Mr. Stahl
Biology
Molecule Type
Energy
Details
5. Carbohydrate
4 cal / mg
36 ATP from
glucose
Most common molecule broken down
to make ATP
6. Lipid hi mrs stahl 9 cal / mg
146 ATP from
triglycerides
7. Protein
4 cal / mg
Stores most of the energy in people
Infrequently broken down by cells to
make ATP- used for other important
bodily processes.
 Process
through which some organisms
use chemicals as a source of energy to
build carbon based molecules.
 Ex- Deep sea hydrothermal vents hi mrs
stahl
 1. Biochemical
Process
 2. Plant Cells only
 3. Plant growth and development
 4. Builds plant cell walls= cellulose
 5. Helps regulate the Earth’s environment
 6. Removes CO2 from the air
Three
main parts are:
• Grana- stacks of coined shaped
membranes.
• Little disks inside the grana.
• They contain chlorophyll and other light
absorbing pigments.
• Photosystems- light collecting units.
They are proteins that organize
chlorophyll and help create NADPH and
ATP
• Fluid that surrounds the grana inside
the chloroplast.
 Calvin
cycle occurs here
 Process
of using sunlight as energy to
make carbon compounds (glucose) to
make food.
 Occurs in the chloroplast
 Two processes: Light dependent
reactions and Light independent
reactions
Chlorophyll-
the molecule in the
chloroplast that absorbs the energy
from the sunlight.
Chlorophyll a- main photosynthetic
pigment. Absorbs reds and violets
and reflects greens and yellows.
Chlorophyll b- accessory pigment.
Absorbs blues and red / oranges
and reflects greens and yellows.
Green color in plants comes from the
reflection of light’s green wavelengths
by chlorophyll.
Don’t have
to put this
in your
notes!!!
Just a little
fun fact!
Carotenoids are yellow-orange
pigments which absorb light in
violet, blue, and green regions.
When chlorophyll breaks down in
fall, the yellow-orange pigments
in leaves show through.
Fall Foliage
 The
sunlight hits the leaves
and CO2 is let in through
the stomata (little pores)
while H2O is let in through
the roots.
Photosynthesis is broken down into two different
reactions!!!
1st
Light Dependent
Reactions or Light
Reactions
–Requires sunlight
–Take place in thylakoids
–Water and sunlight are needed
–Chlorophyll absorbs energy
–Energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane
then to light-independent reactions
–Oxygen is released
2nd
 Uses
the energy (ATP and NADPH) transferred
from the light dependent reactions to make
sugars.
 Reactions occur in the stroma
 Does NOT require sunlight
 Carbon dioxide is absorbed and used at this
stage.
 Calvin Cycle- metabolic pathway found in the
stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters
in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.
2.
Sunlight
1. Chloroplast
Photosynthesis: Process through
which light energy is captured
and used to build sugars that
store chemical energy.
4. Thylakoid
contains
chlorophyll
Energy
carrying
molecules- ATP
and NADPH
3. Water
Carbon
Dioxide
Calvin
Cycle
Oxygen
Sugar
(glucose)
Calvin
Cycle
 1. Where
do the light dependent
reactions occur?
 2. Where do the light independent
reactions occur?
 3. What two reactants are shown entering
the chloroplast?
 4. What two products are shown leaving
the chloroplast?
 5. What does the Calvin Cycle produce?
 1. Thylakoid
membrane
 2. Stroma
 3. Water
and carbon dioxide
 4. Oxygen and sugar
 5. Sugar- converts CO2 into sugar
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDwU
VpOEoE4
Draw into
notes!
Step Description
Note sheet 4.3
1
Sunlight and water enters the chloroplast and goes into the thylakoid
membrane. Photosystem II absorbs the light and uses it to split water into H+
ions, electrons, and O2. The O2 is given off as a waste product for heterotrophs
to breathe.
2
High energy electrons from photosystem II move through the Electron
Transport Chain (ETC- like a highway) to Photosystem I. Enzymes (NADP+)
in the membrane use the electrons to make NADPH, which will be used in the
Calvin Cycle.
3
Inside of the membrane fills up with H+ ions making it positively charged
and the outside is negatively charged. The difference in charges provides the
energy to make ATP. H+ ions are really important!
4
H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly so they have to go through a big
protein called ATP synthase, which rotates like a wheel. As it turns it binds
ADP and a phosphate together to form ATP.
5
ATP and NADPH are produced and ready to be used in the Calvin Cycle /
Light Independent Reactions.
 1.
CO2 enters the Calvin cycle and an
enzyme called RuBP carboxylase
(Rubisco) breaks down the carbon into a
usable, organic form (carbon fixation).
 2. The
six-carbon molecule binds and utilizes
a series of enzymes and energy is added.
ATP and NADPH is used from LDR to split the
six carbons into 2 groups of 3, and to keep
the cycle going (reduction).
 3. Three carbon molecules exit and some are
sent to the next step. After they both exit they
bond together to form glucose.
 4. Three carbon molecules are recycled and
changed back to five carbon molecules by
energy from ATP. It takes two turns of the
Calvin Cycle to produce 1 molecule of
glucose.
RuBP
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1
EsA5_NY
 1. Where
do the electrons come from in the
ETC?
 2. What role do these electrons play?
 3. What two energy carriers are produced?
 4. When does active transport take place?
 5. What enzyme speeds up the process?
 6. Where
in the chloroplast do light
independent reactions occur?
 7. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from
for the light independent reactions?
 8. What does the LDR make? What does the LIR
make?
 9. How many cycles or turns does it take to
make one glucose molecule?
