Taiwan Fiction and
Postwar Urban Experience
Week 4:
Death in Two American Cities:
Pai Hsien-yung’s Chicago and New York
[Oct 3rd, 2013]
Instructor:
Richard Rong-bin Chen, PhD.
Adjunct Assistant Professor,
Graduate Institute of Taiwan Literature, NTU
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
Pai Hsien-yung
(1937-)
• Born in Guilin City, Kuang-hsi Province, China.
• Used to live in Chung-king, Shanghai, Nanking, and
Hong Kong before finally relocated to Taipei in 1952.
• Became a student of NTU (1957).
• Established Modern Literature [hsientai wenhsueh] in
1960.
• Published Taipei People [taibei ren] in 1971.
• Published Crystal Boys [nietzu] in 1983.
Taipei People and the Urban Settings
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Geographical translocation and historical transformation
(Spatial and temporal dimensions)
“The Eternal Snow Beauty” (永遠的尹雪豔)
“The Last Night of Taipan Chin” (金大班的最後一夜)
Love's Lone Flower (孤戀花)
Shanghai  Taipei [Shanghai in the 30s]
“A Touch of Green” (一把青)
“State Funeral” (國葬)
“Wandering in the Garden, Waking from a Dream” (遊園驚夢)
Nanking  Taipei [The various wars before 1949]
“Glory's by Blossom Bridge” (花橋榮記)
Guilin  Taipei [The 1949 Great Retreat]
“Winter Night” (冬夜)
Peking  Taipei [The May Fourth Movement in 1949]
Taipei People [臺北人]
“The Dirge of Liang-fu”
[梁父吟] (1967)
“State Funeral” [國葬]
(1971)
General Pai Ch’ung-hsi [白崇禧] (1893-1966)
Pai and Urban Fiction
• The writing of urban fiction is so important for Pai Hsienyung that it actually constitutes the backbone of his
literary career.
• Usually his stories are written within a specific spatiotemporal framework.
• The New Yorkers [niuyueh k’o] (2007): six stories
written between 1965 and 2003.
• “Li Tung, a Chinese Girl in New York” [chehsienchi,
story of a banished fairy] (1965)
• “Resentment of a Banished Fairy” [chehsienyuan]
(1969)
• “Nocturne” [yehch’u] (1979)
• “Cremains” [kuhui] (1986)
• “Danny Boy” [Danny Boy] (2001)
• “Tea for Two” [Danny Boy] (2003)
Three Pairs of Stories
• Chinese Girls in New York
• “Li Tung, a Chinese Girl in New York” [chehsienchi,
story of a banished fairy] (1965)
• “Resentment of a Banished Fairy” [chehsienyuan]
(1969)
• The Great Cultural Revolution and the Tortured
Chinese
• “Nocturne” [yehch’u] (1979)
• “Cremains” [kuhui] (1986)
• Homosexuality and the problem of AIDS
• “Danny Boy” [Danny Boy] (2001)
• “Tea for Two” [Danny Boy] (2003)
About the Two Stories
• His life experience enabled him to write stories like
“Death in Chicago” (1964) and “Li Tung, a Chinese
Girl in New York” (1965), both were first published
in Modern Literature [hsientai wenhsueh].
• After his mother’s death in December, 1962, Pai
went to the US for his graduate degree.
• He went to New York City at first and lived in
Manhattan for a while before becoming a part of
the Iowa Writers’ Workshop in U of Iowa.
• At the end of 1963, Pai went to Chicago during his
Christmas vacation, he started to write “Death in
Chicago” there, and it became his first story in
almost two years.
Pai and Western Modernism
• “Death in Chicago” (1964)
• Quotation from The Waste Land (1922) by T. S. Eliot (18881965).
• April is the cruellest month, breeding [Why April?]
• Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing [Why lilacs?]
• Memory and desire, stirring
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
• Dull roots with spring rain.
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
• Winter kept us warm, covering [Why winter?]
• Earth in forgetful snow … (p. 346) [“The Burial of the Dead”]
• [“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” by W. Whitman]
• The quotation is followed by this passage of description: “Out
in the street, the snow was beginning to melt, and the water
came drip-dropping onto his window, spattering the pane with
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
mud” (p. 346). Source:
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
Wu’s Residence (p. 344-5)
• South Clark Street.
• Surrounded by African American and Puerto Rico
neighbors.
• Ears clasped, the underground room felt like a
separate world, and, during winters, Wu’s hidden
beneath the snow, feeling like an Eskimo, and
very secured.
• “In winter it was much better, for when the big
snows came, the drifts on the sidewalk would pile
up several feet high, sealing in the windows.
