THE PHILOSOPHY OF EVOLUTION
Creation-Evolution-Migration? Where did
Life come from? When did it get here?
1. It’s always been here?
2. All Sudden Creation by “intelligent Design¹”*?
3. Some Sudden Creation by “intelligent
Design”, then diversification*?
4. All Intentional migration by “intelligent
Design”*?
5. Some intentional migration, by “intelligent
Design” then diversification*?
1
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
6. All accidental migration?
7. Some accidental migration, then
diversification*?
8. All Spontaneous generation?
9. Some Spontaneous generation, then
diversification*?
10. Diversification by Natural selection*?
2
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
11.Diversification by “intelligent Design”*?
12. Did all life arrive about the same time*?
13. Did all life arrive in the last ten thousand
years*?
14. Did all life arrive over the last 4 billion
years*?
15.Does life exist in discreet “kinds” or
species*?
3
The texts for this course are:
1. THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH THE
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION , RICHARD
DAWKINS, 2009.
2. WHAT DARWIN GOT WRONG, JERRY FODOR
& MASSIMO PIATTELLI-PALMARINI, 2010.
3. WHY EVOLUTON IS TRUE, JERRY COYNE,
2009.
4. CREATING LIFE IN THE LAB, FAZALE RANA,
2011.
5. CREATION and EVOLUTION, Alan Hayward,
1985.
4
Opening remarks: Welcome Introductory
class business: Dr. BILL MILLS is
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The husband of one.
The father of 16 (including in-laws).
The grandfather of 8 so far.
A Christian Priest, Ecumenist, Theologian &
Apologist. A Physicist, and an International
Attorney.
Committed to responsible epistemology.
A positivist.* I am not
An official representative of the LDS church.
Inerrant, infallible, nor immune from mere
Scribner error.
5
IN OPPOSITION OR
IN HARMONY?
“Religion and science are
opposed…but only in the same sense
as that in which my thumb and
forefinger are opposed- and between
the two, one can grasp everything.”
Sir William Bragg
6
Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
Warm summer evenings in Greece in the 4th century B.C.
Democritus¹: 460-370 B.C. “Atomic system” wandering
lights in the night sky, (GK. “planetes”, “wanderers”).
Stationary grains of sand on the sea shore, (“atomos”,
“atoms” meaning “indivisible” or “unbreakable).
Aristotle: 384-322 B.C. The father of science. Knowing
the physical world inexorable leads to knowing the
existence of God & His qualities. (“physika”, “physics”, Gk.
“of nature”, “to bring forth”). Four elements, each with
their unique place & duty in the universe² Everything held
in it’s place, whether fixed or in motion, by eternal
natural laws, ordained by God.
7
Types & Tokens
Type: A person or thing symbolizing or exemplifying the
ideal or defining characteristics of something.
Type: The ideal or defining characteristics of something.
Token: One specific example.
Token: One specific, distinct, physical, person or thing.
A chair is one type of furniture. A table is another type of
furniture. A stool is a type of chair. A recliner is another
type of chair; perhaps the perfect, ideal, or complete
“type” of chair.
The chair you are sitting in is a token chair. The chair next
to you may be a token of the exact same type.
8
Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
•
A warm summer evening in Greece c. 400
B.C. (“physika” Gk. “of nature”)
• Plato: 428-347 “Ideal Forms” In contrast to
particular examples; Later called
“Essentialism” it is the belief that every
“Token” on earth has a perfect “type” that
can be imagined. All Monotheists agree with
Plato that “Ideal Forms” exist, at least in the
mind of God¹.
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
PHILOSOPHY
MONOTHEISTIC EVOLUTIONARY
Monotheistic
IDEAL FORMS
INTENTIONAL
TELEOLOGICAL
(PURPOSE DRIVEN)
ABSOLUTE GOOD &
EVIL (RIGHT &
WRONG)
All life is “complex”¹
All life is sacred.
Human life is more
sacred than other
life.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pantheistic
NON-ESSENTIALISM
NON-INTENTIONAL
NON-TELEOLOGICAL
RELATIVISITIC
Complexity of life
varies.
7. No life is sacred
8. Human life is no
different than all other
life.
10
THE FRUITS OF RELATIVISITIC NONESSENTIALISM (SECULAR HUMANISM)
”The captain of the Beagle was Robert Fitzroy, a
deeply religious young man…who had invited a
scientist¹ along to find evidence to support the literal
truth of Genesis², an activity proving popular at the
time…But in hindsight it became only too clear that
Fitzroy had chosen the wrong man for the job; later
the guilt would become unbearable and he took his
own life.” Dr. Andrew Parker The Genesis ENIGMA,
2009, pg.70. (A pro-Darwinist book). One can only
imagine a universe where Darwin would have kept his
promise, done what he had agreed to do. How
different would our world be had one brilliant man
simply honored his word to himself, his father, his
college, his captain & his God!
11
Can Evolutionary philosophy be
separated from Evolution?
Tension within the minority* opinion:
Drs. Coyne, Dawkins et. al. deeply & sincerely
appreciates the support of Monotheists who accept
historic Evolution while rejecting Evolutionary
philosophy & substituting some degree of “Divine
guidance” for non-essenalistic Natural Selection. This
is the middle ground many Christians¹ have taken
both individually & institutionally. It is
epistemologically complex to do so. It might be more
epistemologically responsible to say that they believe
in “Evolution into Platonic Ideal forms by means of
12
Can Chronology be separated from
Creation & Migration?
Tension within the majority¹ opinion:
• Chronological tension within the majority
opinion can easily be resolved by appealing
beyond translations to the original sacred
texts of scripture. In their original languages,
the scriptures of the Christians, Jews,
Muslims, & Hindus all use words which allow
for a 4 billion year old earth & a 14 billion
year old universe.
13
TOLSTOY & BACON
“I know that most men, including those at ease with
problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept
even the simplest and most obvious truth, if it be such
as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions
which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues,
which they have proudly taught to others, and which
have been woven, thread by thread into the fabric of
our lives.” Tolstoy
“The human understanding when it has once adopted
an opinion…draws all things else to support and agree
with it. And though there be a greater number and
weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet
these it either neglects or despises.” Bacon
14
Epistemology
What is Knowable?
• Webster: “A branch of philosophy that
investigates the origin, nature, methods, and
limits of human knowledge.”
• O.E.D.: “The branch of philosophy that deals
with the varieties, grounds, and validity of
knowledge.”
• Britannica: “The study of the nature and
validity of knowledge….examine the degrees
of certainty and probability and the
differences between knowing with certainty
and believing without being certain.”
15
Epistemology
What is Knowable?
• There are eternal, universal, unchanging,
objective Truths, (Facts)! Everywhere! Always!
• Three very different types of Truth (Facts):
1. Definitional: Bachelors are single because that is
how we define the word. Everywhere! Always!
2. Logical/Mathematical: 2 + 2 = 4! Everywhere!
Always!
3. Empirical/Existential: Water is H² O¹ & it’s triple
point is 0° C at one atmosphere of pressure!
Everywhere! Always!
16
Epistemological honesty: Fred Hoyle
“What can one say in an epistemologically
responsible way today, about…
It is always good to be epistemologically
responsible. It is always epistemologically
responsible to say: ‘I don’t know’.
Although it was not difficult to disprove
Darwinism, what Paley had to say
appeared likely to be unanswerable.”
17
Things aren't always
what they seem:
1. What goes up must come down?
2. The Bigger they are, the harder & faster they
fall?
3. Does the sun rise in the East & set in the
West?
4. Is the chair you are sitting on solid & still?
5. Are you sitting on it at all?
6. Are your feet on the floor?
7. Is grass green?
But there are eternal, universal, unchanging,
objective Truths, (Facts)! Everywhere! Always!
18
Epistemology
How can I know Truth?
