The chemists tools
Elements and the periodic table
Elements
 Pure substances that cannot be separated into
different substances by ordinary processes
 Are the building blocks of matter
 120 elements known today
Examples:
carbon
gold
calcium
Symbols of Elements
 Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations
 Capitalise the first letter only
Examples:
C carbon
N nitrogen
F fluorine
O oxygen
Co
Ca
Br
Mg
cobalt
calcium
bromine
magnesium
Symbols from Latin Names
Element
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Tin
Symbol
Cu
Au
Pb
Hg
K
Ag
Na
Sn
Latin name
cuprum
aurum
plumbum
hydrargyrum
kalium
argentum
natrium
stannum
% Major Elements in the Body
O 65.0 %
K
0.34
C 18.0
S
0.26
H 10.0
Na
0.14
N 3.0
Cl
0.14
Ca 1.4
Fe
0.004
P 1.0
Zn
0.003
Mg 0.50
Trace Elements
As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V
Learning Check
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
1) C
2) Ca
3) CA
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
1) Ir
2) Sl
3) Su
2) FE
3) Fe
Solution
Select the correct symbol for each:
A. Calcium
2) Ca
B. Sulfur
1) S
C. Iron
3) Fe
Learning Check
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
1) neon 2) nitrogen
3) nickel
B. P
1) potassium
2) phlogiston
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver 2) aegean 3) gold
Solution
Select the correct name for each:
A. N
2) nitrogen
B. P
3) phosphorus
C. Ag
1) silver
Periodic Table
The periodic table is an arrangement of
the elements according to similarities in
their chemical and physical properties.
Physical Properties
The characteristics of a substance that can be
observed without changing the substance.
 Color
 Size
 Shape
 Density
 Freezing and Boiling Points
 Odor
Groups of Elements
 Vertical columns on the periodic table
 Similar physical properties
 Similar chemical properties
Groups on the Periodic Table
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
8
Representative Groups
 Group 1
Alkali Metals
 Group 2
Alkaline Earth Metals
 Group 7
Halogens
 Group 8
Noble Gases
Location of Some Groups
1
A
l m
k e
a t
l a
i l
s
2
A
l
k
a
l
i
n
e
3
4
5
6 7
8
H
a
l
o
g
e
n
s
I
n
e
r
t
G
a
s
e
s
Periods on the Periodic Table
 Horizontal rows from Group 1 to Group 8.
 Numbered 1, 2, 3, ….
 Include representative elements and transition
elements
Periods on the Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
Learning Check
A. Element in Group VIIA, Period 4
1) Br
2) Cl
3) Mn
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
1) beryllium
2) magnesium
3) boron
Solution
A. Element in Group 7A, period 4
1) Br
B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3
2) magnesium
Learning Check
A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4
1) Br
2) Cl
3) Mn
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
1) beryllium
2) magnesium
C. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si
3) boron
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
D. Nonmetals in Group VA
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
3) N, P, As, Sb
Solution
A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4
1) Br
B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3
2) magnesium
C. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb
D. Nonmetals in Group VA
2) N, P, As
Metals and Nonmetals
Metals
 Located to the left of the heavy line
 Shiny, ductile
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals
 Located to the right of the heavy line
 Dull and brittle
 Poor conductors, good insulators
Metals and Nonmetals
Transition
metals
Learning Check
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:
A. sulphur
____
B. chlorine
____
C. sodium
____
D. iron
____
E. carbon
____
F. silver
____
Solution
Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:
A. sulphur
2
B. chlorine
2
C. sodium
1
D. iron
1
E. carbon
2
F. silver
1
Learning Check
Select the correct elements:
A. Metals in Group IVA
1) Ge, Sn, Pb
2) C, Si
3) C, Si, Ge, Sn
B. Non-metals in Group VA
1) As, Sb, Bi
2) N, P, As
3) N, P, As, Sb
Solution
A.
Metals in Group 4A
1)
Ge, Sn, Pb
B.
Nonmetals in Group 5A
2)
N, P, As