Evolution
http://biologycorner.com/worksheets/evolut
ionVIDEO.html
Has the primers and questions to go with it.
Entry 45
4/24
DESIGNER BABIES - “a baby whose genetic makeup has been
artificially selected by genetic engineering, combined with in vitro fertilization
to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics”
PROS – Screen for serious genetic disorders like downs or cystic fibrosis or
inherited medical conditions like diabetes, obesity, cancer, Alzheimer's disease;
The Next generation would be free of these disorders or diseases
CONS - adoption of genetic engineering for cosmetic reasons, for genetic
enhancements
Designer babies would manipulate human DNA and change our
gene pool. Is this ethical? Is this any different than Adolf Hitler
on a quest to create a race of Aryan Blond, blue-eyed and
tall people? Explain your viewpoint on this subject.
Warm-up Nov. 16th # 48
Evolution
Change over
LONG periods
of time
Abiogenesis
OR
Spontaneous
Generationthe formation of living
organisms from
non-living material
 What
comes to mind when you hear
the word EVOLUTION?
 How
do you think the life began
(origin of life)?
BIG idea!!!! Write this down!
Abiogenesis
explains the
origin of life….
Evolution
explains how
life changes once it
already exists.
Evolution of life timeline

http://exploringorigins.org/timeline.html
Origin of Life

Abiogenesis: idea that
life came from nonliving
material, also called
spontaneous generation

Early Atmosphere
–
Consisted of gases like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen,
and carbon dioxide

NO OXYGEN
Oparin

Primordial Soup Hypothesis
–
Theorized inorganic molecules could become
organic molecules due to early conditions of earthcarbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
(NO OXYGEN)
Miller and Urey:

Tested Oparin’s
“primordial soup”
hypothesis; created
early earth
conditions in lab
setting and observed
formation of organic
molecules
Biogenesis
Life must come from
life
 Life began from
biogenesis and
continues through
reproduction

Redi

Disproved ABIOGENESIS with his rotting
meat experiment, proving maggots come
from flies not the rotting meat

Pastuer: disproved ABIOGENESIS at
the microscopic level with his S-shaped
flask experiment
Evolution of Cells –
Heterotroph Hypothesis

First Cell: prokaryotic and
anaerobic due to lack of oxygen in
atmosphere
Stromatolite
(a microbial
rock,
Evidence of
bacteria
being the
first cells to
exist 3.5
billion years
ago)
Second cell: prokaryotic,
photosynthetic (produced OXYGEN)
Third Cell

Third Cell:
aerobic
prokaryotic;
atmosphere
now filled with
oxygen due to
photosynthesizi
ng prokaryotic
cells
Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells
 Endosymbiont
Theory
–
Explains the
evolution of
eukaryotic
cells
Endosymbiont Theory
 Details
–
Photosynthetic
and aerobic
prokaryotes
(bacteria) began
to move into the
anaerobic
prokaryotes
Endosymbiont Theory


Photosynthetic prokaryotes became chloroplasts
Aerobic prokaryotes became mitochondria
Aerobic Prokaryote
becomes mitochondria

Photosynthetic prokaryote
becomes chloroplast
EVIDENCE chloroplasts and mitochondria are the only organelles with
their own DNA!
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/animation_-_endosymbiosis.html
Ticket out the door

Put the following steps in correct order
____ Eukaryotic cells
____ First organic molecules
____ aerobic prokaryotes
____ photosynthetic prokaryotes
____ anaerobic prokaryotes
Warm-up #49 Nov. 19th

Put the following steps in correct order (Yes,
write them out in the order the events occurred)
____ Eukaryotic cells
____ First organic molecules
____ aerobic prokaryotes
____ photosynthetic prokaryotes
____ anaerobic prokaryotes
Who was Charles Darwin?
 What
conclusion did
Darwin come to?
 What obstacle did Darwin
face?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
vmphlbRhLu8
Theory of Evolution


Charles Darwin: Naturalist; credited with theory
of evolution; sailed on the Beagle in 1831
Natural Selection: process by which new
species could develop (speciation)
Natural Selection

Variation: members of the population are genetically different, and
therefore have different phenotypes

Overproduction: more members of the population exist than the
carrying capacity can support

Competition: favors the best suited phenotype at that particular time.

Survival of best adapted: success is measured by the ability to pass
on genes in REPRODUCTION

Adaptations: inherited trait that helps organism survive in
environment
Adaptations: inherited trait that helps
organism survive in environment

Structural: any physical form or part, such as
beak shape for a bird, or mimicry
–
Mimicry- similarity of one species to another which
protects one or both
Adaptations

Behavioral: any
genetically-controlled
action; herding, growling

Physiological: any body
process; oxygen binding of
hemoglobin
Natural Selection - Connecting Concepts

http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/ns/t1.htm

Follow along by completing the handout
Ticket out the door
 Explain
how the lab relates to
natural selection. Make sure to
site both environments (flowers
and animals)
Ticket out the Door





In the simulation which organisms had the greatest
fitness?
How would this affect the population of the species?
How does the phenotype affect fitness?
Where is the variation coming from?
Could a species suddenly change their color to
match their environment?
Entry 48


Pick up assignment on LAB
STATION 1
We will complete the
assignment together
–

4/27
Connecting Concepts – Natural
Selection
Paste in journal
http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/ns/t2_a1.htm
Entry 49
4/30
What similarities do they share?
What are their differences?
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION – develop same adaptations, to adapt
to same environment but are not related
Entry 49 cont.
What similarities do they share?
What are their differences?
DIVERGENT T EVOLUTION – Become dissimilar to adapt to
different environments; share a common ancestor
Nov.

