ANSC 301
Animal Health
Diseases
• Any deviation from the normal state of health.
• Accurate disease diagnoses is an essential
element in any health management program.
Health
• What is normal?
– 101.5 F
– Clear runny nose vs ???
– Droopy appearance/ watery eyes
– Off feed and/or water
– Gait
– Scours
– Cough
Vaccines
• Antigen-
is any substance that, when introduced
parenterally into animal tissue stimulates the production
antibodies.
• Antibody-
is any substance that makes its appearance in
the body fluids of an animal in response to a stimulus
provided by the parenteral introduction of an antigen into
the tissues, therefore the antibodies give the desired
protection.
Types of Vaccines
• Killed – not as effective yet given to pregnant
females
– Can be stored for a longer period of time
• Modified Live – more effective yet should not
be given to pregnant females
– Cannot be stored as long
Most Common diseases vaccinated against in
Texas in Cattle
• Clostridial Diseases
– Bacillary Hemoglobinuria
(Red Water Disease)
– Blackleg caused by Cl.
Chauvoei
– Enterotoxemias caused by Cl.
Perfringens type C&D
– Infectious necrotic hepatitis
caused by Cl. Novi
– Malignant edema caused by
Cl. Septicum
– Big head caused by Cl.
Sordellii
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Brucellosis
Vibrio
Leptospirosis
IBR-IPV
BVD
Parainfluenza 3
BRSV
Pneumonic Pateurellosi s
Haemophilosis
Anthrax
Tuberculosis
• A serious bacterial disease
• Affects respiratory system
• Three main types:
– Human, cattle, avian
– Avian is restricted to birds
– Bovine can affect many warm blooded vertebrates
– Can be transmitted to hogs and dogs
Tuberculosis
• Symptoms
– Usually no signs of ailment
• Treatment
– Test and slaughter reactors
– Report to state veterinarian
• Prevention
– Periodic testing
Soremouth
• Contagious ecthyma
• Signs – difficulty
eating, spreading
lesions to the does
udder
• Vaccination – use live
virus by scarifying the
skin and painting on
the vaccine.
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis
(Sore Mouth)
• Cause: infectious viral
disease (affects animals
and humans)
• Symptoms: Pimples
around the nose,
mouth, eyes, anus, and
hoofs. These turn to
watery blisters then to
sticky, encrusted scabs.
The mouth and gums
swell. Can cause death
if the animal is unable
to eat.
Soremouth
Sore Mouth cont…
• Treatment: Isolate
the goat and use an
antibiotic spray or
ointment.
Vaccination is not
recommended. Use
a medication with
Cephapirin
Benzathine.
Pinkeye
• Infectious
keratoconjunctivitis.
• Occurs in warm and hot
weather because it is spread
be flies and close contact.
• Highly contagious.
• Prevention – good
sanitation, and fly control.
Pinkeye
• Cause: spread by flies, dust and long
grass
• Symptoms: watery eye, red and cornea is
cloudy, sensitive to light
• Treatment: flush eyes with penicillin or
Oxytetracycline for a few days and also
isolate the animal from other animals. Broad
spectrum antibiotics, sprays and powders. Remove from
sunlight and cover with patch.
Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)
• Symptoms
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Water eyes
Swelling
Corneal opacity
ulceration
• Transmission
– Commonly associated
with irritants (dust,
stress, sunlight, grass,
weeds, pollen, etc.)
– Face flies
Pinkeye
• Treatment
– Oxytetracycline
– Patch over infected eye
• Prevention
– Control of flies
– Isolate infected animals
– Select breeding animals with eyelid pigmentation
Pinkeye
Tetanus
• Symptoms
– Spasms
– Contractions of
voluntary muscles
– High mortality rate
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• Transmission
– Through wounds
– Especially deep puncture
wounds
Treatment= antibiotics, tranquilizers, high doses of
tetanus anitoxins
Prevention= avoid contamination of open wounds
- vaccinate in high risk areas
Tetanus cont.
