Energy Demonstration Kit and Sample Energy Demonstrations
Included in the Energy Demo Kit are:
 Wind-up toy
 Pill bottle or film canister containing popcorn seeds
 9V battery and LED with resistor attached (LED/resistor stored in a prescription pill bottle to
keep intact)
 Rubber Bands (3 of various sizes)
 Shaker (Faraday) Flashlight
 Rubber Bouncy Ball
 Whatever you would like to add to it!
Refer to the Sample Energy Demonstrations packet that follows for ideas on how to use these materials
to demonstrate different types of energy.
Starred (*) demos have demonstration materials included in the kit.
SAMPLE ENERGY DEMONSTRATIONS
This document contains definitions of the different types of energy and examples
or sample demonstrations to use in your classes. The definitions were taken from
the KEEP Activity Guide. Many of the demonstration materials can be found in the
Energy Demo Kit provided by KEEP.
Included are the following:
FORMS OF ENERGY
Kinetic Energy Definition and examples…………………………………………………………
Potential Energy Definition and Examples……………………………………………………..
Chemical Potential Energy Definition and Examples……………………….
Elastic Potential Energy Definition and Examples……………………………
Electrical (Electromagnetic) Potential Energy Definition and
Examples………………………………………………………………………………………..
Gravitational Potential Energy Definition and Examples…………………
Nuclear Energy Definition, Examples, and Demos…………………………..
Thermal Energy Definition and Examples……………………………………….
Mechanical Energy Definition, Examples and Demo………………………………………
Sound Energy Definition, Examples, and Demos………………………………………..….
Radiant (Light) Energy Definition and Examples…………………………………………….
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ENERGY TRANSFER
Work: Definition and Demos……………………………………………………………..…………. 7
Heat Transfer (Heat Energy): Definition and Demos……………………………………… 7
ENERGY CONVERSIONS
Chemical Potential Energy Conversions: Description and Demos…………………..
Elastic Potential Energy Conversions: Description and Demos……………………….
Electrical (Electromagnetic) Potential Energy Conversions: Description and
Demos……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….
Gravitational Potential to Kinetic Energy: Description and Demo………………….
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FORMS OF ENERGY
All objects and systems have a number of forms of energy within them. The two main forms of energy
are kinetic energy and potential energy. Two other common forms of energy, mechanical energy and
sound energy, are a combination of kinetic and potential energy. Radiant (light) energy is regarded by
some scientists as a form of energy, although most treat it as a means of energy transfer.
KINETIC ENERGY
DEFINITION: Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy possessed by a moving object or system of objects. The
equation for kinetic energy is ½ x (mass) x (velocity squared), or KE = (1/2)mv2.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE KINETIC ENERGY: A thrown football, a speeding
automobile, a rock falling from a cliff, and the flying fragments of a firecracker right after it has exploded.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
DEFINITION: Potential energy (PE) is the energy stored in an object or system because of its position or
the arrangement of its parts. Forms of potential energy include chemical, elastic, electrical
(electromagnetic), gravitational, nuclear, and thermal energy.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL ENERGY: wood (chemical PE), a
stretched rubber band (elastic PE), a battery (electrical PE), a rubber ball sitting on a table with respect
to the floor (gravitational PE), the nucleus of an atom (nuclear energy), a hot cup of coffee (thermal
energy).
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
DEFINITION: Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold the atom of
a molecule together. When a chemical reaction occurs, the bonds that hold molecules together are
broken and rearranged, and energy is released.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: Food, wood, fossil
fuels. A charged battery has chemical potential energy stored in it. The battery also has electrical
potential energy. These forms of potential energy work together to create an electrochemical reaction
that produces an electric current when the battery is connected to a circuit (see Electrical
(Electromagnetic) Potential Energy).
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
DEFINITION: Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an object or system when it is stretched or
compressed from its relaxed position. It occurs when an object (skin or rubber band) resists being
stretched out of shape.
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EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY: A stretched rubber
band, a stretched or compressed spring, and the compressed air in a bicycle pump. The elastic potential
energy in a rubber band can be used to do work (toy airplanes fly when a rubber band untwists and
spins a propeller. The elastic potential energy in the rubber band was converted to kinetic energy.