20th
Warm-up
#50
Darwin’s theory of evolution called:
NATURAL SELECTION
The environment will select the organism that is better suited to its
surroundings. That organism will live longer and produce more
offspring that have similar traits. Darwin’s theory includes:
–
Variation (differences)
–
Overproduction / Competition
–
Natural Selection
–
Survival of the Best Adapted

Adaptations are inherited (born-with) traits that help an organism
better survive in its environment
How does Evolution Work
(video part 2)



Explain HOW evolution works by taking
notes during the video.
What caused the hummingbird to evolve?
EXPLAIN Darwin’s theory of natural
selection.
Evidence for Evolution:
Fossils:

any evidence of life
that once existed on
earth (bones,
footprints, etc); find
patterns of evolution
over time
Fossil Cont.
Relative Dating

Order of appearance in sedimentary
rock
Radioactive Dating

Use the natural decay of isotopes in organism
Evidence for Evolution

Biochemical Similarities : comparing DNA,
RNA or amino acid sequences in proteins
–
the more similar more closely related
Evidence for Evolution

Anatomical Structures:
Homologous: same structure different function
Evidence for Evolution
Analogous: same function, different structure
Example: bird wing and butterfly wing
Evidence for Evolution
Vestigial: serve no purpose
in organism, may be “left
over” of previous
ancestor.
Ex – wisdom teeth,
appendix
Crushing Mouth Parts
Jumping Legs
Curly Antenna
Double Set of Wings
Wings
6 Legs
Legs
Segmented body
Mechanisms for Evolution:
POPULATIONS
evolve individuals do
not.
1.
•
•
Population is the
smallest unit of
evolution
Different versions of
acquired traits are
present in a
population and can
be selected thus
changing the
population
Mechanisms for Evolution
2. Changes in Gene Pool:
1. Mutations: changes in the DNA of an organism if
the change affects the phenotype
Mechanisms for Evolution
2. Environmental changes:
Types of natural selection
a.
b.
c.
Disruptive – conditions are most favorable for
BOTH of the two extremes of the phenotype
Stabilizing – conditions are most favorable for
the average version of the phenotype
Directional – conditions are most favorable for
ONE of the two extremes of the phenotype
Disruptive Selection
Before
After
Stabilizing Selection
Before
After
Directional Selection
Before
After
Mechanisms for Evolution
3. Speciation - development of a new species
–
Geographic Isolation – part of population becomes
separated by distance, and evolves differently 
leading to a new species
Timeframe for Evolution

Timeframes: (Describe
how quickly the new
species may have formed
based on the fossil record)
1.
Gradualism – small
changes occur constantly,
until a new species is
formed
Timeframes for Evolution
2. Punctuated Equilibrium
– a long period of no
change is followed by a
period of very rapid
change, leading to a
new species
Ticket out the Door


What type of natural
selection is pictured to the
right?
What is the connection
between geographic
isolation and speciation?
Entry 50
 Pick
5/1
up the assignment at LAB
STATION 1, complete and paste in
journal
 Turn in Cladogram & Genetics if you
did not yesterday.
Disease Agents and
Natural Selection

Pathogen: a disease
causing organism
–
–
Examples: Virus,
Bacteria, Protists
(algae & protozoa), and
Fungi (yeast)
Pathogens trigger an
Immune Response

Production of Antibodies
Disease Agents and Natural Selection
Pathogens cont.

Two Types of Immunity
–
Passive Immunity:


–
Antibodies are passed from mother to
child through the placenta and breast
milk
Injected serum containing antibodies
(anti-venom)
Active Immunity:


Immune system actively produces
antibodies and remembers the
foreign invaders
Vaccines – weakened or dead virus
is injected and triggers production of
antibodies
AIDS and Natural Selection
LIPID COAT

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome) is contracted through
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus)
– Virus: Non-living, smaller than
bacteria; needs to invade cells in
order to survive

–
Structure: Capsid (protein coat) and
DNA or RNA
Attacks the T-cells (first
antibodies produced)
RNA
INNER CAPSID
OUTER CAPSID
AIDS and Natural Selection

10% of European population is immune to HIV
–
–
Life-saving random mutation (CCR5-delta 32
mutation)selected for by the devastating black plague
epidemics that swept over Europe beginning in the 14th
century
People who inherit 2 copies of this same mutation is immune
to HIV
Dominant Gene
HIV will recognize
And invade cells
Mutation
HIV will
NOT
recognize
and
cannot
infect cells
AIDS and Natural Selection