• Anti-toxin vs toxoid
• Booster is a must
• Clostridium
perfringens type C &
D, primarily type D.
Foot Rot
• Necrotic Pododermatitis, Interdigital Necrobacillosis,
fusobacterium necrophorum
• Known to live in the soil for > 10 mos.
• Causes lameness in cattle
• Incubation is about 5 days
• Foot tissue or skin has to be broken for introduction
of bacteria
• Stones, plant stubble, wire, nails, glass, etc. are all
culprits of causing cuts or abrasions that lead to
infection
Foot Rot
• Cause: Flusiformis nodosus
infection enters the hoof &
causes inflammation of the
sensitive laminae
• Symptoms: mild to severe
lameness, animals are reluctant
to walk; associated with a foul
smell
• Treatment: Hoof paring in
order to remove the underrun
hoof. Apply antiseptics to
remove any infection.
Foot Rot
• 5% CuSO4 or 5% formalin are used as walk-in
foot baths at dairies
• Also, antibiotics such as Naxcel, Nuflor, LA
200, Sulmet, tetracycline powders are used
• If possible, clean and trim the foot of dead
tissue and then apply an antiseptic
Pneumonia
• Cause: infection of the
lung
• Respiratory Problem
• Prevention – decrease
stress by providing dry,
well-ventilated housing
with adequate space.
• Symptoms –
unthriftiness, runny
nose, loss of appetite
and high temp.
Pneumonia
• Symptoms cont.: stops eating, hangs
head, sounds congested, rapid or difficulty
coughing and breathing
• Treatment – Antibiotics and correction of
predisposing factors with environmental
conditions. Oxytetrocycline; if severe, may
require veterinary-only drugs
Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia
• Cause – mycoplasma hyopneumonia bacteria
– Infectious respiratory disease of swine
• Prevalence – 80 – 90% of US swine herds
• Transmission – animal to animal contact
Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont.
• Clinical signs
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Sneezing
Dry cough
Listlessness
Poor growth performance
• Economic Losses
– Death loss
– Reduced feed efficiency 10 – 30%
–
gain
Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont.
• Treatment – antibiotics – Lincomycin
• Control – depopulation
– Can live with it with good management, i.e. no
stress, good nutrition
Atrophic Rhinitis
• Cause
– Bordetella bacteria
– Pasturella bacteria
• Transmission
– Pig to pig contact
Atrophic Rhinitis cont.
• Clinical signs
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Affects nasal turbinate bone development
Early sign in baby pigs
Sneezing
Distortion of nose
Pneumonia
Black areas around eyes
Atrophic Rhinitis cont.
• Control
• Vaccination
• Depopulation – only way to completely get rid of
• antibiotics
Porcine Reproductive
&
Respiratory Syndrome
(PRRS)
What is in a name?
• Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome has been called by many names,
but now is referred to as PRRS
• Other names were/are:
– Mystery Swine Disease (name first given to the
disease)
– Mystery Reproductive Syndrome
– Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome (SIRS)
– Blue Ear Disease
– Lelystad Virus (virus that causes PRRS)
Advanced Swine Production
What is PRRS?
PRRS was discovered in 1987 in the United
States and 1991 in the Netherlands, soon
spreading throughout all of Canada and
Europe.
There are so many different strains of PRRS that
preventative vaccines are not 100% effective.
PRRS is a virus that causes reproductive failure
in breeding stock and respiratory tract failure
in young pigs.
PRRS costs the United States swine industry
approximately $600 million yearly.
Advanced Swine Production
Origination
Researchers at the University of Minnesota
hypothesized that:
“A mutant of a closely related arterivirus of mice (lactate
dehydrogenase-elevating virus) infected wild boars in central Europe.
These wild boars functioned as intermediate hosts and spread the
virus to North Carolina in imported, infected European wild boars
in 1912; the virus then evolved independently on the two continents
in the prevalent wild hog populations for approximately 70
years until independently entering the domestic pig population.”