“Some ideas are so bad, they are not even wrong.”
Enrico Fermi. “It is better to be wrong, than to be
vague.” Freeman Dyson.
1. Sense & Non Sense: “Canoes, pancake covered dog
houses, and ice cream that doesn’t have legs.”
2. Dogmatism & sorcery: Repeating things
authoritatively doesn’t make them true.
3. Magical/wishful thinking: Much of atheism and
materialism is magical and\or wishful thinking.
4. If you call a dog’s tail his leg*… your thoughts and
your words are muddled and wrong.
• Falsifiability: The truth claims of Christianity are
completely factual, testable, provable (Falsifiable).
19
Objective vs. subjective truth
Objective vs. subjective truth: Thinking, speaking & writing on
this subject is often muddled and/or unreasonable. Truth is
not subjective if it meets the criteria of slide # 15.
Subjective truth arguments are often the victim of circular
reasoning. If Relativists claim that all truth is subjective and
therefore personal & relative, than this set, “all truth” includes
their own claims of universal “subjective relativity” and the
rest of humanity has no reason to give any heed to it. Their
arguments concerning their universe being without objective
truth says nothing at all about my universe! If they have an
argument about my universe, (or our universe) that argument
would need to be objectively true. If they can objectively
know this, (Inductively reasoning from their subjectivity, first
to mine, then to universal subjectivity) at least one truth is
objectively knowable and other truth may also be knowable.
This would defeat their argument of universal subjectivity! 20
Objective vs. subjective truth
This assertion is also demonstrably false¹! What I know &
how sure I am that I know it is the object as well as the
subject of epistemology.
It is silly nonsense to dismiss as “subjective truth,” truth
claims that one has not yet subjected to rigorous tests of
epistemological responsibility: “Your belief that a man
walked on the moon is only your subjective truth because
I don’t know that it’s true? The Nazi holocaust was
immoral is only your subjective truth because not
everyone agrees?” The whole purpose of epistemology is
to rigorously test and determine if one can know things
and how certain one can be.
To dismiss something as “subjective truth” is to beg the
question and to deprive oneself of both the process & the
product of knowing! This is surely one of the defining
qualities and one of the noblest attributes of humanity!21
Epistemology
How can I know Truth?
1. Can I appeal to authority? Relying on a source
that we trust is the oldest and still by far the
most common way of knowing or making sure.
2. Can I reason through it? Does 2+2=4?
3. Can I observe it*?
4. Can I experiment and test it*? (Can I make
certain it is true?)
5. Can I “feel it” or “know it in my heart”?
6. Can God tell me it is true? (Can He make me
certain It is true?)
22
Epistemology
How can I know Truth?
Can God tell me it is true?
Can I “feel it” or “know it in
my heart?”
Can I experiment and test it?
(Can I make certain it is true?)
Can I observe it?
Can I reason through it?
Does 2+2=4?
Can I appeal to authority?
23
Epistemology
How certain can I be?
Degrees of Certainty: Faith, Emotion, & Evidence.
1. Probable cause*:
2. Preponderance of the evidence**:
3. Clear & Convincing:
4. Beyond a Reasonable doubt:
5. Beyond any doubt:
6. No genuine question of fact exists (Judicial notice):
Faith is not believing something or trusting some
authority without evidence or some degree of certainty.
Faith is sticking to your evidence based convictions, even
when you are emotionally tempted to abandon them, or
24
Epistemology
How certain can I be?
No genuine
question of fact
exists
Beyond any doubt
Beyond a
Reasonable doubt
Clear & Convincing
Preponderance of
the evidence
Probable cause
25
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT IS
KNOWABLE
WHAT
HUMANITY
KNOWS
WHAT I
KNOW
26
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT IS
KNOWABLE
WHAT I
KNOW
WHAT
HUMANITY
KNOWS
27
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT I DON’T
NOW KNOW
WHAT
HUMANITY
DOES NOT
NOW KNOW
WHAT IS
UNKOWABLE
(TERMINAL
COUNSELS)
28
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT IS MOSTLY OR
WHAT IS TRUE
NEARLY TRUE
WHAT I
THINK IS
TRUE
WHAT IS MOSTLY OF
NEARLY FALSE
WHAT IS FALSE
29
THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS. NON-SENSE
30
EPISTEMOLOGICAL SETS AS A PARLOR
GAME: Where did Life come from?
It’s always
been
here.
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
All Sudden
Creation
by
“intelligent
Design”*?
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
Some Sudden
Creation by
“intelligent
Design”, then
diversification*?
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
All
Intentional
migration
by
“intelligent
Design”*?
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
31
NON-SENSE
EPISTEMOLOGICAL SETS AS A PARLOR
GAME: Where did Life come from?
Some intentional
migration, by
“intelligent Design”
then
diversification*?
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
All
accidental
migration?
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
Some
accidental
migration, then
diversification*?
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENC
REASONABLENESS
REASONABLENESS
All Spontaneo
generation?
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLEN
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
SENSE VS.
NONSENSE
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
32
EPISTEMOLOGICAL SETS AS A PARLOR
GAME: Where did Life come from?
Some
Spontaneous
generation, then
diversification*?
Diversificati
on by
Natural
Law*?
AUTHORITY
ATHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
Diversificati
on by
“intelligent
Design”*?
Did all life
arrive
about the
same
time*?
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
33
NON-SENSE
EPISTEMOLOGICAL SETS AS A PARLOR
GAME: Where did Life come from?
Did all life arrive in the
last ten thousand
years*?
Did all life arrive
over the last 4
billion years*?
Does life exist in
discreet “kinds” or
species*?
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
34
ANOTHER EPISTEMOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
WHAT I KNOW IS
TRUE
WHAT I KNOW IS
FALSE
WHAT I THINK IS
TRUE
WHAT I THINK IS
FALSE
WHAT I THINK IS
KNOWABLE
WHAT I THINK IS
UNKNOWABLE
35
Can I reason through it?
TRUTH
ERROR
• Deductive Reasoning: Large to small: • Example: Many men are
selfish. Bill is a man,
• Example: All Mammals are warm
therefore Bill is selfish.
blooded. Humans are warm blooded,
• Example: I knew a kind
therefore humans are mammals.
Christian. Bill is a
• Inductive Reasoning: Small to large:
Christian, therefore Bill is
• Example: . Humans are warm blooded. kind.
All Mammals are warm blooded,
• Post Hoc Reasoning:
Example: I saw a black cat.
therefore humans are mammals.
Something bad happened,
• Sequential Reasoning:
therefore seeing a black
• Example: Smoke is seen after fire. I see cat is bad luck. I went
smoke, therefore there has been fire.
outside when it was cold. I
• If the premise is false, the conclusion is got sick, therefore being
non-sense, even if it happens to be true*. outside in the cold causes
36
sickness.
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICENCE
• Small sample error: “Crockidial Dundee” TV
scene in NY motel: “Yep, that’s what I saw.”
• Galileo's experiments:
• The speed of light: How closely are we
looking?
• The spontaneous generation of flies: How
closely controlled is our experiment?
• Climate Change: How long will it take to
know?
37
SET THEORY
• Probabilities limited by the size of the set:
• Is the denominator of the probability of x
> N?
• How long does each sample take?
• Replacement vs. Non-replacement in
probability theory: Are the odds changing
with each sample, (drawing from a hat) or
are the odds staying the same, (flipping a
coin)?
38
Relying on authority
Almost everything we believe to be true, we
learned from some “Authority”. Generally we believe
because of authority. Most personal experience,
(observation, reasoning & experimentation) confirms
or disputes what we previously believed or doubted
because of authority. The Real question isn’t “Have we
faith in authority?” It is What or Which authority have
we faith in, how much faith do we have in it, and how
much additional research, reasoning and/or
experimentation will we do to test or verify what
“Authority” has said?
