Ch.22
1960 Election
John F. Kennedy (Dem.) and Richard Nixon (Rep.)
Who won the election?
WHAT HELPED THE NEW PRES. WIN BY A SLIM
MARGIN?
• Highly contested election with two very
popular candidates
• Kennedy and Nixon were both former
senators and friends.
• Nixon had served as Eisenhower’s Vice
Pres.
• 1st election where TV/the media had an
influence on voting and shaping political
opinion
Election of 1960
What were the MAIN issues of the campaign?
• Cold War and the
economy
• Both candidates were
“Cold Warriors”
• Kennedy believed the
U.S. lagged behind
the Soviet Union in
missile production
JOHN F. KENNEDY
(1961-1963)
Democrat
• Vice President= Lyndon B. Johnson
• Kennedy was 42 when he was elected
• He was the only Catholic ever elected
President
• Youngest elected President
• Wife: Jacqueline
• Children: Caroline and John Jr.
• Large extended family also involved in politics
The New Frontier proposed:
1.Aid to education
2.Create a Dept. of Urban Affairs
3.Help migrant workers
4.Improve the American
economy
Women’s Rights
• JFK promoted
women’s rights
• He created the
Presidential
Commission for the
Status of Women
• Appointed Esther
Peterson to the
Women’s Bureau of
the Dept. of Labor
Court Decisions under Kennedy
• The Supreme Court
Chief Justice at the
time was Earl
Warren.
• The Court became
known as the
WARREN COURT
Due Process was
extended to the
states
Meaning: the
14th amendment
was extended to
state gov. and
that no individual
could be treated
unfairly and
courts must
follow a
procedure when
trying individuals.
Supreme Court Cases of the Warren
Court
• Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas 1954 - Separate but equal is
unconstitutional.
• Mapp v. Ohio 1961- evidence seized without a
warrant is inadmissible in court
• Baker v. Carr 1964- ensured equal
representation in voting districts. Outlawed
gerrymandering-drawing congressional
districts to favor the party in power.
• Engel v. Vitale 1962-teacher led prayer in
school is unconstitutional
• Gideon v. Wainwright 1963- everyone entitled
to an attorney if they can not afford one.
• Escobedo v. Illinois 1964- everyone entitled to
an attorney during questioning.
• Miranda v. Arizona 1966-police must inform
you of your rights before you are arrested.
John F. Kennedy’s domestic program was called
a. The New Frontier
c. VISTA
b. The Great Society
d. Civil Rights in America
Which court case made school segregation illegal?
a. Plessy v. Ferguson
c. Engle v. Vitale
b. Brown v. Board of Education d. Jim Crow v. Board of
Education
Who won the election of 1960?
a. Lyndon Johnson
c. John F. Kennedy
b. Dwight David Eisenhower d. Richard Nixon
JFK and the Cold War
JFK developed the
flexible response
doctrine which stated
that if nations needed
help fighting off
communist
nations, the president
would push for a
build up of weapons
and troops.
Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet
Union and John F. Kennedy
Green Berets
JFK created the
military “Special
Forces” which
were a unit
specifically
designed to fight
guerilla warfare.
This group became
known as the
Green Berets.
Alliance for Progress
• JFK sent aid to other nations, especially Latin
America. He created the Alliance for Progress
which was a plan to aid Latin American
governments. Over 10 years the USA pledged
$20 billion to help Latin America fight
communism.
Peace Corps
• JFK started the Peace Corps. This
was an organization of young
Americans who went to 3rd world
countries to provide humanitarian
services and provide stability.
Space Race
In 1962 John Glenn became
the 1st American to orbit the
Earth.
3 years later Saturn V
launched Apollo—a capsule
that launched 3 men into
orbit.
July 16, 1969, Saturn V
launched Neil Armstrong,
Buzz Aldrin, and Michael
Collins on Apollo 11. These
men landed on the moon.
Armstrong’s famous quote:
“That’s one small step for
man, one great leap for
mankind.”
Bay of Pigs Fiasco
The first Cold war crisis for Kennedy occurred in Cuba—90
miles off the coast of Florida. Fidel Castro, a communist, had
overthrown the Cuban government. Castro immediately
established ties with the Soviet Union and this outraged
Americans.
Under President Eisenhower, the CIA (Central Intelligence
Agency) had trained Cuba exiles to invade the island. This
was intended to ignite an uprising against Castro. JFK
approved of the plan and made some changes. On April 17,
1961, 1400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs on
the south coast of Cuba. The invasion was a disaster! The
exiles boats hit coral reefs, JFK cancelled air support and
most of the exiles were captured by Castro forces. The
invasion exposed an American plot to overthrow a
neighbor’s government.
