What factors spurred industrial
growth in the late 1800s?
WHY IT MATTERS
ENCOURAGING INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
The demands of the __________ ________,
the availability of natural ____________, an
increase in _______________, and supportive
_______________ policies encouraged
industries to expand.
Edwin _______________ discovers Oil – “Black Gold”
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
What is meant by the term above???
Give examples to support your understanding
_______________ – Faire Capitalism
Theory of Adam _______________
Businesses are left free from government regulation to
compete in a free market
Most people believed government regulation would
reduce individuals chances of prosperity
Utilitarian’s Limited Government
Theory of Jeremy ______________
Goal of society should be to provide:
”Happiness for the greatest number of people”
Government should regulate business in certain
circumstances
_______________ government absorbed many ideas from
Bentham
SOCIALISM
Utopians – early socialists
Robert ____________ –established Owen’s Utopia
Theory of collective ownership of all business means
“More equal incomes across the board”
COMMUNISM
 Theory of Karl _______________ – wrote “Communist
Manifesto” Discussed communism as solution to
Capitalism
 Argued that the working class did not have the
opportunity to prosper under a capitalist system because
the power lies in the hands of few
 No individual ownership of property - everyone within
society should share property and ownership of
production
 Marx’s theory would create a classless society
 Communism later evolves to small elite group controlling
all economic and political aspects of life
SOCIAL ___________________
Theory of Charles Darwin
Stated society progresses through competition
“Survival of the Fittest”
Encouraged racism between nationalist groups
How did new technologies
shape industrialization?
INNOVATION DRIVES THE NATION
New technologies improved communication
and transportation. Improved transportation
allowed factories to change the way they
created goods and led to the system of mass
production, which replaced performing tasks
by hand.
Telephone - Alexander Graham
__________ (1876)
Telegraph – Samuel F.B.
__________ (1837)
Morse Code Enters Cyber Age
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p
hp?storyId=1680529
THE “HORSELESS CARRIAGE”
The Duryea Brothers
America's first gasoline powered commercial car manufacturers were two brothers,
Charles Duryea (1861-1938) and Frank Duryea. The brothers were bicycle makers
who became interested in gasoline engines and automobiles. On September 20
1893, their first automobile was constructed and successfully tested on the public
streets of Springfield, Massachusetts. Charles Duryea founded the Duryea Motor
Wagon Company in 1896, the first company to manufacture and sell gasoline
powered vehicles. By 1896, the company had sold thirteen cars of the model
Duryea, an expensive limousine, which remained in production into the 1920s.
America's First Automobile Race
The Kitty Hawk Flight
100 Years Ago, Wright Brothers Launched First True Airplane
by Joe Palcahttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1550446
Typewriter – Christopher __________ (1867)
Phonograph Turns 130
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=16504888
Edison's New Jersey Lab
http://www.npr.org/templates/
story/story.php?storyId=1431
059
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do
Necessity, who is the mother of invention.
Plato, The Republic
Greek author & philosopher in Athens (427 BC - 347 BC)
SCHOOLHOUSE ROCK – Mother Necessity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQKsiPJRcN0
What impact did industrialization
have on Americans?
THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Industrialization increased the
_________________ of U.S. cities because
farms required fewer workers. Increased
production made the United States more
involved with the economies of
_______________nations. Waste from
industries created pollution and caused people
to be concerned about their environment.
William Graham Sumner
on Social Obligations
“A man who is present as a consumer, yet who does not contribute either
by land, labor, or capital to the work of society, is a burden.”
“…and the State is thus made to become the protector and guardian of
certain classes.”
“Poverty is the best policy. It you get wealth, you will have to support other
people; if you do not get wealth, it will be the duty of other people to support
you.”
William Graham Sumner
on Social Obligations
“Every honest citizen of a free state owes it to himself, to the community,
and especially to those who are at once weak and wronged, to go to their
assistance and help redress their wrongs.”
“We each owe it to the other to guarantee rights.”
“The class distinctions simply result from the different degrees of success
with which men have availed themselves of the chances which were
presented to them.”