Antivirals are used to treat AIDS and
other viruses
–
Function of Antivirals
 Block
the introduction of viral DNA/RNA into the
cell
 Interfere with the viral genetic material being
spliced into host DNA
 Interfere with assembly of the new viruses
AIDS and Natural Selection

Viruses mutate a blinding pace causing the
antiviral drugs to be ineffective.
–
–
Viruses like HIV will MUTATE and make their way
into the cell and new antiviral will need to be
developed and/or used
This is why HIV patients are on the AIDS “Cocktail”

Typically 3 different antivirals to compensate for the quick
mutation
Antiviral Blocks
Antiviral
Interferes
Assembly
Antiviral
Interferes
Replication
Evolution Today

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria:
–
If antibiotics are taken incorrectly and/or
antibiotics enter our food web, the exposure will
kill those bacteria which were NOT resistant, and
leave behind the bacteria that WERE resistant to
reproduce. This leads to SUPERBUGS that we
CANNOT kill!

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
Evolution Today

Pesticide Resistant Insects:
–
RESISTANCE – describes how well the organism
can survive exposure to a chemical. If an insect
is resistant to pesticide, the pesticide does NOT
kill the insect.
Co-evolution/ Antibiotic Resistance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtw

http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp
Evolution Review Test
 You
will make flash cards for every
question you missed.
Or
 Create a concept map incorporating all
the questions you missed.
FLASHCARD
CONCEPT MAP
Front
Concept the question is
covering
Back
Definition of Concept
AND
Choose one…
Example
Picture
Steps
Adaptation
Evolution
Classification and Speciation
Isn’t everything living either a plant or an
animal?
 First Classification System
–
–
Devised by Aristotle
Two basic groups: plant and animal.
Modern Classification System

Devised by Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
–
Created a system called Binomial Nomenclature
 Every organism receives two names Genus
and Species
–
The genus specie name is written in a specific format



Italicize = Homo sapiens
Underline = Homo sapiens
Homo is the genus, sapiens is the species
Biological Taxonomy


TAXONOMY is the study of classification
DOMAIN is the highest taxonomic rank of
organisms
–
Domain system consists of three domains:



Archae
Bacteria
Eukarya
Taxonomy

Seven levels of TAXA
were created
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King
Most General (only 6 Kingdoms)
Most Specific (~2 million identified)
Philip Came Over For Green Soup
Taxonomy


Specie is the most specific of these seven taxa, thus
the specie would contain only one type of organism.
Specie is defined as a group of organisms which can
interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Basis for Classification

Linnaeus Classification
–
Morphology: Shared physical characteristics


Example: Animals – Type of Heart (2 chambers vs 4 chambers)
and Blood, live birth vs egg, antennae, wings, etc.
Example: Plants – Number of Stamens (male parts), number of
styles (female parts)
Modern Classification


Biochemical analysis:
gram staining bacteria, or
comparing DNA and
amino acid sequences
Embryology: common
fetal development
Modern
Classification

Phylogeny: describes
the evolutionary
relationships between
organisms.
–
Example:
Homologous/Analogous
structures used to
determine relationships
Modern Classification

Phylogenetic Trees are
used to show a visual
representation of the
evolutionary relationships
–
Phylogenetic Tree - each
node represents the inferred
most recent common
ancestor, and the edge
lengths may be interpreted
as time estimates.
Type of Phylogenetic Tree

Cladogram – specific
type of phylogenetic
tree which emphasize
the order in which
derived characteristics
arise from a
phylogenetic tree
Tools used in Classification


Phylogenetic Tree/Cladogram
Dichotomous Key
–
Uses paired statements and visible characteristics
to “key out” an organism and identify it.
Sample Dichotomous Key
1. a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton ……………………………….. go to 2
b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …………………………… go to 3
2. a. Body has a round shape ……………………………….……….. Ladybug
b. Body has a elongated shape ………………….................. Grasshopper
3. a. Wings point out from the side ……………………………......... Dragonfly
b. Wings point to posterior of the body ……………….………….. House fly
Ticket out the Door
Abiogenesis
the formation of living
organisms from
non-living material
My picture
My sentence
Evolution
Change over LONG
periods of time
My picture
My sentence
Journal Entry = copy the
following
 Oparin
= Primordial Soup
 Miller & Urey = Tested Primordial Soup
theory
 Redi
= disproved spontaneous generation
(maggots and rotting meat)
 Pasteur
= disproved spontaneous
generation of microorganisms with s-shaped
flask
Evolution primer 2 who was
charles darwin


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmphlbRh
Lu8
Gravitationalist you tube
Flashcard Warm-up
Adaptation
Physical, physiological, or
behavioral trait an
organism is BORN
with that allows for
successful survival in their
environment.
My picture
My sentence
Homologous Structures
vs
Analogous Structures
Homologous = same structure
different function
Analogous = same function
different structure
My Picture
My sentence
Flashcard Warm-up
 Mechanisms
for Evolution
–
–
–
–
Mutations
Environmental
changes
Natural selection
Co-evolution

Evidence for evolution
includes:




Fossils
Comparative anatomy
Homologous, analogous,
and vestigial structures
Biochemical similarities
 DNA and Amino acid
similarities