39
Types & Tokens
Type: A person or thing symbolizing or exemplifying the
ideal or defining characteristics of something.
Type: The ideal or defining characteristics of something.
Token: One specific example.
Token: One specific, distinct, physical, person or thing.
A chair is one type of furniture. A table is another type of
furniture. A stool is a type of chair. A recliner is another
type of chair; perhaps the perfect, ideal, or complete
“type” of chair.
The chair you are sitting in is a token chair. The chair next
to you may be a token of the exact same type.
40
Uni-verse or Cosmos?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are There Universal Laws, (Equations)?
Are There Universal Constants?
Are There Universal Elements?
Are There Universal Forces
We do not live in an (exclusively) material world!
We live in a Universe, with Eternal Laws,
Constants, Elements, (materials) and Forces.
• They are the Typical God: Eternal, unchanging,
omniscient, omnipotent, & omnipresent!
41
Uni-verse or Cosmos?
Taken together as a whole, They posses all of the godly
qualities such as: The “Omni’s,” Being eternal, unchanging, just,
loving, merciful, wise, beautiful, etc.
For Christians these truths & Jesus Christ are the typical God!
Jesus typifies these truths and they typify Him!
Everyone, including Agnostics & Atheists agree these truths are
sacred and should be understood, (known) and obeyed! The
typical God is an empirical, existential fact! Usually it is only a
personal “token” God, and whether He intervenes, that
agnostics doubt & atheists deny.
The Christian God is also a personal “token” God, who does
intervene, but we are already half way to complete agreement!
This is enough agreement for everyone to be a religious person
42
of “faith,” and pursue a life-long spiritual journey¹!
There Are many Universal
Laws, (Equations)!
The Five Equations that changed the world are a few
examples:
1. Gravity F = G x M₁ X M₂/d². Newton.
2. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: (Entropy)
ΔS ˃ 0. Clausius or ΔS = ΔQ/t.
3. Hydrodynamics: Constant = P/ρ + gz + v²/2. Bernoulli*.
4. Electromagnetic induction¹: (EM)
ΔX E = -∂B/∂T. Faraday-Maxwell. F = K x q₁ x q₂/d².
Coulomb.
5. Matter is energy: 𝑬 = 𝑴𝑪². Einstein
43
There Are Universal
Constants!
• There are hundreds of precise Fundamental
Constants in our universe. They must be EXACT:
• Never more. Never less.
• No where more. No where less.
• Never different. No where different.
• “Who can learn anything new and not find it a
shock?” John Wheeler
• It is helpful to regularly review even our most
fundamental understandings in light of our most
recent discoveries.
44
There Are Universal
Constants!
Just Six Numbers that control our universe! (Sir Martin Rees)
1. N = EM/G = @ 1x10³⁵: The strength of the electrical magnetic force that holds atoms in their places within molecules,
divided by the gravitational force pulling them together, =
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!
2. ε = 0.007*: Determines how firmly atomic nuclei bind
together, how atoms are made, which atoms & how many of
each atom are made, & it controls the sun’s power.
3. Ω = Σm\G = @ .3: The total amount of material in the universe, both what we can see, (stars, planets etc.) and the “spiritual” matter, (“Dark matter”) that we cannot see divided by the
gravitational force . This balances the gravity, (G) and expansion
45
energy of the universe, (Λ) .
There Are Universal
Constants!
Just Six Numbers that control our universe!
(Sir Martin Rees)
4. Λ = @ 0.7: The expansion energy of the universe
expressed in relationship to # 3¹. This results in a
slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers
per second per megaparsec.
5. Q = Σrme* /G: The gravitational force divided by
the expansion energy of the universe, Λ : @
1x10¯5 = 1/100,000.
6. D = 3. The number of dimensions in space-time.
46
There Are Universal
Constants!
Seven correlate to the Forces that control our universe.
7. Gravitational: G = 6.6725985 x 10¯¹¹m³kg¯¹s¯².
8. EM: Elementary Charge: ε = 1.6021773349 x 10¯¹⁹C.
1 eV = 1.6021892 x 10¯¹⁹ J & 1.7826759 x 10¯³⁶ kg.
9. Week: Ratio: mp/ mₑ = 1836.15152; E=MC²
10. Strong: Atomic mass unit: amu = 1.6605655 x
10¯²⁷kg. E=MC²
Λ: = The expansion energy of the universe. This results
in a slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per
second per megaparsec.
11.Fc = Equation.
12.(Agape) = Equation.
47
There Are Universal
Constants!
13.Speed of Light: C = 2.99792458 x 10⁸ m s¯¹.
14.Plank’s: h = 6.626075540 x 10 ¯³⁴ Js, or J/Hz. The
ratio of the smallest possible unit, (A quantum) of
energy, to its frequency: E = hv.
15.Dirac’s ħ = h/2π = 1.0545887 x 10 ¯³⁴ Js. This
derivative of Plank’s Constant is helpful in physics.
16.Plank’s Length: Lp = √(Għ/C³) = @ 10¯³⁵m. The
distance at which quantum mechanics must
compliment classical gravity.
17.Plank’s Time: Tp= √(Għ/C⁵) = @ 10¯⁴³s. How long it
takes a photon to travel Plank’s Length.
48
There Are Universal
Constants!
18.Plank’s : Mass: Mp = √(ħc/G) = @ 10¯⁸kg. The mass of
a particle whose Compton wavelength is equal to
Planks length.
19.Permittivity of vacuum: Eo = 8.85418782 x 10¯¹² c²/Jm.
F = Q₁Q₂/r²4πεₒ. A ratio of electric displacement, used
with insulators.
20.Permeability of vacuum: µₒ= 1/EoC² = 1.2566370614 x
10¯⁶ H/m = 4π x 10¯⁷ H m ¯¹. A ratio of magnetic flux.
21.Avogadro’s¹ NA = 6.022136736 x 10²³ mol¯¹. The
number of atoms or molecules in one mole of
substance.
There Are Universal
Constants!
22. Electron Mass at rest: mₑ = 9.109389754 x 10 ¯³¹ kg.
23.Proton Mass¹ at rest: mp = 1.6726485 x 10¯²⁷ kg.
24.Neutron Mass¹ at rest: mn = 1.6749286 x 10¯²⁷ kg.
25.Atomic mass Constant: mg = 1.6605402 x 10¯²⁷ kg.
26. Electron charge to mass ratio: ε/mₑ = 1.7588047 x
10¹¹ C/kg.
27.Bohr Radius: aₒ = 4πεₒh²/ mₑe² = 0.52917706 x 10¯¹⁰
m. A unit of length to measure atoms.
28. Faraday Constant: ₣ = Nₐε = 9.648530929 x 10⁴ C/mol.
The electric charge carried by one mole of electrons.
50
There Are Universal
Constants!
29.Coulomb Constant: C = k = 8.9875 x 10⁹ N x m²/C².
30.Fine-structure Constant: [μ₀c²/ 4π](e²ħc) = a¯' =
137.0360411.
31.Muon mass: m μ = 1.8825327 x 10¯²⁸ kg.
32.Ratio of muon mass to electron mass: 206.7686547.
33.Bohr magneton: μB = eħ/2mε
= 9.274078 x 10¯²⁴
J/T. A unit for measuring very small magnetism.
34.Molar Gas Constant: R = 8.31451070 JK¯¹ mol¯¹.
Relating to the relationship between
temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.
There Are Universal
Constants!
35.Boltzmann constant: kB = 1.38065812 x 10¯²³ j/k¯¹.
The ratio of the gas constant to #20.
36. Gas Volume: Vm = 8.31441 J/mol K.
37. Nuclear magneton: μN = eħ/2mp = 5.0508248 x
10¯²⁷ J/T. Another unit for measuring very small
magnetism.
38.Free electron g factor: gₑ = 2 x 1.0011596567.
Relating to qualities of metals.