By 1890, the richest 10% controlled 9/10 of the wealth
Interstate Commerce
Commission
February 4, 1887 – Law passed by Congress stating that all
railroad charges should be fair and reasonable, and that
forbade interstate railroad abuses. Its established a fivemember Interstate Commerce Commission to administer the
provisions of the law.
Sherman _____________ Act
July 2, 1890 – Legislation passed by Congress to break up
_______________ (pg.108). The first of several antitrust (pg.109) acts
designed to curb the power and growth of monopolies, the law forbade
companies to join in a trust in order to control interstate trade. The law
was also used to break up unions. Penalties for violation included a
$5,000 fine, a year’s imprisonment, or both. Because its wording was
unclear and it was difficult to enforce, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was
supplemented by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914.
CARNEGIE STEEL PLANT IN
BRADDOCK
FACTORY OWNER DETAINED IN FIRE THAT KILLED 55
Morocco, April 28, 2008
Casablanca – Police detained the owner and manager of a Casablanca
mattress factory that went up in flames, killing at least 55 people, a police
official said Sunday amid accusations of poor safety standards and locked
doors that trapped workers.
Rescue workers found one more body yesterday and a sniffer dog
was seen uncovering body parts a day after the blaze at the factory.
SOURCE: Tribune-Review
LABOR UNIONS
ORIGINS AND
MAIN GOALS
PROBLEMS OF WORKERS
• __________ hours, often 12 hours a day
6-7 days a week.
• Unsafe and dangerous working conditions
• Relatively low__________, while company
owners were becoming fabulously
wealthy.
• Children working in dangerous conditions
at very early ages(5-6 years old)
CHILD LABOR IN AMERICA
BOYS AT THE MINE
BREAKER BOYS AT WORK
CIGAR WORKERS IN A FACTORY
Kosher Meat Plant Faces Child Labor Allegations
by Jennifer Ludden
September 10, 2008
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94449437
EARLY LABOR UNIONS
• _____________________: Founded Uriah
Stephens in 1869 & Terrance Powderly
assumed leadership in the 1870’s
• American Federation of Labor (AFL):
Founded by Samuel ___________ (1886)
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
led by John L. Lewis (1938)
REASONS UNIONS HELP
WORKERS
Organization of wage earners, formed for the purpose of serving
the members’ interest with respect to wages and working
conditions.
• Workers banding together can force a
company to shut down, thus costing the
company _____________ and production.
• Together, workers are much more
powerful than they would be alone.
WHAT DID UNIONS WANT?
• The _______ hour work day was a main
goal, they wanted the government to make
it a law.
• Higher _______ for workers.
• Better _______________ at workplaces
• Get rid of __________labor. Not only
because it was bad, but also because
children took jobs that adults could have
sometimes. (This is a little greedy, but
looked good)
TOOLS FOR UNIONS
• __________: Refuse to work to hurt the
company, and make them lose money.
• __________: Get consumers to refuse to
buy a companies product.
• _______________: Slow down production
by only doing what is absolutely necessary
and explicitly stated in a contract.
Workers Occupy Factory After Closing
http://www.latimes.com/video/?slug=la-na-worker-sit-in9-2008dec09-vid
TOOLS OF THE COMPANY
• _______________: Refuse to let workers
come to work until they have no money
and beg to come back.
• STRIKEBREAKERS: When a company
hires replacement workers to work in place
of the original ones. (__________)
Railroad Workers Strike (1877)
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 17, 1877, in Martinsburg, West Virginia.
Workers for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike, because the company had reduced
workers' wages twice over the previous year. The strikers refused to let the trains run until the
most recent pay cut was returned to the employees.
West Virginia's governor quickly called out the state's militia. Militia members, for the most
part, sympathized with the workers and refused to intervene, prompting the governor to
request federal government assistance. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops to
several locations to reopen the railroads. In the meantime, the strike had spread to several
other states, including Maryland, where violence erupted in Baltimore between the strikers
and that state's militia. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and St. Louis, Missouri, strikers
temporarily gained control of the cities until federal soldiers reestablished order. In Chicago,
Illinois, more than twenty-thousand people rallied in support of the strikers.