- Peter G.W. Plagemann
Advanced Swine Production
Symptoms/Problems in Pigs
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PRRS is more severe in nursery pigs
than in finishing pigs.
Severe pneumonia with coughing & labored
breathing
Increased pre-weaning sickness & death
Pigs with PRRS will take longer to finish
High fever
Depression (shows in finishing pigs)
Advanced Swine Production
Transmission of PRRS
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Introduction of infected hogs into the herd
Mucus / Nose to Nose
Urine
Feces
Semen (both artificial insemination and
natural)
• Air (possible but not as likely)
• Blood
Advanced Swine Production
A common misconception about PRRS is that if
the hog acquires the virus and lives, it will then
be immune for the rest of its life. This is not true,
not only can the hog acquire the disease again,
but could also recover and live out its
days as carrier (showing no signs).
Advanced Swine Production
Prevention
• PRRS vaccine (not 100% effective & consideration
needs to be taken due to the fact it is a modified live
virus)
• Clean farrowing houses
• Disinfection & drying of pens
• Better management practices
• Quarantine incoming hogs for 60 days
• Realize facility’s limitations and do not overcrowd
• Prevent infected stock from entering herd
– Do “homework” on potential purchases, investigate the
herd, herdsman and general management practices before
committing to buy.
Advanced Swine Production
What is Circovirus?
• There are actually two types of Circovirus:
– Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 1 – PCV-1
– Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 2 – PCV-2
PCV-1
• PCV-1 & PCV-2 were found as far back as
1969, but was not isolated and studied until
1974.
• PCV-1 has not been found to cause any
disease in swine and research has not
established any clinical significance to PCV-1.
PCV-2
In 1995 researchers noticed that when PMWS
(post-weaning multi-systemic wasting
syndrome) was diagnosed, by association they
proposed the idea that PCV-2 sometimes
caused PMWS.
PCV-2
• In 1999, after many studies, research confirmed that
PCV-2 causes PMWS.
• It also causes PRDC (porcine respiratory disease
complex) and PDNS (porcine dermatitis and
nephropathy syndrome).
– Note: studies have shown that PCV-2 generally must be
combined with extenuating circumstances to turn into
Circovirus.
– If most herds were tested, PCV-1 & PCV-2 would show up
in the blood, but rarely shows clinical signs or manifests
into other syndromes.
If pigs are infected with PCV-2
symptoms generally appear from 5
-18 weeks of age.
Symptoms of PCV-2
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Poor growth
Swollen lymph nodes
Diarrhea
Stomach ulcers
Fever
Jaundice
Difficulty breathing
Weight loss
Skin rashes
Transmission of PCV-2
• Much like any other disease PCV-1
PCV-2 are passed through:
– Blood
– Urine
– Feces
– Mucous
&
Reasons for Manifestation of PCV-2
• Not completely known, but researchers think
it is a combination of the following:
– Presence of PCV-2 in herd
– Environmental conditions (weather, cleanliness of
barns, etc.)
– Stress
Every-day Prevention
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Quarantine new hogs
Foot dip for humans entering farrowing houses
Maintain proper ventilation
Stay up to date with vaccinations for other diseases
Promptly treat ill pigs
Control rodent, insect and bird population near the
hog pens and barns
“Current studies suggest that when
the immune system becomes
activated fighting off a disease
challenge and the pig also is
infected with PCV-2, the
circovirus infection may become
overwhelming and result in
PMWS.”
Henry Gauvreau, Porcine Swine Update, 2001
Bloat
• Cause: gorging on anything
unsuitable (example: wet
grass pastures or raiding
food bin)
• Symptoms: Tightly inflated
flanks, collapse, and misery
• Treatment: Drench goat with
vegetable or other oil (6-8 oz
for adults & 2+ oz for kids),
walk goat around, massage
flanks. Contact veterinarian
if this does not help.
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
• Cause: Bacteria enters the goat through breaks
in skin or mucus membranes and localizes in
lymph node.
• Symptoms: Abscesses of the lymph glands.