39. Classical electron radius: [μ₀c²/ 4π](e²/ mₑc²) = a³/ 4π
R∞.
52
There Are Universal
Constants!
40. Rydberg: R∞ = 1.0973731 x 10⁷m¯¹, = µₒ²me⁴c³/8h³.
Related to the atomic spectra and the binding energy
between an electron and a nucleon & related to other
Constants.
41. Loschmidt: L = NA /Vm = 2.68676323 x 10²⁵m¯³. The
number of particles per mm³ of an ideal gas at sea level.
42. Stefan-Boltzmann: σ = 5.6705119 x 10¯⁸ W m¯² K¯⁴.
Related to the total amount of radiated heat energy
excluding light. E = σT⁴.
43. Thomson cross section: (8/3)πrₑ² = σₑ = 0.665244833 x
10¯²⁸m².
44-227 for the 184 Elemental Constants, (Atomic weight &
53
number for the 92 natural elements) Etc. Ad infinitum.
There Are Universal
Elements!
• There are 92 natural elements, distinct
atoms, in our universe. They each have
their own distinct atomic number and their
own distinct atomic weight.
• Never more. Never less.
• No where more. No where less.
• Never different. No where different.
54
There Are Universal
Elements!
• Paley¹ observed that if one discovered a watch among
iron ore, correctly set & keeping proper time, one
would know that a watchmaker had created it. (1802)
• Now that we know how God made the elements, 90 of
92 forged in the furnace of giant stars, not only are the
“creations” “Paley’s Watch”, but the ingredients used to
build the “Watch” are also “Paley’s Watch”.
• To discover something brilliantly, even exquisitely
designed, creatively and skillfully constructed, currently
operating with minutely tuned precision, and think it
had no Creator, is as Schopenhauer observed, “Not
merely mistaken, but stupid.” (1860)
55
There Are Universal
Forces!
The True meaning of Omnipotence: Beyond passive
Laws that cannot be broken¹, there are powerful Laws,
Forces, that literally, physically force their influence upon
us! This is A fundamental misunderstanding of
disobedience! We do not ever break God’s laws, we
sometimes break ourselves against them! “Obedience” is
from a Greek word, ”hpakono”² through Latin, (ob oedire
“toward + hearing”) meaning “to listen”.
1. Gravitational: Newton: G.F. = G x M₁ X M₂ \d².
2. Electromagnetic ³: Faraday/Maxwell: EM= Δ x E = ∂B/∂T.
56
There Are Universal
Forces!
3. WEAK: Einstein, Curies, et. al. : Δm = (mp + mn) –
md. X C².
4. STRONG: Einstein, Oppenheimer, et. al. : ¹₁H + ¹₁H →
²₁H + °₁e + v. ¹₁H + ²₁H → ³₂He + ϒ. (followed by either)
¹₁H + ³₂He → ⁴₂He + °₁e + v x C², or ³₂He + ³₂He → ⁴₂He
+ ¹₁H + ¹₁H x C².
5. LAMBDA: Λ = @ 0.7: The expansion energy of the
universe. This results in a slow steady expansion of
70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec.
6. FEIGENBAUM’s Constant of Chaos: (Fc = Equation).
7. AGAPE (LOVE OF GOD-LIGHT OF CHRIST): (Equation).
57
Gravitational Force
F = G x M₁ X M₂ \d².
• God uses gravity to hold many things in the universe in their
exact proper places, in a very complex interdependent dance.
• Man uses gravity to hold satellites in orbit with great skill &
exact calculations for a few years. To believe God did not
place the earth and moon into a much more precise orbit for
billions of years: Now that is an act of Blind faith*!
• Where did Newton get this knowledge? According to his
testimony, The Christian God revealed this to him! And a great
deal more! Newton was perhaps the greatest scientist who
ever lived. His Christian devotion is second to none. His
discoveries changed the world. Shall we ignore other things
he learned, and how he learned them? Is it better to have one
article, or continuing access to the Internet?
58
Gravitational Force
F = G x M₁ X M₂ \d².
G = 6.6725985 x 10¯¹¹m³kg¯¹s¯².
• Sometimes we rebel and disobey gravity, injuring or killing
ourselves and/or others.
• Sometimes our disobedience makes our burdens greater and
our lives harder.
• The ‘Thou Shalt not’s’ in scripture protect us from these
errors¹.
• The lever, pulley & Wheel-barrow are examples of simple
obedience to God’s law of gravity that makes our lives easier².
• Satellites are an example of a higher order of obedience to
gravity, making possible many ‘miracles’ that seem magical to
those who do not know these laws or refuse to obey them³.
59
Electromagnetic Force
EM= Δ x E = - ∂B/∂T.¹
• God uses the EM force to hold molecules together
and to animate all life. It is the basis of all chemistry!
• Man uses the EM force for virtually all of his
technology!
In one short elegant concept, Michael Faraday, a
humble Christian bookbinder, with no formal
education, “discovers” the one law that describes both
the generator and the motor in a single line! Where
did he get this knowledge? According to his testimony,
the Christian God revealed this to him! And a great
deal more!
60
Electromagnetic Force
EM= Δ x E = - ∂B/∂T.
Michael Faraday & James Maxwell were two of
the greatest scientists of their generation, two of
the greatest scientists of the 19th Century! Their
discoveries in physics changed the world! (lights,
TV, radio, phones, Computers, Electricity!)
Faraday & Maxwell were very devout Christians.
They were the pioneering giants of
electromagnetism. Christians both, they credit
Him, God, with revealing the nature of
electromagnetism to them. Shall we ignore both
from whom they learned it and how?
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WEAK
E=MC²
• God uses the weak force to hold atoms together. It
is also an exactly accurate and eternal time
keeping device, (radioactive decay).
• Man uses the weak force to keep time in the
present, and to date artifacts from the past.
• A “type” & “token” of Paley’s Watch¹ is kept by the
U.S Navy in Colorado! It is Cesium 133, the “guts”
of an Atomic clock!
• Man also uses the weak force to generate
electricity, in medicine, and to make bombs.
• Shall we trust the watch and deny and/or ignore
the watchmaker?
62
STRONG E=MC²
• God starts with a variation of this most famous
equation: M = E/C².
• He takes gas, hydrogen, (Mass, “M”) and using an
invention far more ingenious then our Hydrogen
Bomb, His sun, He creates light & energy that
sustains life on this planet. (Man makes bombs.)
• God takes energy, (E) from His sun, and using
another ingenious invention, His plants, converts
sunlight, (E) back into mass, but not gasses, food
for all animals on earth. This application of E =
MC², is called: “Photosynthesis”!
63
LAMBDA Λ = @ 0.7
The expansion Force
of the universe.
• God uses Lambda to balance Gravity on a
scale larger than galaxies. This assures that
His kingdom will keep growing and never end,
expanding eternally at a rate of 70.4 +/- 1.4
kilometers per second per megaparsec.
• Λ, Discovered in 1998, has no discernible
effect on scales less than a billion light years!
• Man does not use this Force.
64
CHAOS
(Fc = Equation)
• Called the Constant of “Chaos,” it is in fact the
opposite. When all of the facts are known,
foreknowledge, (prediction, or prophecy) is possible.
• God uses this to accomplish His creating and exalting
purposes.
• Man plays with it like a toy, but he is starting to use
it to predict weather and natural disasters.
• This is essential to a true understanding of God’s
Sovereignty, omniscience & omnipotence.
• The resolution of God’s sovereignty vs. man’s free
will.
65
AGAPE
THE PURE LOVE OF GOD
• God uses it to bring to pass the immortality and
eternal life of man, to bring about man’s threefold salvation and exaltation, (sanctification).
• God uses this to accomplish His creating and
exalting purposes.
• The q.e.d. of the Atonement.
• Man uses it to share in God’s nature, to become
one with Him.
