Chapter 15, Section 3 the Reformation
1. Catholicism in the 1400s
a. Roman Catholic Church— (1)influential,(2) extravagant, and (3)worldly
b. Some people felt church (4)straying from spiritual roots
i. Dissatisfaction
1. (5)Financial corruption
2. Abuse of (6)power
3. (7)Immorality
ii. Financing the Basilica
1. Needed money for St. (8)Peter’s Basilica
2. Pope Leo X approved sales of (9)indulgences
a. Indulgences (10)pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
i. Catholics believed dead went to (11)purgatory, worked off(12) sins
committed
b. Sales of indulgences widely(13) criticized
2. Martin Luther
a. The Ninety-Five (14) Theses
i. Martin (15) Luther believed selling indulgences (16) sinful
1. In Theses, said indulgences had no (17) power to remit sin
a. Criticized power of (18) pope and (19) wealth of church
ii. Theses written in (20) Latin, intended for church leaders, not (21) common people
iii. Nailing Theses to church door (22) common practice; doors used like community (23) bulletin
boards
iv. Published, distributed across Europe
1. (24) Gutenberg’s printing press allowed Theses to be mass produced
a. Widely read by (25) intellectuals and (26) clergy
v. Desire for (27) reform grew
b. Luther’s Message
i. Following publication of theses, Luther continued to (28) study, (29) debate
1. Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works;
(30) faith alone needed
2. 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was (31) Jesus, not pope
ii. Empowered the People
1. Insisted that individual Christians should be own (32) interpreters of scripture, Christian
practices should come only from (33) Bible
a. To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into (34) German
i. (35) Translation allowed more people to read Bible without (36) aid of
clergy
3. Reaction to Luther
a. 1520, Pope Leo X (37) expelled Luther from the Church
b. Luther (38) summoned to appear before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
i. Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet (assembly) at the City of (39) Worms
1. Luther (40) refused to change opinions
c. Edict of Worms
i. Emperor handed down (41) Edict of Worms
1. Declared Luther to be (42) outlaw, condemned his (43) writings
a. Luther’s ideas still continued to spread
d. Protestant
i. 1529, Charles V tried to (44) suppress Lutherans in Germany
1. German princes issued protestatio, (45) protest, against this
a. Term (46) Protestant came from this
4. The Spread of Protestantism
a. As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in (47) Switzerland and other places
in Europe
i. Ulrich (48) Zwingli
1. Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to (49) Martin
Luther’s
a. Many ideas viewed as (50) radical
b. His church based on (51) theocracy, government in which church, state joined;
officials divinely inspired
2. Swiss Protestants and Catholics conflict (52) erupted into war, Zwingli was a (53)
casualty. He died in battle in 1531.
ii. John Calvin
1. (54) Calvin most important Protestant (55) reformer next to Martin Luther
a. Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists
2. Preached doctrine of (56) predestination
a. God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation
i. Nothing (57) humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end
1. Believed that people are (58) sinful by nature
b. Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated (59) behavior
iii. John Knox
1. Spokesman for the Reformation in (60) Scotland
a. Knox’s Reformed Church (61) replaced Roman Catholic Church
i. Laid groundwork for later (62) Presbyterian denomination
iv. Anabaptist
1. Different beliefs about (63) baptism; insisted on re-baptizing adults
a. Crime punishable by (64) death at that time
2. Anabaptist Church evolved into Hutterites, the (65) Mennonites, and the Amish
Mennonites
v. Protestantism Spreads to England (The Anglican Church)
1. Reformation began with the (66) king in England
a. Henry VIII wanted an annulment from (67) wife
i. The (68) Pope would not agree to annulment
1. Reformation Parliament declared that (69) England no longer
considered itself under authority of pope
a. Henry became head of (70) Church of England
i. Act of Supremacy
5.
The Council of Trent
a. Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in
1545.
i. Reforms
1. Delegates addressed abuses
a. Training of Priests regulated
b.
Financial abuses curbed
i. Sales of indulgences abolished
ii. No compromise
1. No compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism
a. Rejected the Protestants’ emphasis on self-discipline, individual faith
b. Argued church help believers achieve salvation using mystery, magnificent ceremonies
to inspire faith
What conditions led to the Protestant Reformation?
Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.
How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther differ from those of Luther?
What caused the Reformation to spread to England?