Assembly
•Write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
•Radical stage with Jacobins
called the Reign of Terror
•Napoleon seized the govt.
What are
the three
estates?
Congress of Vienna 1815: Objective? To Restore the Balance of Power
Conservatives tried to put ideas of liberty back in the box.
Haitian (a.k.a. Saint Domingue) Revolution
Led by Toussaint L’Overture a former slave
Napoleon sent the army to put down the rebels.
Napoleon withdraws as many in his army died of
yellow fever and couldn’t fight the guerilla
tactics used by the Haitians.
L’Overture died, Haiti gets independence 1804
Jefferson buys Lousiana from Napoleon 1803; the
French had to have money to finance the fighting.
South America led by Creole elites such as:
Simon Bolivar in the north and in the south
Jose de San Martin (1821)
Brazil 1822
Mexico 1821 Father Miguel Hidalgo
Benito Juarez modeled the constitution after the
US, but after his death a series of dictators.
Results of Revolutions
•Enlightenment philosophy continued to spread and inspire
Revolutions with the concepts of democracy, liberty, equality,
and justice
•Conservatism: wanted to return to absolutism, disapproved
of revs, but would accept a constitutional monarchy
•Liberalism: wanted republican democracy, elected legislature
and freedom from oppression more than equality
•Radicalism: wanted drastic changes in the govt., emphasized
equality more than freedom; to narrow the gap between rich
and poor ex: Jacobins and later Marxists
Abolition of slave trade then slavery
Male suffrage
Political
Reforms
Women’s rights especially
suffrage
Universal
education
Labor laws
especially
child labor
Other political reforms
•Social Darwinism: poor people are lazy and less
intelligent and deserve their status; rich people are
hard working and smart and deserve their status
•Marxism: The Communist Manifesto by Marx and
Engels said there would be a rev of the
Proletariat
•Nationalism: new political concept of the nation; a
feeling of identity among common groups of people
Otto von Bismarck
Declared the beginning
of the German Empire
Germany
Second Reich
First was
HRE
Led to more competition among states.
Created more nationalist movements.
Count Cavour in the
north; occupied by
Austria
Italy
Garibaldi in the south;
occupied by Spain
The COMPLETE
takeover of an
area with
domination
economically,
politically, and
socio-culturally
Berlin Conference 1884-5
Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny
O God of Battles! Steel My Soldiers' Hearts! 10 October 1857
http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00086056&v=00001.
Opium Wars 1839-1842
•Qing Dynasty
•Treaty of Nanjing
•Spheres of Influence
•Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
•Boxer Rebellion
1900
MEIJI RESTORATION
1914-Present
World Wars and the concept of Total War
The Cold War
The Nationalist Movements Part II
New Ideologies and Revolutions
Globalization
Total War!
Causes: nationalism,
militarism, imperialism,
Industrialization, alliances
Treaty of Versailles:
Germany lost territory,
military and they have to
pay for it ALL
Ottoman
Empire done!
A-H no longer a hyphen!
Japan gets Germany’s
colonies in Asia
President Wilson’s
14 Points and the idea of
self determination
League of Nations
New countries created:
Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
World War II
Total War!
Causes left over from the last war
Allied Powers: US, Great Britain, France, USSR
Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy
Results in beginning of the Cold War and the
United Nations
1945-1991
USA and our allies vs. USSR and their allies
Started before the end of WWII
Yalta Conference
Postdam Conference
NATO
Nationalist Movements Part II
or Decolonization Movements
Educated western elites lead the movements
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
African National Congress in South Africa anti-Apartheid
India gets independence Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma) 1947
Southeast Asia: Indonesia throw off Dutch 1949; Philippines
break from US 1946; Burma from Britain 1948; Indochina/
Vietnam 1975 Ho Chi Minh
Latin America: Mexico nationalist movement with the
revolution of 1910, new Constitution 1917, accept idea of
being Mexican (Villa and Zapata)
The rest of Latin America becomes controlled by
*authoritarian regimes with violent repression; many
inspired by communism after WWII
Brazil= Vargas
Argentina=Peron
Cuba=Castro
Chile=Pinochet
*Caudillos, Juntas, Oligarchical rule
Ideologies and Revolutions
•Communism: Russia=Lenin; China= Mao Zedong
•Fascism: developed in Italy=Mussolini; Hitler=Germany takes it
and makes Nazism
•Stalinism: collectivization of agriculture little resemblance to
Marxism
USSR and Gorbachev: Perestroika=eco. reforms;
Glasnost=more openness loosened censorship
China: Mao, Great Leap Forward (not); Cultural Revolution;
Deng Xiaoping institutes socialist market economy or market
Socialism; Tiananmen Square
Gorbachev w/ Louis Vuitton Bag
Ideologies and Revolutions
Black Nationalist Movements
Feminist Movements
Iranian Revolution: Ayatollah Khomeini
21st century more internationally based due to internet
and unprecedented globalization
Multi national corporations
Greenpeace and Green Movements
Amnesty International
Human Rights Watch