• Constant: =
• Equation:
66
CRITICS & SKEPTICS: A WORD IN DESENT
A critic is one who evaluates independently. A skeptic is
one who looks closely & intently. Drs. Fordor & PiattelliPalmarine are atheist secular humanists who have
written an excellent book rejecting Evolution by Natural
selection.¹ It is a shame they did not hire an editor to
assist in readability & comprehensibility. “No one in
structural biology is an… adaptationist.”² “There is at the
heart of…evolution a confusion between: 1. The claim
that evolution is a process in which creatures with
adaptive traits are selected and 2. the claim that
evolution is a process in which creatures are selected for
their adaptive traits. We will argue that: Darwinism is
committed to inferring “2” from “1”; that this inference is
invalid;³ and that there is no way to repair the damage
consonant with commitment to naturalism.”⁴
67
Paley’s watch
• Paley observed that if one discovered a watch
among iron ore, correctly set & keeping proper
time, one would know that a watchmaker had
created it (1802),. Not only are the “creations”
“Paley’s Watch”, but the ingredients used to
build the “Watch” are also “Paley’s Watch”.
• To discover something brilliantly, even
exquisitely designed, creatively and skillfully
constructed, currently operating with minutely
tuned precision, and think it had no Creator, is
as Schopenhauer observed, “Not merely
mistaken, but stupid.” (1860)
68
Abiogenisis
• What is life? How does life operate at its most fundamental
level? How did life begin?
• How is fire not life? It breathes, eats, grows, & reproduces.
It does not create. It does not reduce entropy or increase
order & complexity. Only living things share in God’s
creative works. That is what makes them alive! Without
God, not only is life impossible, but the very word ‘life’ has
no meaning!
• “Dead matter cannot become living without coming under
the influence of matter previously alive. This seems to be as
sure a teaching of science as the law of gravitation.” Lord
Kelvin, 1871.
• “To believe that physical and chemical forces could by
themselves bring about an organism is not merely mistaken,
69
but stupid.” Schopenhauer 1860
DNA
Where did all the
information come from?
• Believing that God did not intervene when placing
DNA in our observable universe generally, and human
DNA specifically, is even more extreme than buying a
computer with every imaginable program and
application, including resources like libraries, including
dictionaries, classics, & encyclopedias, and believing
that no one created them, and that no one installed
them! Instead one would believe that they assembled
and installed themselves!
• Now that is an act of Blind faith, Silly Nonsense, and
magical thinking, an idea so bad, it is not even wrong!
70
Evidence in support of spontaneous
generation-abiogenesis
• While no one living today believes that all life
forms spontaneously generated, many believe
that one life form did. Others believe in a “Life
Force” that seeks a middle ground between theism
& atheism, (Spontaneous generation & Creation).
• “Life Force” theories & philosophies are
epistemologically irresponsible: Either the “Force”
has intention, (Theism) or it doesn’t, (Atheism).
• Each in their own time, Pasteur & Hoyle disproved
spontaneous generation of life, even once, even
anciently¹,².
71
How are radioactive “clocks”
reset or zeroed out
Igneous rocks are created by lava flows from
volcanoes. They solidify as crystals, usually
microscopic. Radioactive decay measures the
difference between “fresh lava” and the rocks as
we now find them.
There is a certain ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14
in the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Plants
to not discriminate between them. Once a plant
or animal dies & is not eaten, the carbon-14
begins to decay, and the clock starts.
72
Evidence in support of the earth &
life on it being billions of years old
• Dr. Richard Dawkins in his excellent book: THE
GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH THE EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION, FREE PRESS 2009 & Dr. Alan Hayward
in his excellent book: CREATION AND EVOLUTION,
1985 present overwhelming evidence of the earth
& life on it being billions of years old¹.
• This hypothesis passes all five tests for
epistemological responsibility! It is: Sense,
reasonable, internally & externally consistent, & it
is consistent with overwhelming evidence & both
Special (Scriptural) & Natural (secular) authority.
73
Evidence in support
of intra-kind¹ diversification
• Dr. Richard Dawkins in his excellent book: THE
GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH THE EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION, FREE PRESS 2009 presents
overwhelming evidence of diversification within
biological Families, Species or scriptural “kinds”.
• This hypothesis passes all five tests for
epistemological responsibility! It is: Sense,
reasonable, internally & externally consistent, & it
is consistent with overwhelming evidence & both
Special (Scriptural) & Natural (secular) authority.
74
Evidence in support
of intra-kind¹ diversification
Drs. Dawkins & Coyne’s excellent
presentations of Dr. Lenski’s et. Al. MSU
1988 – present ongoing study of
Escherichia coli over 45,000 generations is
by itself overwhelming evidence of
diversification within kind. Dr. Hall’s study
is also amazing to me.²
75
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
Dr. Lenski chose a subject that leaves begging the
single most important question that could be
answered by such an experiment²!
Dr. Lenski froze a sample of the original parents &
now has bacteria more than 45,000 generations
removed in 12 independent strains or “tribes” as
Dawkins refers to them. If Dr. Lenski had
conducted his research with a bisexual subject (as
I independently suggested in 2003) he could thaw
his “fossils” or “Lazarus clones” & attempt to mate
them with the “modern 12 tribes”. If they had so
76
Evidence in support
of inter-kind diversification
diversified that they had more genetic information
& could no longer reproduce fertile offspring with
their ancestors the evolution of inter-kind species
hypothesis would be proven true of his subject
species¹. If they could not reproduce fertile
offspring with more genetic information this
would strongly suggest that the inter-kind
hypothesis is false, though they could continue the
experiment into the indefinite future, continuing
to divide the tribes if the wished, attempting to
demonstrate inter-kind diversification.
77
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
Dr. Coyne reports ²@ 20 of these exact
experiments! Why didn’t Dr. Dawkins say so?
They were with flies because of their short
generation times. More than half of these
studies produced genetic barriers between
descendants. (I hope they are continuing!) So
we can start with flies & evolve them into flies
that can reproduce with their ancestors but
not with their distant cousins. This is exactly
what Monotheists mean by “Evolution within
Biblical Kinds.”³
78
Is there a genetic barrier?
“This text (a book supporting Darwinism ) suggest that modern
bacteria are evolving very quickly, thanks to their innumerable
mutations. Now, this is not true. For millions, or even billions,
of years, bacteria have not transgressed the structural frame
within which they have always fluctuated and still do… To vary
and to evolve are two different things; This can never be
sufficiently emphasized. P.P. Grasse, Evolution of living
organisms, 1977, pg. 6. Instead of variations taking plants &
animals further & further from their parental ancestors they are
like a butterfly in a greenhouse, which travels for miles without
moving more than a few feet from its starting point. “There are
invisible but firmly fixed boundaries that mutations can never
cross.” (Paraphrased from Hayward pg. 25.) “Despite their
innumerable mutations, whitlow grass, wild pansy, and the rest
79
do not evolve. This is a fact. Grasse pg. 225.
If you call a dog’s tail his leg…
• He still has 4 legs
• Your words and thoughts are muddled and wrong.
• Lions, Tigers & Bears, Oh my! A great deal of
muddled thinking is had by an incoherent
definition of species.
• POLAR BEARS are not a differentiated species of
bear; they are a variety of bear adapted to a
unique climate.
• BROWN BEARS are not a differentiated species of
bear; they are a variety of bear adapted to a
unique climate.
80
“Species” vs. “Species” vs. “Kinds”
Western zoologists identified 137 species of
birds in New Guinea’s Arfak Mountains. Natives
identified 136. This concordance convinces
Evolutionists & I that the discontinuities of
nature are not arbitrary, but are objective facts.¹
Morphological species concept: (MSC)
Appearance based.²
Biological Species Concept: (BSC) A group of
interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”³
81
What EXACTLY is a species?
O.E.D.