• Treatment: Have a Vet test to see if the abscess
is CL. Isolate the goat, lance the abscess and
remove discharge, then treat with iodine several
times. Destroy all discharge.
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
Urinary Calculi
• Cause: A hard mass of
mineral salts in the urinary
tract caused by a dietary
mineral imbalance. Urinary
calculi is usually seen in
bucks.
• Symptoms: straining to
urinate, restlessness, vocal
signs of pain, pawing at the
ground, and looking at its
abdomen
• Treatment: Consult your
veterinarian.
Stone (suture 1 inch in length)
Scours
• More common in young kids.
• Caused by coccidia, E. coli,
worms, salmonella, and
viruses.
• Signs – anorexia (won’t eat),
high temp, weakness, and
watery or pasty feces.
• Prevention – good
sanitation.
• Treatment – antibiotics,
intestinal astringents (bolus
or fluid to decrease
contractions), and fluid and
electrolyte therapy.
Parasites
• Internal- present inside the animal, but their
eggs are microscopic in size. The economic loss
is great, but a slow continuous process
• External- live off of the flesh and/or blood of
the cattle. They can mechanically transmit the
organisms that cause pinkeye, mastitis, and
other infectious diseases to cattle.
Internal Parasites
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Stomach Worms
Cooperids
Hookworms
Tapeworms
Intestinal
Threadworm
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Common Liver Fluke
Giant Liver Fluke
Lancet Fluke
Stomach Flukes
Coccidiosis
Much more ………….
Stomach Worms
• Large Stomach Worm
• Medium Stomach Worm
• Small Stomach Worm
Nematode Life Cycle
Products Used to Treat Internal Parasites:
*Ivomec Sheep Drench (Ivermectin)
*Tramisol or Levasole (Levamisole)
*Bovatec (Lasalocid Sodium)
*Rumensin (Monensin
*Corid (Amprolium)
*Dectomax (Doramectin)
*Valbazen (Albendazole)
*Panacur (Fenbendazole)
* Many of these products are not labeled for use in goats. Their
use in these cases is considered "extra-label."
Parasites of Growing Pigs
• Ascaris suum, large
roundworm
• Oesophagostomum spp.,
nodular worm
• Trichuris suis, whipworm
• Metastrongylus,
lungworm
External Parasites
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Flies
Lice
Ticks
Grubs/Heelfly
Fly Infestation
Horn Flies
Lice
• Most abundant during winter and spring.
• Only treat in in the late fall and early winter
• Treat with pour-ons, injections as well as
backrubbers or periodic spraying of
insecticides
• Be sure to watch withdrawal periods on all products
used to control parasites.
Lice
Lice - Damalinia
Flies
• Face fly and Horn fly
– Suck blood and irritate cattle
– In some areas flies have developed resistance to
certain products.
– Producers should alternate between:
– Sprays, dust bags, backrubbers, pour-ons and feed additives,
as well as ear tags or tape.
Flies - Lucilia, Calliphora, Chrysomya
Grubs/Heelfly
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Reduce milk production
Reduce weight gain
And diminish hide value
A big loss is due to carcass trim andf lower
meat quality
• They are the larval stage of the heel fly
Grub
• Prevetion is best when the life cycle of the
grub worm is learned
• Effective treatments are:
Co-Ral, Ivomec, Spotton, Tiguron
Warbex, Dectomax
Grub Infestation
Coccidiosis
• Common in young kids.
• Flourish in pens with manure
buildup.
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Cause: Coccidia parasites
• Eradication is difficult once
the facilities are infected.
• Signs – diarrhea, loss of
condition, general
unthriftiness, poor growth,
dehydration, blood in
diarrhea, off feed, rapid
weight loss, and fever
Coccidiosis
• Treatment – coccidiostats added to water
and feed and strict sanitation.
• Treatment: Treat with Biosol, give orally
once a day for 5-7 days. Can also treat
with half Corid or Sulmet Also, can put
Decox in the mineral
Ringworm- fungus
THE END