Hiding beneath the mounds of snow was like
being an Eskimo, and he felt very secure.”
(p. 344-5) Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
• “Li T’ung, a Chinese Girl in New York” (1965)
• Death in Venice [Der Tod in Venedig] (1912) by Thomas
Mann (1875-1955)
• Love story between Gustav von Aschenbach and Tadzio.
• Venice depicted as a city plagued by cholera.
• Aschenbach died in the end.
The Theme of Death
• Toward the end of “The Burial of the Dead,” Eliot
wrote:
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•
•
Unreal City,
Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,
Source: TS Eliot. (1998) .
The Waste Land.Frank Kermode (Eds.)
waste land and other poems .
A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, The
New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Penguin Books
I had not thought death had undone so many. (p. 57)
(From The Waste Land and Other Poems by Eliot, Penguin.)
Are there really so many “walking dead” on the bridge?
Is death only physical?
Had Wu Han-hun and Li T’ung been dead before they died?
The interpretation of death, which involves the question
one can ask: what is dead in Wu Han-hun and in Li T’ung?
Contrast of Two Urban Images
• A city which is culturally, materially, and colorfully
splendid.
• “At dark, Chicago in June was like a piece of steak just
forked off the grill, golden brown, dripping with juice
and filling the air with the smell of succulent meat. A
purplish smog had settled on the darkened buildings
and there was no sign of a breeze. People out on the
town are displaying all the colors of the rainbow . . .” (p.
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
350) Source:
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
• For the Chicagoan couples waiting outside theater
entrances, it seems that “Chicago itself were as great
balloon, in which they were riding, soaring upwards
into the clouds like lovers in Paradise” (p. 350)
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
• Wu kept walking and in the process he saw
Palmer House (a Hilton hotel), Marshal Field’s
(a department store), the Golden Dome (a
night club), and skyscrapers.
• A Terrifying “City of the Dead”
• When he entered Monroe Street, he felt he
was “unable to follow the beat” of the city,
and after his meeting Lorna in Red Magnolia on
Rush Street and their sexual encounter in her
apartment, Wu’s urban representation
becomes much scarier, feeling like he was
“trapped in a labyrinth” (p. 356), and after
entering Michigan Avenue:
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
• “Buildings of pitch black rose up everywhere in uneven
rows like giant spirits who had fled their ancient tombs.
Wu shuddered as an eerie chill raced up his spine and he
began to run blindly forward. . . . It seemed at this
moment just before dawn, time suddenly stiffened and
darkness became eternity. . . . The ghostly towers of
Chicago, the snake-like dancers in the Red Magnolia, the
wrinkles on Lorna’s back—in an instant he saw once more
his mother’s body. The corner of her mouth twitching
violently, she was calling to him, ‘You must come back,
you must come back.’ . . . He wouldn’t come back.” (p.
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
356)
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
• “Chicago—Chicago is an ancient tomb of Egypt, holding
captive millions of the living and the dead, being
consumed together, rotting, together” (p. 358).
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
“Death in Chicago” (1964)
• Name: the pronunciation of Wu Han-hun [吳漢
魂] is exactly the same as Without a Chinese
Soul [吳漢魂].
•
•
•
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Why there is no use coming back?
A purposeless life.
Death of mother.
Ch’in Ying-fen, his lover, had married someone else
three years ago.
• His 6-year quest for knowledge, it turned out,
amounted to nothing, and life for him is nothing
more than a tale “told by an idiot, full of sound and
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).
Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and
fury” (p. 358). Taipei,
Literature Research, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
Past vs. Present
• Past [Related to Pai?]
• His 26 years in Taipei, which we know not much
about.
• His 6 years of graduate school career. He lived
in the basement for 6 years, had a deliverer’s
job at James Wong’s Chinese Laundry and
washing dishes at the Nanking Restaurant, but
spent most of his time reading.
• Present [Related to Pai?]
• His graduation. He wanted to find a teaching
job, but somehow started to feel unfitted in
Chicago.
“Li T’ung, a Chinese Girl in New York”
• The Historical Background
• On Jan. 27, 1949 (one day before Chinese New Year’s
Eve), S. S. Peace [t’aip’ing lun] sailed from Shanghai
to Keelung, carrying around 1000 passengers and
crew members and a lot of overloading freight.
• It was hit by smaller cargo boat near the Choushan
Archipelago, both ships sank not long after the
collision.
• Among the 1000 people on board, only about 50 of
them survived the tragic shipwreck.
• It has often been named “the Oriental Titanic.”