A class of things having some common qualities
of characteristics. (All life meets this definition.)
1. (logic)
2. (biology) A taxonomic grouping ranking next
below genus and subgenus, which contains
organisms that are uniquely distinguished
from others by certain shared characteristics
and usually¹ by an inability to interbreed with
members of other such groupings…
82
What EXACTLY is a species?
An entire School of Science, theory of life, And pagan
religion¹, is being maintained within the ambiguity of the
word “usually”. If one removed “usually” from the
definition of species, the genetic barrier would defeat
inter-kind evolution. This is not just a semantic
argument. Ultimately Dr. Dawkins is saying that all life is
the same species. We all share the same ancestor, and
any species now living, plus any species imaginable may
yet descend from any living species. Not only are our
ancestors algae, but our descendants may be as well!
This may be true, but it is helpful to understand the
positions & the inescapable ethical & philosophical
83
INTERSPECIES VS.
INTRASPECIES EVOLUTION?
“For millions of years species remain
unchanged in the fossil record, and they then
abruptly disappear, to be replaced by
something that is substantially different but
clearly related”
“Most species exhibit no directional change
during their tenure on earth. They appear in
the fossil record looking much the same as
when they disappeared; morphological
change is usually limited and directionless.”
Stephen J Gould¹
84
HOW DID SPECIES ORIGINATE?
WHY ARE THERE STILL SPECIES?
WHY DO SOME SPECIES REMAIN UNCHANGED?
WHY DO LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE¹?
Given the theory of Evolution by natural
selection there should never have been &
there should no longer be species, only an
unbroken diversity among all life forms!
Why do many species living today
continue for hundreds of millions of years
in diverse locations virtually unchanged?
85
IF IT’S NOT BROKE, WHY FIX IT?
IF IT WORKS, WHY NOT KEEP IT?
Algae is one of the oldest life forms known.
It is sea life from the pre-Cambrian period. It
is not a plant nor an animal! Protista have
the best of both words. They metabolize
other food & they create their own through
photo-synthesis. Plants lost one ability,
animals the other. If evolution tends toward
simple efficiency (the selfish gene) Why is not
all life algae¹ (Protista)? If evolution tends
toward complexity, Why is there still algae?
Why do animal cells lack chloroplast? Why
do plants lack Mitochondrion?
86
INTERSPECIES VS.
INTRASPECIES EVOLUTION?
“Why should we be able to classify plants and
animals (and those) into types of species at
all? In a fascinating editorial feature in Natural
History, Stephen Gould writes that biologists
have been quite successful in dividing up the
living world into distinct and discrete
species…`But, how could the existence of
distinct species be justified by a theory
[evolution] that proclaimed ceaseless change
as the most fundamental fact of nature?`¹
87
INTERSPECIES VS.
INTRASPECIES EVOLUTION?
For an evolutionist, why should there be
species at all? If all life forms have been
produced by gradual expansion…from a small
beginning gene pool, (from a single one-celled,
or non-celled micro-organism) organisms really
should just grade into one another without
distinct boundaries.” Morris & Parker 1987.
Parenthetical comments added.
88
Mills’ cricket
In 1999 I was exploring a lava tube on the big island of
Hawaii. I noticed a translucent cricket. I do not know if
that particular cricket suffered from: A nutritional
deficiency, A lack of light, or if he was the offspring of a
translucent cricket who had adapted to darkness. I did
not capture nor photograph it. It never occurred to me to
seek “scientific priority” for it. Years later I saw a Nat.
Geo. Special where a biologist in a cave in Viet Nam was
thrilled to discover a “new species” that was similarly
deficient/adapted. I don’t recall whether it was a frog or
a worm or what. I now know that I discovered a
specimen from the Family Gryllidae. Genus species:
Millsum Translucica. Proof of evolution? Silly non-sense!
“…most British and American biologists acquired
the curious - and incorrect - notion that
‘practically everybody accepts Darwinism.’”
1. One leading Scandinavian biologist¹ thought Darwinism
“was long ago abandoned.”
2. The Chair in Botany & Cytology of a French University
²thinks Neo-Darwinism “looks a little childish”.
3. The most distinguished French zoologist ³believes his
books have destroyed “the myth of evolution … some
people, owing to their sectarianism, purposely
overlook reality and refuse to acknowledge the
inadequacies and the falsity of their beliefs.⁴”
4. A leading British Botanist believes “The Couse of Evolution”, meaning it’s usefulness as a theory, has ended⁵.
90
CREATION & EVOLUTION¹
Carnivorous plants have a tremendous survival
advantage. They can flourish in poor soil or during a
shortage of insects. One would expect the world to
be covered with carnivorous plants. One would
expect many varieties of them all over the world.
(One would also expect many animals to perform
photosynthesis.) Why aren’t carnivorous plants the
common ancestor of all animals? Why aren’t their
digestive systems more “simple” like single cell
animals and less “complex,” less likely to have
evolved through a multitude of small steps?
Why can’t we build the simplest plant cell?
91
WHAT ABOUT US? MISSING LINKS?
I do not understand the dispute specifically related to
human evolution. The entire “missing links” argument
completely misses the point. If kinds exist as discreet
discontinuous clusters of living things, (As Dr. Coyne insisted
they did immediately before explaining why they don’t.)
then one could find fossils, (or even living examples) of every
proximate “cousin” to humans imaginable and it would only
show the completeness, fullness, & diversity of life.¹
Humans already exist in significant variety.² If historically
some of them were smaller or taller of had different facial
features, makes no difference. I am amazed & delighted that
Dr. Coyne has taught me that kinds have almost unlimited
capacity for development & variety! This does not teach me
92
that algae becomes humans nor that humans become E-coli.
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
Dr. Dawkins asserts that while fossils can’t be
radioactively dated the order of their appearance in
world wide rock strata provides an ordinal ranking of
when each life form appeared. He makes bold
falsifiable claims: “Do they progress in a sensible
direction? Do certain kinds of fossils, for example
mammals, appear only after a given date, (order)
never before? The answer to all such questions is yes.
Always yes. No exceptions. That is powerful
evidence for evolution…It is a fact that literally
nothing that you could remotely call a mammal has
ever been found in …any older stratum.”
93
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
“They are not just statistically rarer…they
literally never occur in rocks older than a
certain date…at any moment somebody might
dig up a mammal in Cambrian rocks, and the
theory of evolution would be instantly blown
apart if they did…(reciprocally) There are
literally no trilobites above the Permian strata,
literally no dinosaurs (except birds) above
Cretaceous strata.” (No statistical tailing off)
pgs. 99-101.
94
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
“What would be evidence against evolution,
and very strong evidence at that, would be the
discovery of even a single fossil in the wrong
geological stratum…
…no authentically anachronistic fossils of any
kind, have ever been found. All the fossils that we
have, and there are very very many indeed, occur,
without a single authenticated exception, in the
right temporal sequence…not a single solitary
fossil has ever been found before it could have
evolved…
95
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
… Evolution could so easily be disproved if just a
single fossil turned up in the wrong date order.
Evolution has passed this test with flying
colours…Maybe they’ll (creationists) find one. Want
a bet?” pgs. 146-147.
Dr. Dawkins argues his case with such religious
fervor & zeal! He reminds me of myself defending
Christianity.
These are powerful, persuasive, falsifiable truth
claims. Either they are true or they are not.
96
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
If they are true they argue not only in favor of
inter-kind diversification but they also argue
against arguments # 2 & 4. They directly refute
that all life was created or migrated
simultaneously. They do not directly refute them
completely because all life could have been
created or intentionally migrated over time.
If they are true I am inclined to tentatively
believe that inter-kind diversification is true
and proceed with evaluating arguments in
negation.