The strike also affected Ohioans. Governor Thomas Young encouraged Ohioans to form
private police forces to defend businesses from strikers. He also dispatched the Ohio militia to
several locations to maintain law and order. Cleveland residents opposed to the strike
responded to the governor's call and formed their own police force to protect Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad property. In Columbus, mobs attacked and destroyed much railroad property.
Protests in Zanesville, Lancaster, and Steubenville also briefly shut down rail service. The
worst agitation occurred in Newark, a major depot for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. On July
18, 1877, strikers blockaded the railroad, refusing to let any trains to pass. Governor Young
quickly dispatched militia forces to the city, hoping to avoid violence.
By the end of August 1877, the strike had ended primarily due to federal government
intervention, the use of state militias, and the employment of strikebreakers by the Baltimore
& Ohio Railroad Company. The Great Railroad Strike was typical of most strikes during this
era. The availability of laborers and government support for businesses limited workers' ability
to gain concessions from their employers.
HAYMARKET AFFAIR (May 4, 1886)
Violent incident in _______________ Haymarket Square during the McCormick Harvester
Machine Company Strike. Although the labor rally began peaceably, someone threw a
bomb, killing seven policemen. Police responded by killing four demonstrators. Eight
anarchists were found guilty of inciting a riot and murder. Four were hanged and one
committed suicide. Seven years later, in an act that helped destroy his political career,
Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the remaining three, believing they had
received an unfair trial.
Homestead Strike (1892)
Labor dispute between steel workers and the _______________ Steel Company in Homestead,
Pennsylvania, one of the most bitter strikes in American history. The striking trade union, the
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, refused to accept a decrease in wages and
stepped-up production demands by plant manager Henry Clay ________________, who was
determined to break the union. When he brought in three hundred Pinkerton guards to break the
strike, they were met by ten thousand workers and violence erupted. Sixteen men were killed
and many more injured. The governor then sent in eight thousand state militia who guarded nonunion strike breakers running the plant. The strike ended after five months. The first major
struggle between organized labor and big business resulted in failure for the most important craft
union of the age and exhibited the power of American big business
Pullman Strike (May 11 – July 20, 1894)
Violent strike between the American Railway Union (ARU) and the Pullman Palace Car
Company of Illinois. About 2,500 employees went on strike against the company to protest
wage cuts and high rents in the company’s town of Pullman, south of Chicago. Eugene V. Debs
led the ARU in a nationwide boycott of Pullman cars. When railroads fired union members, the
strike became national. United States Attorney General Richard Olney obtained a federal
court injunction barring the union from interfering with the running of the trains after he had
deputized about 3,600 men to keep the trains moving. A rioting mob wrecked a mail train on July
1, causing President Grover Cleveland to call in ____________________to Chicago; on July
4 rioting broke out again and several strikers were killed. By July 10 troops had broken the strike
and labor leaders were jailed for disobeying the injunction. The U.S. ______________________
upheld the use of the injunction by the government in 1895.
A federal panel appointed to
investigate the strike sharply
criticized the company's
paternalistic policies and refusal to
arbitrate, advancing the idea of the
need for unions and for increased
government regulation in an age of
large-scale industrialization.
HOMESTEAD AND PULLMAN STRIKES
SIMILARITIES:
Both were a byproduct of a recession.
Both turned violent
Both ended the union in their respective companies
Both needed the militia to stop them, in the Pullman case, half of the U.S. Army
Both tarnished the reputation of labor unions to make them seem too
_______________ and violent, thus hurting the future of the labor movement.
IN GENERAL THE STRIKES ILLUSTRATE:
•The workers feeling that the rich should help out when times get tough.
•The company attitude that if I built it, I’ll run it, and that workers are simply a piece of
the production process.
OVERALL: Age-old rich versus poor distribution of wealth fight, it got bloody but did
not end up like the French revolution.
Anthracite Coal Strike (1903)
Reading.
THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=CD4B111C-046E493E-98FE-213071243A5D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
The Age of Invention