ELECTRICAL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) POTENTIAL ENERGY
DEFINTION: Electrical energy is potential energy stored by separating positive and negative electrical
charges against electrical forces. In nearly all cases, it is negative charges in the form of electrons that
are separated from atoms. When separated, the negative charges (electrons) are attracted to the atoms
they were removed from because these atoms now have a net positive charge. Hence, the electrons
have electrical potential energy with respect to the atoms they were removed from. Like charges also
have electrical potential energy with respect to each other since they exert repulsive forces on each
other (negative charges repel other negative charges, positive charges repel other positive charges)
In certain metals such as iron and nickel, the electrons orbiting their atomic nuclei may be arranged in
such a way as to create magnetic fields, causing these metals to act as magnets. Electrons moving as an
electric current also create magnetic fields. The poles of two separate magnetic fields have potential
energy with respect to each other. The magnetic poles will exert forces on each other that are either
attractive (North and South poles) or repulsive (North and North poles, South and South poles). Due to
the role played by moving electric charges in creating magnetic fields, this form of potential energy is
referred to as electromagnetic potential energy.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE ELECTRICAL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) POTENTIAL
ENERGY: A balloon after it has been rubbed on someone’s hair. The balloon has excess negative charges
(electrons) on it, while the hair has a net positive charge on it. During thunderstorms, clouds have
electrical potential energy with respect to the ground. A charged battery has electrical potential energy
stored in it. The battery also has chemical potential energy. These forms of potential energy work
together to create an electrochemical reaction that produces an electric current when the battery is
connected to a circuit (see Chemical Potential Energy). The poles of two bar magnets brought close to
each other have electromagnetic potential energy with respect to one another.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
DEFINITION: Gravitational potential energy is a form of potential energy stored in objects by separating
them from other objects against the force of gravity. The gravitational potential energy of an object is
equal to its weight (mass x acceleration due to gravity) times the height to which the object is lifted. The
equation for gravitational potential energy (GPE) is (mass) x (acceleration due to gravity) x (height),
or GPE = mgh.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: A rubber ball
on a table will have gravitational potential energy with respect to the floor. A rubber ball placed at the
top of a staircase will have gravitational potential energy with respect to the bottom of the staircase. A
rock sitting on top of a cliff has gravitational potential energy with respect to the ground.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
DEFINITION: Nuclear energy is a form of potential energy stored in the nuclei of atoms. It is released by
fission (the splitting of the nuclei of heavy atoms such as uranium) or by fusion (the combining of the
nuclei of light atoms such as hydrogen). Aside from these nuclear processes, it is very difficult to release
nuclear energy from most atomic nuclei.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE NUCLEAR ENERGY: Nuclei of certain isotopes of
heavy elements such as uranium, plutonium, and thorium release nuclear energy via fission. Examples of
this process take place in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. Nuclei of light atoms such as
hydrogen release nuclear energy when combined via fusion to form helium. Examples of this process
take place in the sun and other stars and in some nuclear weapons.
DEMOS OF NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION: Although a direct demonstration of nuclear fission is not
feasible, a nuclear fission chain reaction can be simulated using dominoes. Arrange the dominoes in
rows that are close together such that the first row has one domino, the second row has two dominoes,
the third row has four dominoes, and so on. Each falling domino represents a Uranium-235 nucleus
splitting and releasing two neutrons that split two more U-235 nuclei (cause two more dominoes to fall).
For another demonstration of nuclear fission, go to the University of Colorado Physics Education
Technology (PhET) web site, which features an interactive computer simulation of fission, at
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Nuclear_Fission.
For a demonstration of nuclear fusion, look no further than the sun (but don’t look directly at it either).
The sun is a giant nuclear fusion reactor that combines or “fuses” hydrogen under tremendous
pressures and temperatures into helium to power our solar system and provide Earth’s energy.
THERMAL ENERGY
DEFINITION: Thermal energy is the total internal kinetic and potential energy of an object due to the
random motion of its atoms and molecules. An object that feels hot has more thermal energy inside it
than an object that feels cool. Scientists make a distinction between thermal energy and heat, where
thermal energy refers to the internal energy of an object and heat refers to the transfer of energy from
an object to other objects or to its surroundings. Although technically incorrect, many people use the
word “heat” to mean thermal energy (See Heat Transfer).
We often think that only things that are hot or have high temperatures have thermal energy. However,
anything that has a temperature above absolute zero (–273.15 °C or –459.67 °F) has thermal energy.
This is because absolute zero is the temperature where there is virtually no random motion of an
object’s atoms and molecules, which also means that the object cannot transfer any energy from itself
to its surroundings.
EXAMPLE OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE THERMAL ENERGY: A cup of hot coffee or tea has
thermal energy, which we can easily detect by carefully touching the cup. A cup of cold water also has
thermal energy – it just happens to have less thermal energy than the cup of hot coffee or tea does.
