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Anatomy and Physiology
The Endocrine System
 The endocrine system includes anything that secretes
______________________________________ directly into body fluids.
 Endocrine glands include: the _________________________________, parathyroid, adrenal,
______________________________________________, hypothalamus,
___________________________________, pineal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and
____________________________________ glands.
 The function of the endocrine systems is to regulate
_______________________________________________ pathways (chemical rxns, electrolyte
balance, membrane transport, reproduction, & digestion) by secreting hormones.
Some terms:
 Hormone: a ____________________________________________________ that affects a
specific metabolic pathway in another cell.
 These are secreted into body fluids & blood.
 These are mostly ______________________________________________ and made from
cholesterol but some are amines, peptides,
_______________________________________________, and glycoproteins.
 ________________________________________ cells (or organs): cells or organs that receive
the hormone (cell that is affected). These cells have binding sites (a.k.a. receptors) for specific
hormones.
Hormones are placed in 2 groups: Steroid hormones and Nonsteroid hormones.
 ______________________________________________ Hormones: lipid soluble, meaning they
easily pass (diffuse) thru membranes. These are formed from cholesterol usually.
 Nonsteroid hormones must bind to ________________________________________of target
cells (do not diffuse thru membranes). These are amines, peptides, proteins, and
glycoproteins.
Hormonal Secretion Control:
 This is done by ________________________________________________feedback control.
 Mechanism that regulates the production of hormones based on the accumulation of
another substance along a metabolic pathway.
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For example:
 The adrenal gland produces chemical A which continues a pathway:
A BC D E
 When E is accumulated, it prevents (or inhibits) the adrenal gland from producing A.
This is a negative feedback mechanism.
The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
The Pituitary Gland:
 found in the base of the _________________________________________
 has 2 parts: anterior and posterior (based on the lobe of the brain in which it is found).
 controlled by the _______________________________________________ (by releasing
hormones)
The Pituitary Hormones:
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
 __________________________________________________Hormone (GH): stimulates growth
of cells (increase in size & cell division).
 Prolactin (PRL): stimulates and sustains the ____________________________ production in
new mothers.
 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (_______________________): controls thyroid gland secretions
and is partially regulated by the hypothalamus.
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls the hormone production of the
__________________________________________________________. Stress may increase
ACTH.
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (____________________) and luteinizing hormone (LH): are
released in the gonads (________________________________ and ovaries). These are called
gonadotropins.
The Posterior Hormones:
 ___________________________________________ hormone (ADH): decreases urine
production by regulating the amount of water the kidneys excrete; therefore, regulating
[water] in body fluids.
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 ________________________________________________ (OT): considered an antidiuretic; it
stimulates the uterine muscles to contract (causing contractions & birth), lactation b/c it
stimulates milk-producing glands, and milk ejection.
The Thyroid Gland and its hormones:
 This is located on both sides of the larynx and in front of the trachea.
 Thyroxine (a.k.a. ___________________________ or tetraiodothyronine) has 4 atoms of iodine
and Triiodothyronine (a.k.a. ____________________________) has 3 atoms of iodine (is 5
times stronger). Both _______________________________________ the metabolism of carbs
(stimulate their use), proteins (stimulate their production), & lipids (stimulate their
breakdown).
 ______________________________________: not technically a thyroid hormone (b/c of the
location of production). This regulates the [Ca] and [phosphate ions] in the blood.
The Parathyroid Glands and their hormones:
 These 4 are found on the thyroid gland.
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 These secrete parathyroid hormone (________________________): increases blood [Ca ] and
decreases blood [phosphate ion], affecting the _____________________________________,
______________________________________ & intestines. This works with calcitonin and is
regulated by the [ ] of these ions in the blood.
The Adrenal Glands and their hormones:
 This is located on top of the ________________________________________ and contains 2
portions:
 adrenal _________________________________________(central portion)
 adrenal cortex (___________________________________ portion).