97
Evidence in support
of inter-kind¹ diversification
If these statements are not true, If they are
demonstrably false, not only do their
arguments fail, But Dr. Dawkins as the
undisputed champion apologist for Evolution
has a real credibility problem. I doubt there is
rebuttal evidence available to me that he is
unaware of. If he is intentionally misstating
the facts, he must know his case is extremely
weak, if not outright false or he would not
have felt this necessary.
98
MISSING LINKS OR AN UNBROKEN
CHAIN IN A DIFFERENT DIRECTION?
As the debates about the size & significance of
“Missing links” continues ¹I am wondering why no
one is commenting on some blatant circular
reasoning: Fossilized species are assigned an “age” &
a geologic strata!* When exceptions are found, & one
only has to look to find them, either they aren’t that
species, or it isn’t that strata! Rocks can be dated by
the fossils within them*! Many species now living are
also Fossilized. Why are some “simpler” plants
younger than some “more complex” animals?
Definitionally fitting the data into a pre-conceived
99
A lovely & classic example
of historical irony
Darwin began his studies at Cambridge, “While at
Cambridge Darwin had the good fortune to work under
the respected geologist Adam Sedgwick… During a field
trip…Sedgwick found a large fossil shell, but claimed
that it must have been thrown there, because it did not
belong to rocks of such age. He continued, “It would be
the greatest misfortune to geology as it would
overthrow all we know about the superficial deposits
of the Midland counties.” Dr. Andrew Parker The
Genesis ENIGMA, 2009, pg. 69. (Dr. Parker is a
Darwinian Evolutionist-How the status quo strives to be
preserved- How history repeats itself!)
100
A lovely & classic example
of historical irony
Because all fossils definitionally fit into the geologic age
to which they are assigned, I could not find a published list of
exceptions, (that would be like a list of married bachelors) A
very large scholarly book on humans was my single
exception¹. However, I have hunted fossils. They are very
democratically distributed throughout our planet and
everyone should personally see fossil beds at least once.
Very complex sea animals, (octopi, starfish, sea urchins,
snails, sea lilies, etc.) many still living, (why didn’t they
evolve?) exist at the very beginning of the Cambrian era half
a billion years ago. Mixed in with them are a few fishes. In a
few hours anyone, almost anywhere or everywhere there are
fossils, in land or sea fossils, can observe the exceptions 101
Dr.
THE STANDARD MODEL:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Permian
286, 000,000 B.C.E.
Carboniferous
360, 000,000 B.C.E.
Devonian Starting: 408, 000,000 B.C.E.
Silurian
438, 000,000 B.C.E.
Ordovician
505, 000,000 B.C.E.
Cambrian
590, 000,000 B.C.E.
Pre-Cambrian
>590, 000,000 B.C.E.
102
A lovely & classic example
of historical irony
I have personally found “trilobites above the Permian
strata.” More experienced experts always have an
explanation (no matter how desperate or circular: “The
strata suddenly changed…That one rock is from a different
strata than all those surrounding it…”). Younger experts
often display delightfully honest epistemological
responsibility, examine the fossil still embedded in the
rock closely, ponder for a moment and then say: “I don’t
know.” The sure mark of a true scientist! Beneath the
Cambrian there are algae & bacteria. No transitional
forms, all either extinct or still in the same form, & niche
where God apparently originally placed them.
103
THE STANDARD MODEL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Holocene
Starting:
10,000 B.C.E.
Pleistocene
2,000,000 B.C.E.
Pliocene
5,000,000 B.C.E.
Miocene
25,000,000 B.C.E.
Oligocene
38, 000,000 B.C.E.
Eocene
55, 000,000 B.C.E.
Paleocene
65, 000,000 B.C.E.
Cretaceous
144,000,000 B.C.E.
Jurassic
213,000,000 B.C.E.
Triassic
248, 000,000 B.C.E.
104
BONES INTENTIONALLY CUT
& BROKEN BY HUMANS¹
• Early & mid Pleistocene, Pliocene, & Miocene-Eocene:
1. St. Prest, France: De Boisvillette et.al. 1848.
2. OLD CROW RIVER, CANADA: Morlan et.al. 1986.
3. ANZA-BORREGO DESERT, CALIFORNIA: Miller &
Graham, et.al. 1988.
4. VAL D’ARNO ITALY: Harland et.al. 1982.
5. COLLINE DE SANSAN FRANCE: Garrigou & Filhol
1868, Klien 1973, et.al.
6. PIKERMI, GREECE: Gaudry, 1872, Nilsson 1983
7. DARDANELLES TURKEY: Calvert,1874, Romer 1966.
8. Suffolk England: Moir, et.al. 1917, Nilsson 1983.
105
EOLITHS & PALEOLITHIC
STONE TOOLS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In the Pliocene: Kent, England, Harrison, 1928.
““
“
: Suffolk, England, Moir, 1927.
In the Early & mid Pleistocene: CA, Leakey, 1979.
In the Miocene: Portugal, Ribeiro, 1883.
In the Miocene: Thenay, France, Bourgeos, 1863,
(dates still supported in 1973 & 1974).
6. In the Miocene: Aurillac, France, Roujou, 1870.
7. In the Oligocene: Belgium, Rutot &
Schweinfurth, 1907.
8. In the Miocene: Burma: Noetling, 1894.
106
ADVANCED PALEOLITHIS & NEOLITHS
IN THE PLIOCENE, MIOCENE &
EARLIER, (EOCENE) PERIODS:
1. Argentina: Ameghino, 1911, including the
intentional use of fire.
2. Bramford, England: Moir, 1926.
3. CA: Whitney & Clark, 1979.
4. CA: King & Becker, 1891, (A stone pestle at least 9
million years old).
5. CA: Whitney, 1880: (The initial geological surveys
of CA revealed Miocene - Eocene tools in: Butte,
Trinity & Siskiyou Counties.)
107
FOSSIL HUMAN REMAINS FROM
TERTIARY FORMATIONS IN THE PLIOCENE,
MIOCENE, EOCENE & EARLIER PERIODS:
1. Foxhall, England: Osborn, 1921.
2. Castenedolo, Italy: Ragazzoni, 1880.
3. Savona, Italy: De Mortillet, 1883.
4. Monte Hermoso, Argentina: Ameghino, 1908.
5. Miramar, Argentina: Obermaier, 1924.
6. Table Mountain, CA: Whitney, 1880.¹
7. Table Mountain, CA: Winslow, 1873.²
8. In the Carboniferous, Ill: The Geologist, 1862.
9. In the Carboniferous, Kentucky: Burroughs, 1938³
10.In the Jurassic, Turkmen Republic: Amanniyazov, 1983³
108
RABBITS IN THE PRECAMBRAIN?
“Haldane famously retorted, when asked to name an
observation that would disprove the theory of evolution,
`Fossil rabbits in the Precambrian`”.¹
1. A nail in Devonian sandstone: England, Brewster,
1844.
2. Gold threading in Carboniferous stone: England, 1844:
London Times.
3. Metallic vase in Precambrian Rock: Mass. Hall, 1852.
4. Chalk Ball (& other human artifacts) in early Eocene
lignite: Laon, France, Melleville, 1862.
5. Gold chain in Carboniferous Coal: U.S.A. Culp, 1891.
6. Carved stone in coal: Iowa, Omaha Daily News, 1897.
109
RABBITS IN THE PRECAMBRAIN?
“Haldane famously retorted, when asked to name an
observation that would disprove the theory of
evolution, `Fossil rabbits in the Precambrian`”.¹
7. Iron cup in Carboniferous Coal: OK, Nordling,
1949.
8. Block Wall in coal: Ok, (1928) Steiger, 1979
9. Petrified Shoe Soul in Triassic: Nevada, Reid, 1922.
10.Metallic Tubes in Cretaceous: France, Corliss, 1978
11.Fossilized Shoe Print in Cambrian: Utah, Meister,
1968.
12.Grooved Metallic Spheres in Precambrian: South
Africa. Jimison, 1982.