 10. What enzyme is used in the Calvin Cycle
to bind with CO2 to “fix” it?
 1. Chlorophyll-
photosystem II and I
 2. Provide energy to move hydrogen ions into
the thylakoid and to produce molecules of
NADPH
 3. NADPH and ATP
 4. Step 3 when hydrogen ions are transported
 5. ATP synthase
 6. Stroma
 7. LDR
 8. LDR= makes ATP, LIR= makes sugars
 9. 2
 10. Rubisco
Write the Equation for Photosynthesis
Process
Light Dependent
Reactions
Where the
photosystems
take place.
Light
Independent
Reactions.
Where the Calvin
Cycle takes place
Location
Reactants
Ending Products
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Process
Location
Reactants
Ending Products
Light Dependent
Reactions
Thylakoid
Membrane
Sunlight
H2O
ATP
NADPH
O2
Stroma
ATP
NADPH
CO2
Glucose C6H12O6
Where the
photosystems take
place.
Light Independent
Reactions.
Where the Calvin
Cycle takes place
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k17b
JQSQeQ4
FUN
FACT!
Releases
chemical energy from
sugars and other carbon based
molecules to make ATP when
oxygen is present.
Notes 4.4
Animals
use cellular respiration
Plants use photosynthesis
Breakdown food-> ATP
Aerobic-> Need Oxygen
Anaerobic= no oxygen
Takes place in the Mitochondria
Stage
1= Krebs Cycle
Stage 2= Electron Transport
Glycolysis happens first in
the cytoplasm. Glucose gets
broken down into 2-3
carbon chains. Produces 2
ATP
 Ongoing
process in all cells
 Location = cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria
 Anaerobic
 Makes a small number of ATP molecules = 2 ATP
 Series of reactions converts the three-carbon
molecules to pyruvate / pyruvic acid.
 Pyruvate and NADH are used for cellular
respiration.
Note Sheet 4.5
Draw into
your notes!
 Our
bodies actually make it naturally
during metabolism and when we digest
sugars and starches. It is crucial for the
Kreb’s cycle in cellular respiration.
A little extra, no
need to copy.
1
mitochondrion
ATP
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
and
6CO
2
energy
2
3
energy from
glycolysis
inner membrane
ATP
and
6O
and
6H O 2
2
4
 Pyruvate
is broken
down into 2 carbon
molecules and CO2 is
released as a waste
product.
 NADH is produced
 Coenzyme
A bonds to the 2 carbon molecule
made from pyruvate and enters the Kreb’s
Cycle.
 No need to write: Acetyl-CoA is one of the
most important molecules in the body
because all nutrients (carbs, lipids, and
proteins) generate it when they break down.
This molecule is produced in large amounts
and is pumped into the Kreb’s cycle if the
body is in need of energy, or into synthesis of
fat to be stored for later use.
 Citric
Acid is formed- the two carbon
molecule binds with a four carbon
molecule to make a six carbon molecule
which is called citric acid.
 Citric
acid is broken down
 NADH is made
 CO2 is given off as a waste product.
 Five
carbon molecule is broken down
 Four carbon molecule, ATP, and NADH
are formed.
 NADH leaves the Krebs cycle
 2 ATP are produced
 Four
carbon molecules are rearranged
 High energy electrons are released
 NADH and FADH2 (electron carrier) are
made
Main
function- transfer high energy
electrons to molecules that carry them to
the ETC
Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
Step 7 on your
diagram
3
molecules of CO2 have been given off
 1 molecule of ATP
 4 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC
 1 molecule of FADH2 to the ETC
6
molecules of CO2 have been given off
 2 molecules of ATP
 8 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC
 2 molecules of FADH2 to the ETC
Takes
place along the inner membrane
of the mitochondria
Made up of proteins
Proteins use energy from NADH and
FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions against
the gradient (active transport)
Proteins
take electrons: 2
NADH and 1 FADH2.
 Proteins
use energy from the electrons to
pump the hydrogen ions through the
inner membrane and the hydrogen ions
build up on the inside of the membrane.
 ATP
is produced
 Flow of hydrogen ions helps make the
ATP
 ATP synthase adds phosphate groups to
ADP to make the ATP molecules.
 For each pair of electrons that passes
through 3 ATP molecules are made.
 Oxygen
enters and water is formed.
 Water is given off as a waste product
 CO2
and pyruvate (from Kreb’s)
 H2O from the ETC
 Net gain of about 36-38 ATP molecules are
made from 1 glucose molecule->
• 2 glycolysis
• 2 from Kreb’s Cycle
• 32-34 from the ETC
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Location
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
Products
C6H12O6 and O2
CO2 and H2O
Electron
Transport
Chain
Proteins within the thylakoid
membrane
Proteins within the inner
mitochondrial membrane
Cycle of
chemical
reaction
Calvin cycle in the stroma of
chloroplasts builds sugar
molecules.
Krebs cycle in matrix of
mitochondria breaks down
carbon based molecules.
 Occurs
when oxygen is unavailable
 Causes your muscles to be sore / burn
 When oxygen is available your cells return to
using cellular respiration and the lactic acid is
broken down / removed. This is why you
breathe heavy after exercising and it takes a
few minutes to recover because your body is
trying to recover from the oxygen depletion in
your muscle cells.
 Forms
the same way as the other two:
Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose to
make 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH
molecules.
 Occurs in many yeasts- CO2 causes the dough
to rise
 End product is CO2, NAD+, and ethyl alcohol
Fermentation is used in food
production.
Yogurt
Cheese
Bread