Berlin Wall
June 1961
• Nikita Khrushchev, leader
of the Soviet Union,
wanted to stop the flood
of Germans pouring out
of Communist East
Germany. He demanded
that USA recognize
Communist east
Germany and Great
Britain, France and the
USA pull out of West
Germany. JFK refused!
Cuban Missile Crisis
American intelligence learned that
Soviet technicians and
equipment arrived at Cuba.
October 22, JFK announced on TV
that USA spy planes had taken
photos of Soviet long range
missiles in Cuba.
JFK ordered a naval blockade to stop
the USSR from delivering
missiles to Cuba. JFK ordered
that USSR dismantle missiles
already in Cuba.
Americans were on the brink of war.
USSR offered the USA a deal—
they would remove missiles in
Cuba if the USA would remove
missiles in Turkey (Russia’s
neighbor).
The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the
USA to brink of a nuclear war.
2 things occurred: (1) a Nuclear
Test Ban treaty was agreed to by
USSR and USA, and
(2) a HOTLINE was created so
that Kennedy and Khrushchev
could talk at any time.
The Alliance for Progress gave ___________________ billions of dollars in economic
aid. These countries, in return, were to institute democratic and capitalistic reforms.
a. Africa
c. Latin America
b. South America
d. Western Europe
The Peace Corps sent volunteers overseas to:
A. train to fight in guerilla warfare
B. overthrow Fidel Castro
C. help with basic projects/skills like irrigation, medical, etc.
D. help train young people ages 16 to 21 for employment
Which president promoted volunteerism when he stated in his Inaugural
Address the following quote: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask
what you can do for your country?”
A. Dwight Eisenhower
C. Lyndon Johnson
B. John Kennedy
D. Richard Nixon
Death of a President
November 22, 1963—John F. Kennedy was assassinated by
Lee Harvey Oswald, a Communist sympathizer.
JFK was riding in a car with his wife in Dallas, Texas when
this occurred.
Lyndon Baines Johnson, VP, was sworn in as the President
of the United States of America.
Oswald had lived in the USSR for a period. As Oswald was
being escorted from a jail, Jack Ruby, assassinated Lee
Harvey Oswald to protect others who were involved in
the crime.
In 1964 the Warren Commission (a group created to
investigate the Kennedy assassination) ruled that Oswald
acted alone.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
Beginnings
• Lyndon Baines Johnson assumed the role of
President on November 22, 1963. He was
sworn in on Air Force One in Dallas, Texas, on
the day of Kennedy’s assassination.
• Johnson decided to continue Kennedy’s plan
and push for Civil Rights, fighting poverty and
maintaining a strong stand against the spread
of communism.
Election of 1964
• In 1964 Johnson (democrat) ran against Barry
Goldwater (republican) who was an
outspoken conservative.
• Johnson won the election by a landslide.
Johnson-blue
Goldwater-red
The Great Society
During his campaign he promised to:
• Fight to end poverty. The Great Society was
Johnson’s vision for a more perfect and
equitable nation.
• Great Society’s goals addressed 4 areas:
• (1)health and welfare,
• (2) education,
• (3) “War on Poverty”
• (4) Consumer and Environmental Protection.
Health and Welfare Reform
• (1) Medicare-insurance for the elderly;
• (2) Medicaid—insurance for the poor; and
• (3) Child Nutrition Act—started school
breakfast programs
Education
(4) Head Start—early educational intervention for
disadvantaged children;
(5) Education Act 1965—created billions of dollars
for elementary and secondary schools to be built
in America—the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act also provided funding for adult
literacy and education;
(6) Higher Education Act- support college work study
programs, loans, scholarships, grants, etc. for
middle income students.
War on Poverty
• Office of Economic Opportunity-sought to
improve life in inner cities, such as: Job Corps,
education training for at risk children, etc.
• Housing and Urban Development (HUD)established new housing subsidy programs and
made federal loans and grants for housing easier
to obtain.
• Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan
Development Act-helped revitalize urban areas
through a variety of social and economic
programs.
President Johnson called his package for domestic reform the :
a. Fair Deal
c. New Frontier
b. New Deal
d. Great Society
Who won the election of 1964?
a. Kennedy
c. Eisenhower
b. Johnson
d. Nixon
What is a government subsidized health insurance solely for the elderly?
a. Medicare
c. Welfare
b. Medicaid
d. VISTA
What was the pre-kindergarten program for children from lower income families
that provided early childhood opportunities?
a. Medicaid
c. Head Start
b. Peace Corps
d. VISTA
Consumer and Environmental
Protection
Water Quality and Clean Air Act- supported
standards for the quality of air and water.
Highway Safety Act-created training standards
for emergency technicians and supported a
team effort between federal, state and local
highway officials.
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act- required all
consumer products to have informative
labels that listed ingredients.
What does this mean?
Johnson as Superman
• According to the cartoonist, why is LBJ dressed
as superman?
• What country is he referring to? Why?