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MECHANICAL ENERGY
DEFINITION: Mechanical energy is a combination of gravitational and/or elastic potential energy and
kinetic energy. These forms of energy are usually found in mechanical objects and systems and are
continually being converted from one to another.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE MECHANICAL ENERGY: A block attached to a spring
that is moving up and down has mechanical energy. A pendulum has mechanical energy; it continually
converts kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy and back into kinetic energy as it swings back
and forth. A child also has mechanical energy when he moves about. When sitting, the child has
chemical potential energy; but watch out, before you know it, the child will suddenly start running and
jumping, converting their chemical potential energy into mechanical energy!
*DEMO OF MECHANICAL ENERGY: Wind the wind-up toy and watch it move. The wind-up toy’s gears
and springs convert gravitational and elastic potential energy into kinetic energy, while at the same time,
the toy itself has kinetic energy as it moves forward. Together, these forms of energy combine to give
the moving wind-up toy mechanical energy.
SOUND ENERGY
DEFINITION: Sound is made up of mechanical vibrations transmitted as waves through a solid, liquid, or
gas. Atoms and molecules near a sound source convert elastic potential energy to kinetic energy and
back, creating mechanical vibrations that move through the surrounding material medium.
EXAMPLES OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE SOUND ENERGY: The sounds that can be detected
by the human ear include thunder, speech, music, the sounds made by things colliding or falling, the
sounds made by animals, and the sounds made by the wind. Some sounds are beyond the range of
hearing. An example is ultrasound, which is used to create images of objects and structures inside the
human body.
*DEMOS OF SOUND ENERGY: Shake the pill bottle or film canister containing the popcorn seeds and
listen to the sound it makes. Gently put your hand on a stereo speaker and listen to the sound from the
speaker, while at the same time feel the vibrations the speaker makes. Listen for sounds around you and
try to identify their sources.
RADIANT (LIGHT) ENERGY
DEFINITON: Radiant (light) energy is radiation composed of different wavelengths and frequencies of
electromagnetic waves that are produced by various processes ranging from heating, bioluminescence,
and other chemical reactions, to radioactive decay and nuclear fusion. Radiant energy is technically a
means of energy transfer from an object or system to other objects or its surroundings (see Heat
Transfer). However, some scientists treat radiant energy as a form of energy. By itself, radiant energy
has no mass so it has neither kinetic nor potential energy.
EXAMPLES OF RADIANT (LIGHT) ENERGY: All forms of radiant energy are part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, which include radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and
gamma rays. Radiant energy in the form of visible light is composed of colors ranging from red to violet.
White light results when all the colors of the visible light spectrum are combined. Examples of light
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energy include sunlight, lasers, and light from a fire, a candle, a compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL), an
incandescent light bulb, and a light emitting diode (LED).
ENERGY TRANSFER
Energy must be transferred from one object or system to another in order for something to happen.
Energy can be transferred in two ways: by doing work or by transferring heat. When energy is
transferred to an object or system, it is often converted within that object or system into other forms of
energy.
WORK
DEFINITION: The transfer of energy from one object or system to another by applying a force over a
distance. The formula for work is (force) x (distance), or Work = Fd.
DEMOS OF WORK: Push a toy car that is initially at rest on the floor and then let it go. The moving car
now has kinetic energy after you let go of it. To move the toy car, you had to transfer energy from your
body to the toy car by exerting a force on the car over a distance. Another way to demonstrate work is
to lift an object against gravity. Pick up the rubber bouncy ball from the floor and place it on a table. The
ball on the table now has gravitational potential energy with respect to the floor. To raise the ball from
the floor to the table, you had to transfer energy from your body to the ball by exerting an upward force
on the ball through a height (a vertical distance).
HEAT TRANSFER (HEAT ENERGY)
DEFINTION: Heat is the transfer of energy from one object at a higher temperature to another object at
a lower temperature. Although technically incorrect, the term “heat energy” or “heat” is often used to
mean “thermal energy” (see Thermal Energy).
Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction is heat transfer from
particle to particle by direct contact, occurring most effectively in solids. Convection is heat transfer by
the movement of liquids and gases. Radiation is heat transfer via electromagnetic waves and is
sometimes referred to as radiant energy. Although radiant energy is technically a means of energy
transfer, some scientists treat radiant energy as a form of energy (see Radiant (Light) Energy).
Note that the term “radiation” is also used in science to refer to nuclear radiation, which is the emission
of particles and electromagnetic waves from nuclei that undergo radioactive decay, fission, or fusion.
Nuclear radiation is not considered to be an example of heat transfer, although there may be some heat
transfer associated with nuclear radiation.
