AMERICA
AND THE WORLD
Danielle Garceau
Unit 10; Chapters 27 & 28
1920-1945
OLITICAL


Retreat from Progressivism
The Harding Administration (1921-1923): laissez faire
government; return to “normalcy”

The “Ohio Gang”: group of men loyal to Harding appointed to
powerful government positions; abused power


Teapot Dome Scandal (1922): accepted bribes to lease out petroleum reserves
at Teapot Dome to large, private oil companies
Bonus Bill Veto (1922): Harding claimed balancing the budget
takes precedence over the nation's debt to veterans of WW1


The Coolidge Administration (1923-1929): laissez faire
and isolation from foreign conflicts; felt he was unfit to
run the country
The Hoover Administration (1929-1933): isolationism;
worked towards bettering the people during the
Depression


Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): raised tariffs on imported goods to a
record high; cut American imports and exports by more than a
half
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945): brought faith,
courage, and confidence through his terms (showed
personal adversity by his polio)
DEOLOGICAL/INTELLECTUAL

Urbanism v. Suburbanism




Garveyism: black nationalism


Urbanism: consumerism and modernization in cities
Suburbanism: resisted annexation to the cities
Materialism and Consumerism: people using money more for
pleasure rather than for need; due to technological breakthroughs
(commercial travel, radio, adverstisments) (Urbanism)
African-Americans should take pride in their own achievements and
to develop an awareness of their African heritage – reject white
assimilation
Red Scare: fear of communism in the United States due to
the growing Soviet Union and communism in the world


Led to violence and arrests of innocents – Palmer Raids
Convicted and arrested (possibly killed) if suspected of communism
ELIGION



Retreat from formal religion – began going out and
expanding boundaries of values (Flappers)
KKK: terrorized all non-Protestants
Great Migration: African-Americans moved into cities
due to lack of jobs and discrimination
RTISTIC

The Harlem Renaissance: black culture of literature and
art


Langston Hughes
Coming of the Jazz Age: new carefree, primarily black
popular culture
ECHNOLOGY


New home appliances to reduce servants and women
can take care of the household on their own
New military technology by the National Defense
Research Committee:







Development of sonar and radar capabilities (the centimetric
radar)
4-engine bombers that could last longer that German ones
Gee navigation system: helped plot exact locations – doubled
bombing accuracy rate
Enigma machine: constantly changed coding systems to prevent
information from being deciphered.
American Magic Operation (1941): device called “Purple” that
would break Japanese coding system
Ultra project: intelligence gathering
The Manhattan Project (1942-46): developed the atomic bomb
OCIAL

African-Americans gained new job opportunities and could enlist
in the army; still endured heavy discrimination (Detroit Race Riots
of 1943)


Native Americans assimilated to white culture




Zoo-Suit Riots (LA 1943): white servicemen attacked Mexican-American servicemen (grew
to growing tensions) because of their unpatriotic “zoo-suits”
Women gained more job opportunities


Left reservations to work in factories or become “code talkers” for the military (Navajo
code)
Mexican-Americans moved to work in factories where there was a labor shortage;
tensions


Fair Employment Practices Commission created to investigate and
make right labor discrimination
Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon that represented the American women
who worked in factories during World War II
Became romanticized by men at war – pinups (Betty Grable)
Teens began dropping out of school to get jobs or enroll in the
military (1/3)
Increased prosperity led to more attendance at movies, dance
halls, and casinos and more circulation of magazines and
newspapers
UPREME COURT CASES

Coronado Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers (1922): striking
unions were deemed in restraint of trade



More to promote the economy than the workers’ rights
Maple Floor Association v. US (1929): Anti-union groups
were ruled not to be in restraint of trade
*Government returned to pro-business
EOPLE


Increase in African-Americans’ and women’s rights activity
Women began becoming more individualized

Flappers: individual and assertive women who were more scandelous
than tradition (in cities); short hair, short skirts, smoked, drank, more
open about sex, etc.
OREIGN (TIMELINE)

1922: The Washington Conference: goal was naval disarmament
and to settle the Asia conflict