The Adrenal Cortical Hormones:
 Aldosterone: regulates the [mineral] in the blood, stimulating
____________________________________ retention and sustaining b.p. and volume.
 ____________________________________: a.ka. hydrocortisone, affects glucose, protein &
fat metabolism.
 Adrenal Sex Hormones: in males, a.k.a. adrenal
______________________________________________; in females,
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a.k.a.____________________________________________. These supplement sex hormones
& stimulate gonad development.
The Adrenal Medulla Hormones:
 _______________________________________________(a.k.a. adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (a.k.a. _____________________________________________) are released
simultaneously. These ________________________________________ the heart rate,
increase heart contractions, increase breathing rate,
_____________________________________b.p., increase blood glucose levels, &
_____________________________________ digestion causing the typical “fight or flight
reaction”
The Pancreas and its Hormones:
 This is found by the stomach and has 2 functions: __________________________________
gland (secretes digestive juices) and ___________________________________ (releasing
hormones).
 The endocrine section contains groups of cells known as the Islets of Langerhans which
contain ____________________________ cells (secrete glucagon) and
________________________________ cells (secrete insulin).
The Pancreatic Hormones:
 Glucagon: produced by alpha cells; stimulates the breakdown of
_______________________________________ and amino acids. It
____________________________________ [blood sugar] and is regulated by a low blood
sugar (hypoglycemia).
 _______________________________________: produced by beta cells; stimulates the liver to
make glycogen, promotes the transport of glucose into cells, stimulates protein synthesis and
stimulates fat storage; thus, it ________________________________________[blood sugar]
and is regulated by a high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
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Other Endocrine Glands
Pineal Glands:
 This is found in the brain on the upper portion of the thalamus.
 This secretes _____________________________________________ which regulates circadian
rhythms (response to light and dark conditions of the environment. These rhythms dictate
sleep patterns & seasonal cycles of fertility in some mammals.
Thymus Gland:
 This is found between the lungs (shrinks with age).
 This secretes thymosins which regulate the production & differentiation of
________________________________________________________, specifically T cells (T
lymphocytes)
Reproductive Glands:
 Ovaries: produce ________________________________________ & progesterone
 _____________________________________: produce testosterone
 Placenta: produces estrogens, progesterone &
____________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________: produces atrial natriuretic peptide
(stimulates urinary Na secretion).
 Kidneys: produce erythropoietin (stimulates the production of
_____________________________________________________________________).
Stress and Health:
 _____________________________________________________ is defined as a condition that
causes change in the internal environment (a physiological response that alters
________________________________________________).
 A stressor is a factor that causes _____________________________________________.
Stress and Health:
There are types of stressors:
 _______________________________________________ which can be temperature changes
internally or externally, [O ] changes, injury, illness (infections), exercise, noise, etc.
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 psychological factors which include ___________________________________, feelings (anger,
joy, fear, grief, anxiety, depression, etc.), thoughts, losses, unpleasant and pleasant
encounters, and sexual arousals/encounters.
Response to stress: These are physiological responses, called
__________________________________________________________________________, which
is an adaptation to general stress.
 This is controlled by the hypothalamus which activates fight or flight rxns (increases
______________________________________________________ output).
The physical responses include:
 _________________________________________ [blood glucose] levels
 increased _________________________________ rate
 __________________________________________ rate of breathing
 __________________________________________ b.p.
 air passage ___________________________________________________
 Other hormones are increased in output as well: glucagons, GH (both increase use of energy
sources) and ADH (____________________________________________ urine output,
conserving water, & maintaining blood volume).
 In addition, cortisol is increased which ___________________________________________ the
# of lymphocytes (increasing risk of infection/illness by lowering resistance and increasing the
risk of high b.p., GI ulcers and atherosclerosis).
 Look in text or online! Know the following: dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, diabetes
insipidus, goiters, Grave’s disease, cretinism, exophthalmos, tetany, Addison’s disease,
Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus, ketosis, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia,
insulin resistance, and menopause.