DEMOS OF HEAT TRANSFER: Turn on a hair dryer (you’ll need to provide your own) and let it run for a
few seconds. Carefully touch the hair dryer to experience the heat transferred from the hair dryer to
your finger by conduction. Feel the warm air coming out of the hair dryer with your hand. The moving
warm air transfers heat from the hair dryer to your hand by convection. The warm hair dryer also
transfers heat by radiation of infrared rays, although our senses cannot detect these rays directly.
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ENERGY CONVERSIONS
While objects and systems possess different forms of energy, the changes in the world that we see are
due to objects or systems converting one or more forms of energy into other forms.
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS
DESCRIPTION: When substances undergo chemical reactions, their chemical potential energy can be
converted into other forms of energy. In nearly all chemical reactions, some of the chemical potential
energy is converted into kinetic, radiant (light), mechanical, and/or sound energy while the rest is
converted into thermal energy. Therefore, more than one form of energy is usually present after a
chemical potential energy conversion.
DEMOS OF CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS:
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO KINETIC ENERGY
Light a small firecracker outdoors and watch the pieces of the firecracker scatter in all directions. Some
of the chemical potential energy in the original firecracker is converted into the kinetic energy of the
flying firecracker fragments.
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO RADIANT (LIGHT) ENERGY
Strike a match and watch it light up. The combustion of the wood with oxygen and the phosphorous on
the tip of the match react to produce visible light. Watch the flames from wood being burned in a
fireplace, the tip of a candle burning, or the natural gas burning in a stove burner. Also watch the
dazzling light from fireworks or the sparks shooting out from lit sparklers. All of the light you see from
these are the result of some of the chemical potential energy in these substances being converted into
radiant (light) energy.
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO THERMAL ENERGY
Light a match or burn a thin wooden splint. Carefully, place your hand near the flame (Caution: be sure
not to place your hand too close to the flame so that you don’t get burned!). Heat is transferred from
the flame to your hand, which increases the thermal energy of your hand. Hence your hand feels
warmer. This results when chemical potential energy stored in the wood reacts with oxygen (and the
phosphorous tip of the match) and is converted into thermal energy.
Another demonstration of a chemical potential to thermal energy conversion occurs when manganese
dioxide is added to hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen gas,
releasing thermal energy in the process. The manganese dioxide is a catalyst, which speeds up the
decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide but is not consumed in the reaction. The reaction is shown
below:
2H2O2 (liquid)

2H2O (liquid) + O2 (gas) + Thermal Energy
[MnO2 catalyst]
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This demonstration is most effective when 30% hydrogen peroxide is used; the 3% hydrogen peroxide
found at the pharmacy will barely produce a noticeable increase in temperature. However, caution
should be used as the reaction with 30% hydrogen peroxide will heat up significantly. In addition to the
chemicals, a Pyrex beaker or Erlenmeyer flask, goggles, and hot gloves are needed for this
demonstration, all of which can be obtained from a school science lab.
Most chemical reactions release thermal energy, but in a few cases, chemical reactions can absorb
thermal energy. One example is the chemical reaction that takes place when first aid cold packs are put
to use to treat injuries. Crush a first aid cold pack and feel it become cold. The chemicals inside react to
absorb thermal energy and together become cold as a result.
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO MECHANICAL ENERGY
Get up out of your seat and move around. Swing your arms. Talk to the person next to you. All these
actions are the result of some of the chemical potential energy in the food you ate being converted by
your body into mechanical energy.
Start up an automobile engine and drive it down the road. An automobile engine converts some of the
chemical potential energy in gasoline into mechanical energy, thereby moving the automobile as a result.
Watch a propeller-driven airplane take off from a runway. The engine of a propeller-driven airplane
converts some of the chemical potential energy in aviation fuel (which is similar to gasoline) into the
mechanical energy of the engine and propellers, thereby moving the airplane forward through the air.
In these examples, only some of the chemical potential energy is converted into mechanical energy, the
rest is converted into thermal energy. That’s why automobile and airplane engines get hot after they
have been running for a period of time, and why even our bodies feel warmer after moving around.
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO SOUND ENERGY
Listen to a firecracker explode. Some of the chemical potential energy in the original firecracker is
converted into sound energy, which is perceived as a sudden and loud sound!
*CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS IN BATTERIES
Connect the 9-volt battery to the light emitting diode (LED) and resistor by placing the resistor lead on
the negative terminal of the battery and the LED lead on the positive terminal. See the LED light up. The
chemical potential energy and the electrical potential energy stored in the battery work together to
create an electrochemical reaction that produces an electric current which lights the LED when the
circuit is connected (for more details about the energy conversions in batteries and electric circuits, see
Electrical (Electromagnetic) Potential Energy Conversions).