5-Power Pact: established limits on naval battleships by nation and
power (US & GB:5, Japan:3, FR & Italy: 1.67), Japan got US and GB
guarantee that they would stop fortifying their Far East territories


1924: Dawes/Young Plan: new financial system; US loans →
Germany to pay debt from WW1→ GB & France to pay debt → US






Loophole: no mention on small warships
Also lowered payments and extended the amount of time they’ll have
to pay back ($26.3 billion in 58.5 years)
1925: Locarno Pact: guaranteed Germany’s western boundaries as
specified at Versailles 1919
1928: Clark Memorandum : US would not intervene in Latin
American affairs to protect US property rights
1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact: outlawed war as an instrument of
national policy – no way to enforce
1931: Hoover declares debt moratorium
1931: Japan attacks Manchuria, China and leaves the League of
nations
OREIGN (TIMELINE)

1932: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize any
territorial acquisitions gained by force



1933: FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: attempt to create cooperation
with Latin America non-violently and by non-intervention
1933: US recognizes the Soviet Union





Led to Japanese 1932 bombing of Shanghai
In order to gain Soviet Union on their side of the war against Japan
1934-36: Nye Committee Hearings: discovered that big businesses
tricked Wilson into entering WW1 in order to protect their
international interests
1935: Hitler denounced Versailles and League of Nations;
Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
1936: Germany arms Rhineland, Fascists v. Communists in
Spanish Civil War
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37


Prohibited sales of arms, loans, credit, and travel to belligerent nations
Cash-and-Carry: nations not in war could trade with US but had to pay
in cash and carry the goods on their own ships
OREIGN (TIMELINE)

1937: Panay Incident: Japanese bombed USS Panay on the Yangtze
R. to test US resolve





1938: AXIS created (Italy, Germany, Japan); Munich Agreement (GB,
France, Hitler): Hitler can take the part of Czechoslovakia he wants,
but it will be the very last land taken & no more aggression
1939: Germany takes all of Czechoslovakia; Sept. 1st march into
Poland – Turning Point for US, start of WW1
1939: US begins the Manhattan Project
Neutrality Act of 1939: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US
munitions, but would supply other countries – made jobs




Japanese apologized, gave US money, and promised no further attacks –
US accepted due to isolationism
US becomes “Arsenal of Democracy”
1940: “America First” Committee created (Charles Lindbergh):
isolationism; put America first
1940: German ‘Blitzkrieg’ (lightning war – enormous power) in
Belgium, Holland, and France
1940: British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone
invasion plans

1st battle by German air; first major German defeat
OREIGN (TIMELINE)


1941: Lend-Lease Act: will lend to countries in need of supplies; US
would receive lease of land from countries it helped
FDR restricted trade of goods and oil to Japan










Japan had to either expand or give into US demands
1941: Atlantic Conference (GB & US): to decide postwar goals;
started being called the United Nations
1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the war
1942: Battle of Stalingrad begins(Russia, months without supplies
and many casualties) and El Alamein (Egypt, first appearance by US
– German victory)
1942: Battle of Midway; changing point in Pacific War – US begins
Guadalcanal campaign and “Island Hopping” strategy
1942: Mass murdering of Jews at Auschwitz begins
1943: German surrender at Stalingrad – first major defeat
1943: Allied victory in North Africa (Patton and Montgomery)
1943: Tehran Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin): to finalize plans to
open 2nd front in Europe
1943: US victory in Guadalcanal campaign and goes on offensive
OREIGN (TIMELINE)












June 6, 1944: D Day: Allied invasion of France – liberation of Paris
1944: Battle of the Bulge: Germans try to surprise Allies – failed
1944: Guam and Philippines liberated, US bombs Iwo Jima,
decimates Japanese Navy at Leyte Gulf
1945: Yalta Conference: final plans to defeat Germany and plan
post-war Europe
1945: Auschwitz liberated by Soviet Troops
April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide
May 8, 1945: V-E Day: German full surrender
1945: Potsdam Conference (Truman, Atlee, Stalin): plan action on
Japan and post-war Germany
August 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 8, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
August 14, 1945: Japanese surrenders
September 2, 1945: V-J Day: Japanese makes surrender official, end
of WW2.