S. S. Peace [t’aip’ing lun]
http://60-250-180-26.hinet-ip.hinet.net/theme/theme-63/63-index2.html
• The historical event is used in the story as the turning
point of Li T’ung’s life.
• “During their third year in the States, the civil war was
getting worse in China. When Li T’ung’s family tried to
flee from Shanghai to Taiwan on the S. S. Peace, it was
sunk on the way. Her whole family were killed in the
accident and gone, too, were the valuables they had
brought with them. . . . It was not until after her
graduation that Li T’ung recovered her former gaiety.
She went to New York and became a fashion designer
at Originala, making a big salary, but her three friends
all agreed, however, that there had been something
disconcerting about Li T’ung ever since.” (p. 222)
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
19
Another Historical Background
• Wellesley College is a famous women’s college in
Mass., America, not very far from Boston.
• Soong May-ling (1897-2003), wife of President
Chiang Kai-shek, graduated from this college in
1917. She was a English Literature and
Philosophy major.
• On February 18, 1943, she became the first
Chinese national and the second woman to
deliver a speech to both houses of the U.S.
Congress.
Wikipedia Puncsos
The Restlessness of Li T’ung
• The narrator Chen Yin on his wife: “only in New
York could she forget that she was in a foreign
country,” which shows that maybe Huang Hui-fen
and her two friends Chang and Lei had accepted
the fact that she couldn’t return to her motherland.
• Now that she lived in New York, surrounded by her
old friends, she could move on and forgot about
the past.
• Though Huang suffered from the problem of
insomnia in New York and moved to Buffalo for six
years, Huang insisted on moving back in the end.
Li T’ung Was Quite Different
• In the eyes of her friends, she has a perfect life: a
well-paid job, a high-end apartment on Fifth Avenue
in central New York.
• But how do we explain her growing interest in
gambling?
• Insisting on betting on the horse Bold Lad simply for
its pretty name, she said “Why are you so sure I’m
going to lose? You people run after a sure thing. I
don’t” (p. 229).
• Maybe gambling was something exciting which can
fill her emptiness inside temporarily, but a satisfying
life seemed an impossible dream for her despite her
financial well-being.
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
23
Description of Urban Life in New York
• In the beginning story starts at Boston, but then
after four girls graduate from university, they move
to New York.
• The way of life which Li Tung and her friends held
sounds exactly like common New Yorkers: they
gambled, played mahjong, went to horse racings,
and got drunk.
• Li Tung always prefers Manhattan drink to
champagne, which is way stronger and has much
more alcohol inside, which also suits more to the
stronger personality. [On one occasion, Li Tung
went to Tavern on the Green in Central Park with
friends, and finished five or six Manhattans before
the dinner ended.]
The Spider Hairpin as a Symbol
• The first time we see the description: “On the left
temple just above her ear was a hairpin, a big
glistening spider made of small diamonds, it’s claws
digging into her hair, its fat, roundish body tilted
upward”(p. 223). It was the first meeting of the
narrator and Li T’ung, and she was happy,
sparkling and shinning.
• “Diamond spider had slid down almost to the end
of the flowing mane around her shoulder, swaying
there as if it were suspended from some invisible
filament” (p. 225). At this scene in the Central Park,
we start to see a more and more pathetic and
embarrassing Chinese girl in Li.
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
• The third time we see the spider pin is during a
Long Island House party held by Huang and Chen:
“The diamond spider was still there, squatting on
her left cheek, fierce, shimmering” (p. 233).
• During that party, Li Tung acted even more
strangely: at first, she didn’t join the company,
and just fell asleep on the couch; then, seeing
the little girl Lili toying with her diamond ring,
which had been brought from Shanghai to the
States and should be a part of her dowry, she
just gave it to the girl, and then refused Chen’s
offer of her being Lili’s godmother.
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
The Big Four as a Symbol
• “Standing together in their flaming silks, they
literally lit up the Lung-hua Airport, and as
they looked at one another they bent double
with laughter. Li T’ung claimed they were the
big Four of the postwar world—China,
America, Great Britain, and Russia.”
• Li T’ung: China, because her gown was the
brightest.
• Chang Chia-hsing: Russia, because she was
the chubbiest of the four.
• What does this detail symbolize?
• The narrator said that he knew, in their Big Four
Club, Li T’ung represented China, and it is
followed by Li’s own comment:
• “Don’t you dare mention it,” Li T’ung cried. “This
China of yours has been beaten at every game, a
catastrophic loser. You think I could win playing
against those content to win small games? You
go and ask Chang Chia-hsing: half of my
paycheck each month goes into her purse” (p.
224).