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS
DESCRIPTION: The elastic potential energy in objects like rubber bands and springs can be converted
into other forms of energy such as kinetic and thermal energy by stretching and contracting them.
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DEMOS OF ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS:
*ELASTIC POTENTIAL TO KINETIC ENERGY
Place one end of a rubber band on your index finger, stretch it and then release it and watch it fly across
the room (Caution: be sure that you do not aim the rubber band at anyone). Stretching the rubber band
gives it elastic potential energy. Releasing the rubber band converts the elastic potential energy into
kinetic energy.
*ELASTIC POTENTIAL TO THERMAL ENERGY
Stretch a rubber band back and forth quickly, then place it across your cheek. The rubber band feels
warm to the touch. Stretching the rubber band back and forth converts elastic potential energy into
thermal energy.
ELECTRICAL (ELECTROMAGENTIC) POTENTIAL ENERGY
CONVERSIONS
DESCRIPTION: The electrical potential energy in devices like batteries can be converted into other forms
of energy when devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and light bulbs are connected to them in
electric circuits. Electromagnetic devices like motors and the Faraday (shake) flashlight convert
electromagnetic potential energy into other forms of energy when they are connected in an electric
circuit to other devices.
DEMOS OF ELECTRICAL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) ENERGY CONVERSIONS:
*ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL TO RADIANT (LIGHT) ENERGY
Connect the 9-volt battery to the light emitting diode (LED) and resistor by placing the resistor lead on
the negative terminal of the battery and the LED lead on the positive terminal. See the LED light up.
The chemical potential energy and the electrical potential energy stored in the battery work together as
an electrochemical reaction to produce an electric current when the circuit is connected (see Chemical
Potential Energy Conversions in Batteries). The electric current flowing through the circuit has electrical
potential energy. An electrical device connected to a circuit will convert the electrical potential energy in
the electric current into other forms of energy. In this demo, the LED is a device that converts some of
the electrical potential energy in the current into radiant (light) energy, with the rest of the energy being
converted into tiny amounts of thermal energy. The resistor in the circuit acts to provide the proper
amount of current for the LED, and in doing so, converts electrical potential energy into tiny amounts of
thermal energy.
*ELECTROMAGNETIC TO RADIANT (LIGHT) ENERGY
Shake the Faraday (Shake) flashlight for 30 to 60 seconds to produce and store electrical energy. Now
turn the flashlight on and use it like a typical flashlight until its light grows dim. Shake again to recharge
the flashlight.
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A Faraday (Shake) flashlight uses a moving magnet and a capacitor to produce and store electrical
(electromagnetic) energy, then uses the stored electrical energy to light the flashlight. Shaking the
flashlight moves the magnet through a coil of wires. In doing so, the moving magnetic field causes
electric current to flow through the coil of wires. This process is called electromagnetic induction. The
electric current from the coils is then transferred to a capacitor, a device that stores electrical potential
energy in the form of separated positive and negative electric charges. When the flashlight is turned on,
the capacitor in the circuit transfers electrical potential energy to the light bulb, which converts some of
this energy into radiant (light) energy, with the rest of the energy being converted into very small
amounts of thermal energy.
Additional background information describing how the Faraday (Shake) flashlight works can be found at
the Shake Flashlights website titled “Shake Flashlights Info” at
http://www.shake-flashlights.com/how-they-work.html.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL TO KINETIC ENERGY
DESCRIPTION: The gravitational potential energy of objects can be converted into kinetic energy simply
by having them fall toward the ground.
*DEMO OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL TO KINETIC ENERGY CONVERSION: Hold the rubber bouncy
ball in your hand while standing. The ball has gravitational potential energy with respect to the floor.
Now let the ball drop to the floor. When the ball is dropped, it begins to fall. In doing so, its gravitational
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. On its way down toward the floor, the ball has both
gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, with the combinations of these being equal to the
original gravitational potential energy the ball had before it was dropped. The farther the ball falls, the
more kinetic energy and the less gravitational potential energy it has. Just before it hits the ground, the
ball’s gravitational potential energy will be completely converted to kinetic energy. This complete
conversion can be expressed by the equation gravitational potential energy (GPE) equals kinetic energy
(KE), or mgh = (1/2)mv2.
The conversion of the rubber bouncy ball’s gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy assumes
that air resistance acting on the falling ball can be neglected. Air resistance, which is similar to friction,
actually converts a small amount of the falling ball’s gravitational potential energy into thermal energy.
Additional background information and activities describing the energy of a bouncing ball can be found
at the University of Virginia website titled “The Energy of a Bouncing Ball” at
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/outreach/8thGradeSOL/EnergyBallFrm.htm
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