Attitudes and Perceptions of Fishers towards
the 25-year old Seasonal Closed Measure
in Phang-Nga & Krabi Bays, Thailand
by
Ms. Sampan Panjarat
ST109098
NRM, AIT
16th May, 2011
Content
1.
Introduction
2.
Objectives
3.
Method: study area, tool, sampling procedure
4.
Result & Discussion
5.
Conclusion & Recommendation
Abbreviation
A&P
ASCT
IUU
LSF
PB
KB
SCM
SSF
Attitude and Perception
Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand
Illegal Unregulated Unreported Fisheries
Large-Scale Fisheries
Phang-Nga Bay
Krabi Bay
Seasonal Closed Measure
Small-Scale Fisheries
2
Introduction
3
What are attitude and perception?
Attitude:

a complex mental state involving beliefs, feelings, values
and dispositions to act in certain ways

manner, disposition, feeling, position, etc., with regard to
a person or thing

tendency or orientation, especially of the mind
Perception:

the act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses
or of the mind

cognition

believe, opinion, understanding

the synonym of awareness, sense and recognition
Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Collins English Dictionary- Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.
4
Why important?

The interaction between the individual’s attitudes and objective
influence behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975).

Attitude itself can be influenced by psychological and
environmental factors (Bentler & Speckart, 1979); Lazarus and Folkman , 1984).

Perception: individuals behaviour in a certain manner of what they
see or believe rather than based on the reality of environment; so,
the two persons can interpret differently even they see the same
thing, and perception affects the decision making (The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language (4th Edition).

The resource user s’ perception is important to the aspect of natural
resources management because it will significantly affect the
effectiveness of resources regulatory regime (Runolfsson, 1997 ; Dimech et al., 2009).
5
Attitude & Perception towards Fishery Management

fishers’ moral & perception will appreciably influence
fishers’ attitude towards compliance or noncompliance behaviors (Raakjaer & Neilsen, 2003)

extreme enforcement could carry to decrease the
number of non compliance, fishers are alternative in
ascertaining to ignore the measures (Sutinen & Gauvin, 1990)

many studies aim to discover fishers’ attitude and
perception on the management regulation

because the effectiveness of management regulation
will not be facilitated if the resource users do not
sincerely comply
6
Phang-Nga
Seasonal Closed
Measure (SCM)
Thailand
Phuket

PB
Krabi
The 1985 SCM
The 2007 SCM
2 months
3 months
15 Apr-15Jun
1 Apr-30Jun
Prohibited: trawlers, purse seiners,
gill nets (Ø < 4.7 cm)
KB
KB
Trang
Exempted: day-anchovy purse seiners,
nets operating to weir or fence
7
SCM & Research Gaps

Emphasize ecological aspect rather than social aspect

Illegal fishing (DOF, 2010): enforcement is expensive
Year
No. of incident budget (mil USD)
IUU budget (m USD)
2006
100
8.5
0
2007
129
8.5
0
2008
88
8.5
10
2009
72
9.5
10

Illegal fishing incidents in reality suppose to be higher (2.5 million USD)

The overexploitation (pelagic fish 333%, demersal fish 200%)

the expectation for compliance is likely to be higher in the ASCT, especially
spawning & nursing season
8
Objectives

Demographic/Profile of fishers in the PB & KB

Knowledge of fishers about the SCM

Participation of fishers in the SCM

A&P (agreeing, impact, satisfaction, behaviors and opinion)

Influencing factors (demographic, knowledge, participation)

Examine: how can the research finding be integrated to facilitate
the effectiveness of the SCM
9
Method
10
Phang-Nga
Sampling Sites

Thailand

Phuket
PB

PB (49)


SSF= 22 samples


Bann Klong Kein

Bann Koh Yao, Phang Nga
CCF=27 samples

Bann Koh Sire , Phuket
KB (51)
KB
Krabi

SSF=41 samples
 Bo Muang, Krabi
 Kao Kramm, Krabi
 Dann , Trang
 Tasae, Trang
 Koa Kiam, Trang
 Modtanoy, Trang
CCF=10 samples
KB

Trang



 Bann Si Thai, Krabi
11
The 1985 SCM
The 2007 SCM
Tool: Structured Questionnaire

Validity: Consulting experts eg. Prof. Ganesh P. Shivakoti,
Dr. Roland Cochard, Dr. Theor Ebbers, director of AFRDEC,
head of the Satun Fisheries Station, provincial staff of DOF
head of villages and official staff of Koh Yoa Sub-district, Koh Yoa
Island & Krabi Fisheries Association

Reliability: Cronbach’s α 0.6-0.7 : acceptable , 0.8 : good

Part 1 Fishers’ Profile

Part 2 Fisheries information

Part 3 Knowledge of fishers on the SCM (α 0.840)

Part 4 Participation (α 0.847)

Part 5 Attitude & Perception (α 0.668)

Part 6 Behavior & opinion (α 0.623)

Part 7 Recommendation
12
Sampling Method
• Cross-sectional method: one-time study to observe A & P at a single
point in time to explain the current A&P of fishers
• Face-to-face interviews: 100 fishers (October-November 2010)
Reconnaissance Survey
Acquiring the Information of the
sampling sites: informal interview
Main Survey
Interview & Observation
& Observation
Pre-test: Questionnaire
Questionnaire
13
Result
& Discussion
AFRDEC, nd
AFRDEC nd
AFRDEC nd
Demographic of fishers in the PB & KB
 General information
 Gender: nearly all fishers are men
 Age: 23-63 years olds
 Religion: Buddhist and Muslim
 Education: elementary school
 Domicile: Native & migrant
 Family member: 2-18 members
 Fishing experience: 1-47 years
 Fisheries information: LSF and SSF
15
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
N=49
N=51
N=100
16
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Fisheries information