• Though she was talking about mahjong, it implies
ROC’s catastrophic defeat to the communist PRC.
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
Death of Li T’ung
 “How can one account for it? Why should she kill
herself?”, cried Chang Chia-Hsing, “She earned
more money than any of us here―how could
she be so fed up with everything?” (p. 236)
 Lei Chih-ling said that Li died because she did not
settled down and got married.
 Chang argued further, “Li T’ung shouldn’t have
gone to Europe by herself. A Chinese should
never do that, running around in Europe by
herself like the Americans. … She ought to have
stayed in New York; at least we could have kept
her busy with cards or something. Then she
wouldn’t have had the time to die.” (p. 236-7)
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.), Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
Source: Pai, Hsien-yung. (1971) . C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.),
Twentieth-century Chinese stories. New York: Columbia University Press
【List of Discussion Questions for Chrystal Boys】
• Please say something about the main
characters:
• Prince Dragon
• Phoenix Boy
• A-qing
• Little Jade
• Wu Min
• Mousey
• Chief Yang
• Papa Fu
• Which main character impresses you the most?
• What are the places in the West District described in
the novel?
• What are the places in the East District described in
the novel?
• What is New Park? How is it related to the story?
• Where is “Cozy Nest”? How is it related to the story?
• How is Taipei represented in the story? [Urban images]
• Does the novel say anything about the changes of
Taipei?
• How are New York and Tokyo represented in the story?
• What are the functions of the two cities in the novel?
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Wikipedia VOA
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pai_Hsien-yung.jpg
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Wikipeida Peterpan
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minister1.jpg
2013/10/01 visited
8
Earth in forgetful
snow …
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 346).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
8
“Out in the street, the
snow was…, spattering
the pane with mud”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 346).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
9
“In winter it was much
better, … an Eskimo,
and he felt very secure.”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(pp. 344-5).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
10
Wikipedia Lady Ottoline Morrell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(1934)
.jpg
2013/10/01 visited
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Wikipedia Carl Van Vechten
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Mann_1937.jpg
2013/10/01 visited
10
11
I had not thought death
had undone so many.
TS Eliot. (1998) . The Waste Land
Frank Kermode (Eds.)
The waste land and other poems .
(p.53).New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Penguin Books
12
“At dark, Chicago in June
was …displaying all the
colors of the rainbow . . .”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 350).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
12
Chicago itself were
as … like lovers in
Paradise.
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 350).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
13
When he entered Monroe
… feeling like he was
“trapped in a labyrinth”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 356).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
14
“Buildings of pitch black
rose up everywhere
in …back.’ . . . He
wouldn’t come back.”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 356).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
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“Chicago—Chicago is an
ancient … consumed
together, rotting, together”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 358).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
15
His 6-year quest for
knowledge, … of sound
and fury”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1979) . Death in Chicago.
Tamkang Review, (Spring 1979).(p. 358).
Taipei, Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Western Languages and Literature Research,
Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
Dickson Gregory's “Australian Steamships Past and Present” (1871-1947)
http://www.findboatpics.net.au/ypcn2.html
According to Taiwan Copyright Act Article 30, the copyright of the work has expired and
inapplicable. It belongs to public domain and publicly available.
18
19
“During their third year
in the States, the … about
Li T’ung ever since.”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 222). New York: Columbia University Press
21
Wikipedia Puncsos
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songmayling.jpg
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Wikipeida: Author Unknown
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiang.soong.jpg
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Insisting on betting on the
horse Bold …You people
run after a sure thing. I
don’t.
Licensing
Author/Source
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 229). New York: Columbia University Press
Wikipeida Jim.henderson
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tavern_on_the_Green_cloudy_jeh.JPG
2013/10/01 visited
25
26
The first time we see the
description: “On the
left …roundish body
tilted upward”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 223). New York: Columbia University Press
26
“Diamond spider had slid
down … from some
invisible filament”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 225). New York: Columbia University Press
27
The third time we see the
spider pin is during …left
cheek, fierce, shimmering”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 233). New York: Columbia University Press
29
“Don’t you dare mention
it…paycheck each month
goes into her purse”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 224). New York: Columbia University Press
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“How can one account
for it? Why should she
…could she be so fed up
with everything?”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(p. 236). New York: Columbia University Press
30
Chang argued further,
“Li T’ung … she
wouldn’t have had the
time to die.”
Pai, Hsien-yung.(1971) . Li T'ung: A Chinese Girl in New York
C. T. Hsia and Joseph S. M. Lau(Eds.)
Twentieth-century Chinese stories
(pp. 236-7). New York: Columbia University Press