Political Reform and
Reaction to Industrialization
Europe, the Ottoman Empire,
Russia, China, and Japan
Industrial Order
1850-1914
• Industrial Development continued
• Governments developed new functions
• Rise of socialism changed political
conditions
• Urban growth continued; improved
living conditions
Europe
• Increased voting rights
– Benjamin Disraeli
– Cavour and Bismarck
– US Civil War ended sectional rights and abolished
slavery
– France increased voting rights
• Most Western nations had a parliamentary
system where basic liberties were protected
and political parties contested peacefully for
office
Reactions to
Industrialization
•
•
•
•
•
Socialism
Utopian Socialism
Utilitarianism
Marxism; Communism
Unionism
Europe
• Western Settler Societies
– Search for new markets and raw materials
– Transportation and communications
improved
– Superior weapons
– Massive emigration spread western culture
Western Settler
Societies
• Migration
– Increased as Europeans went to the US,
Canada, Argentina, Australia, and South
Africa in search of cheap land and better
economic opportunities
– Served as a new labor force
– Most migrants were free agents although
some were indentured servants
•
Three British colonies
–
–
–
Western Settler
Societies
Established parliamentary governments, vigorous commercial economies, European
cultural patterns
Dependent on British economy
Canada
• Friction between British rulers and French inhabitants
• Formed a federal system
• Majority of French lived in Quebec
–
Australia
• 1788, lived among indigenous hunting and gathering population
• Agricultural development and discovery of gold
–
Spurred population growth and economy
• Federal system developed in 1900
–
New Zealand
•
•
•
•
Missionaries and settlers moved into Maori territory
Maori defeated by the 1860s
Generally good relations
Developed strong agricultural economy and parliamentary system
Global Industrialization
• Global division of labor
• Dependency theory
Reaction and Reform
• Questions of change and reform
– Alteration of traditional society
• Ottoman Empire
– In decline, less unified
– Decrease in trade
• Atlantic trade
• Dependent on foreign loans and goods
• Capitulations (special rights and privileges)
Reaction and Reform
– Mahmud II
• Reform
– Organized more effective army and system of secondary
education
– Built new roads, telegraph lines, and postal service
– Tanzimat era (1839-1879)
» Law reform based on French legal system
» Public trials and equality overtook religious law
• Reaction
– Sultan Adbul Hamid (1878-1908)
Reaction and Reform
• Reforms met opposition from religious conservatives
and bureaucracy
– The Young Turks
• Exiled Ottoman subjects
–
–
–
–
Pushed for universal suffrage
Equality before the law
Emancipation of women
1908 coup d’etat
» Puppet sultan
• Muhammad Ali--Egypt
– Powerful army
– Sponsored industrialization in textiles and armament
– Suez Canal
Reaction and Reform
• Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
– Similar
• Autocratic, multiethnic, multilingual, and multicultural
• Czars supported by Russian Orthodox Church and noble
class, sultans also supported by Muslims and noble class
• Peasants majority of population
– Serfdom a guarantee of social stability
– Different
• Russia vastly expanded its territory
• Russian military out of date (Crimean War)
• Russian government pushed to modernize
Reaction and Reform
• Russia
– Emancipation of the serfs
• Alexander II in 1861
• Zemstvos--1864
– Elected representatives
subordinate to the czar
– Encouraged industrializtion
• Trans-Siberian railroad
(handout)
– Peasant rebellions and
industrial worker strikes
» Reduced working hours;
but outlawed unions and
strikes
Reform and Reaction
• Russia
– Anti-government protest
increased
• Intelligentsia
– Land and Freedom party
assassinated Alexander II
1881
– Era of Repression
• End of government reform
– Extensive military spending
• Defeated by Japan in
1904-1905
– Protests continued
• January 1905
– Bloody Sunday, aka
Revolution of 1905
• Created the Duma
Reform and Reaction
• China
– Qing dynasty losing effectiveness
– Rapid population increase
• Quadrupled to 420,000,000 people (estimate)
• Created strain on nation
– Many famines, wars, and rebellions weakened the dynasty
– Trade
• British customs dispute
• Opium Wars (China defeated)
• Creation of unequal treaties favoring British and other
Europeans
Reform and Reaction
• China
– Rebellions
• Taiping Rebellion
– Hong Xiuquan
» Believed he was brother of Jesus Christ
» Social reform movement 1850s
» Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom)
» Gained large territory
– Internal disputes allow Qing to defeat army (10 year
struggle)
» Bloodiest civil war in history
Reform and Reaction
• China
– Empress Dowager Cixi
• Cancelled reforms and imprisoned the emperor
– Anti-foreigner Boxer Rebellion
• Multi-national response
• China forced to pay indemnity for damages
– Nationalist Movement
• Sun Yixian
• 1911 modern Republic of China
• Three Principles of the people
– Nationalism; democracy; socialism
• Most people uneducated and unable to feed themselves
Reform and Reaction
• Japan-the Meiji Restoration
– The most radical reforms and changes
• Emerged as a world power
– Younger generation
• Wanted to undermine the daimyos, overthrew
the shogun and advance modernization
– 1868 restoration of the emperor
• Named “Meiji” or “Enlightened One”
– Called both a revolution and a restoration
Reform and Reaction
• Japan-the Meiji Restoration
– Modernization
• Early reforms
• Dissolution of the Samurai
• 1877 Civil War
– Powerful outside technology (guns)
– Momentum shifts to national army
– Political reconstruction
• Political parties formed
• New constitution 1889
• Limited the right to vote based on property
Reform and Reaction
• Japan-the Meiji Restoration
– Rapid industrialization and modernization
•
•
•
•
Modern infrastructure and military
Defeated the Chinese and Russians in war
Began building an empire in the Pacific
Industrial revolution by non-Europeans
The End