LSF (37 fishers)
 Single gear (more variety of
 Prohibited
gear in PB)
or exempted gear
 Owners
 Most of
fishers derive income from only fisheries; a few
fishers invest in parallel businesses
 Most of fishers working entire year; a few fishers
temporarily stopped during closed season
17
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
18
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Fisheries information

SSF (63 fishers)
 Multiple gear (1-5
types) (More variety of gear in KB)
 PB: only allowable gear;
KB: allowable and both of
allowable and prohibited gear
 Most of
fishers derive income from only fisheries; some
fishers have parallel jobs
 Most of
fishers work entire year; a few fishers
temporarily work parallel jobs
19
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
oknation.net
20
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
oknation.net
21
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Knowledge & understanding on the SCM
SAMPAN Dec 2010
SAMPAN Dec 2010
22
Fishers’ knowledge and understanding on the SCM
 Fishers from the both Bays have
in all aspects of the SCM
low knowledge & understanding
 Fishers in PB have more knowledge on the exempted
than fishers in KB
gear
23
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Informational sources
 Fishers mostly derive from Government Officers,
Neighbours, head of community and printed media
 The organization that closed with fishers played less role
e.g.. Fisheries association and fishing port
24
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
25
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Participation in the SCM
SAMPAN Dec 2010
SAMPAN Dec 2010
26
 Fishers mostly did not participate in establishment and stewardship
activities, especially fishers in Krabi Bay
 Most fishers accepted that if fish amount increase it will be available for all
fishers to share
27
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
A&P
SAMPAN Nov 2010
SAMPAN Dec 2010
28
Agreement



Fishers in KB disagreed with the time of restriction
Fishers in KB stated neutral on the Exempted gear
Most fishers disagreed with performance of patrol officers:




d0 not monitor & observe, when demanded by fishers
can not handle the violators
did not have a fair evenhanded treatment for all fishers
believed that corruption was existent
29
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Perception on Impact

Fishers in PB perceived that SCM negatively impact on conflict

Fisher in PB disagreed with the increasing sizes of fish

Fishers in PB & KB agreed with the increasing amount of fish:
 CPUE
of pelagic fish in 1998 30 tons/day decrease to 2 tons/day in 2002
 port sampling and cruise survey in 2009-2010 (DOF, 2010) show the
fluctuation of fish amount and did not clearly indicate the change
30
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Satisfaction

All fishers clearly stated their satisfaction

74% of fisher satisfied, 26% dissatisfied
31
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Behavioural Attribute

Some fishers opposed the amendment

A few fishers fished illegally

Fishers distrusted fishers from outside their communities

Fishers did not call patrol: distrusted, do not want to face difficulties
32
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Opinion


Fishers agreed on the existence of the SCM
However; it still needs improvement
33
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Influencing factors
Demographic
Age: increasing of fish size
Religion: agreement, satisfaction, calling patrol
Province: agreement in time of restriction
Categories of gear: agreement in time & area of restriction, impact
LSF or SSF: agreement in the categories of gear, impact, trust
% income derived from fisheries: fishers who totally depended on
fisheries more disagreed with performance of patrol officers
34
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Influencing factors
 Level
of knowledge
 higher
knowledge : more agreed with exempted gear
: more trust outside fishers
 Level
of participation
 higher
participation : more satisfaction
: less opposed the extending the time
& expanding the areas of restriction
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
35
Conc. & Recom.
Conclusion & Recommendation
36
Demographic
 complexity of
fisheries communities
 more varieties of
 more
LSF gear in PB: exempted gear
multiple SSF gear in KB
 influencing
factors of A&P: age, religion, Province,
categories of gear, capital level, and proportion of income
“The multi-instruments should be implemented to deal
with the social complexity to support fisheries
occupation: social securities, alternative occupation
extensions”
37
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Knowledge

most fishers had low knowledge on the SCM

sanction, exempted & prohibited gear, time &
area of restriction
level of knowledge influence A&P in the aspects
of agreement on exceptional gear & trust outside
fishers

“Enhance standard knowledge transfer: social
network, participation & involvement”
38
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Participation

fishers lacked participation in most activities
especially KB

inappropriate mechanisms of participation

level of participation influence A&P in
satisfaction and behavior of opposed the
extending & expanding time & area of restriction
“Enhance full participation: appropriate
mechanisms and concern the social
characteristics”
39
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
A&P
 some fishers disagreed
0r opposed the SCM (time & area)
 a few fishers persist to
brake the SCM
 most fishers disagreed
with performance of patrol
 fishers distrust patrol officers: did
not call patrol
 distrusted outside fishers
 dissatisfied:
 the SCM
26%
requires the improvement
40
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
A&P (recommendation)
 Assess
the SCM :
 time
& areas of restriction,
 exempted gear
 scientific & traditional knowledge, local involvement
 Building of trust and commitment
 Examine
 Build
performance of patrol officers
trust: information sharing, save cost
 More
contribution of the social science research in
fisheries management
41
Demographic
Knowledge
Participation
A&P
Influencing factors
Conc. & Recom.
Thank You
42