110
Hawaiian analogy
How did life get here?
We all agree That the Hawaiian Chain arose
volcanically from the Pacific ocean and was
originally lifeless. How did life come to be
there? We all agree that it migrated! Some if it
intentionally & some of it accidentally, but all
of it migrated!
We all agree that the earth arose from the
ocean & was originally lifeless. How did life
come to be there?
111
SNOTITES & CONTINUING
SPECIATION OR CREATON?
When Jesus died, volcanic & other seismic activity
in Eastern Mexico created A cave with unique
chemical compounds in it’s water. Since then life
forms unique to this area have been found.
“Snotites” & some blind fish are the most famous.
Where did this life come from? Do evolutionists
believe they evolved from neighboring species in
the last 2000 years? That is not what Dr. Dawkins
firmly insists. Have countless species already
“evolved” countless more species as spores, seeds,
& eggs wondering about looking for a home?
112
SNOTITES & CONTINUING
SPECIATION OR CREATON?
How do the sulfur based life forms get to new
deep water vents as they open? Is God still
Creating or intentionally migrating? I honestly
don’t know. Inquiring minds want to know?
Evolution has a great deal to say about isolated
species. What does it say about the same kind
in different isolated areas? Do they
independently keep re-evolving as the
environment changes? Even suddenly &
catastrophically?
113
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
It’s always been here?
Almost no one living today believes this. It is
included for epistemological completeness &
symmetry.
This hypothesis fails the 4ᵀᴴ test for
epistemological responsibility: It is externally
inconsistent with overwhelming evidence that
both our planet & our universe had a
beginning.
114
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
All Sudden Creation by “intelligent Design”*?
A series of Creations beginning billions of years
ago, & continuing in some sense into the
present passes all five tests for epistemological
responsibility! It is: Sense, reasonable,
internally & externally consistent, & it is
consistent with overwhelming evidence &
both Special (Scriptural) & Natural (secular)
authority.
115
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Some Sudden Creation by “intelligent Design”,
then diversification*?
A type or kind of “Rely of Life” including “Evolution
into Platonic Ideal forms by means of Divine guidance”
beginning billions of years ago, & continuing into the
present may one day pass all five tests for epistemological responsibility¹. It continues to struggle with
the 3rd & 4th tests for epistemological responsibility:
Internal & external consistency. What are the natures
& limits of species & their genetic barrier?
116
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
All Intentional migration by “intelligent
Design”*?
This hypothesis passes all five tests for
epistemological responsibility! It is:
Sense, reasonable, internally & externally
consistent, & it is consistent with
overwhelming evidence & both Special
(Scriptural) & Natural (secular) authority.
117
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Some intentional migration, by “intelligent
Design” then diversification*?
A type or kind of “Rely of Life” including
“Evolution into Platonic Ideal forms by means of
Divine guidance” beginning billions of years ago,
& continuing into the present may one day pass
all five tests for epistemological responsibility¹. It
continues to struggle with the 3rd & 4th tests for
epistemological responsibility: Internal &
external consistency. What are the natures &
limits of species & their genetic barrier?
118
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
All accidental migration?
Almost no one living today believes this. It is
included for epistemological completeness &
symmetry.
This hypothesis fails the 4ᵀᴴ test for epistemological
responsibility: It is externally inconsistent with
overwhelming evidence that most life forms require
environmental conditions inconsistent with
accidental space migration.
119
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Some accidental migration, then
diversification by Natural selection*?
This hypothesis fails the 3rd & 4ᵀᴴ tests
for epistemological responsibility: It is
internally & externally inconsistent with
the natures & limits of species & their
genetic barrier.
120
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
All Spontaneous generation?
Almost no one living today believes this. It is included for
epistemological completeness & symmetry.
It also serves an important historical function as many
people believed at least some life spontaneously
generated until quite recently. Galileo tried & failed to
disprove it. Pasture ultimately disproved it.
This hypothesis fails the 4ᵀᴴ test for epistemological
responsibility: It is externally inconsistent with
overwhelming evidence that living things do not
121
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Some Spontaneous generation, then
diversification*?
This hypothesis fails the 3rd & 4ᵀᴴ tests for
epistemological responsibility: It is internally
& externally inconsistent with the natures &
limits of species & their genetic barrier. It is
also externally inconsistent with
overwhelming evidence that living things do
not Spontaneously generate.
122
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Diversification by Natural selection*?
This hypothesis fails the 3rd & 4ᵀᴴ tests
for epistemological responsibility: It is
internally & externally inconsistent with
the natures & limits of species & their
genetic barrier.
123
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Diversification by “intelligent Design”*?
A type or kind of “Rely of Life” including
“Evolution into Platonic Ideal forms by means of
Divine guidance” beginning billions of years ago,
& continuing into the present may one day pass
all five tests for epistemological responsibility¹.
It continues to struggle with the 3rd & 4th tests
for epistemological responsibility: Internal &
external consistency. What are the natures &
limits of species & their genetic barrier?
124
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Did all life arrive about the same time*?
This hypothesis fails the 4ᵀᴴ test for epistemological
responsibility: It is externally inconsistent with
overwhelming evidence that many life forms require
environmental conditions present at different times in
different places & that some life forms pre-exist
others: Snotites & sulfur based life came after their
habitats were created. Most mammals came after
most dinosaurs, & most land animals came after most
sea animals by tens to hundreds of millions of years.
125
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Did all life arrive in the last ten thousand
years*?
This hypothesis fails the 4ᵀᴴ test for
epistemological responsibility: It is externally
inconsistent with overwhelming evidence that
this planet has existed for over 4 billions years &
that life has existed on this planet for at least
hundreds of millions of years.
126
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Did all life arrive over the last 4 billion years*? This
hypothesis passes all five tests for epistemological
responsibility! It is: Sense, reasonable, internally &
externally consistent, & it is consistent with
overwhelming evidence & both Special (Scriptural) &
Natural (secular) authority. Those who believe this
include “ancient Creationists”, “ancient Migrationists,” &
all Evolutionists whether such evolution is directed by
God or not. This is by far the majority position enjoying
the endorsement of the vast majority of “expert opinion”
& The Major Denominations of all Monotheistic religions.
127
Creation-Evolution-Migration?
Where did Life come from?
When did it get here?
Does life exist in discreet “kinds” or
species*?
This hypothesis passes all five tests for
epistemological responsibility! It is: Sense,
reasonable, internally & externally
consistent, & it is consistent with
overwhelming evidence & both Special
(Scriptural) & Natural (secular) authority.
128
The Verdict of the vast
majority everywhere today
& throughout all history!
The vast majority of people in every culture
in every time have believed in the presence of
a God who intervened; A God to whom they
prayed, a God who answered their prayers*.
Has nearly everyone, always, everywhere
been completely wrong about the one thing
that mattered the very most to them?¹ Over
time humanity has changed it’s mind about a
great many things. God is not one of them!
129
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!¹
Abbas, Abelard, Abraham, Aquinas, Anselm, Brahms,
Barclays, Benedict, Boniface, Bonaventura, Bunyan,
Boethius, Buddha, Bede, Calvin, Columba, Constantine,
Cyprian, Cyril, Catherines, Cajetan, Clements, Davids,
Drake, Erasmus, Erigena, Euler, Fechner, Flew¹, Galen,
Gray, Gödel, Guttenberg, Herschel, Hus, Hippocrates,
Ignatius, Irenaeus, Jesus² John², Jung, Justin, Jerome, Kay,
Kepler, Loyola, Lavoisier, Luther, Maury, Madison, Moses,
Mendel, Methodius, Nanak, Orosius, Polycarp, Paul³
Patrick, Pelagius, Plato, Pythagoras, Peter, Quesnay,
Rheticus, Rayleigh, Rousseau, Socrates, Solomon, Sholes,
Stokes, Thales, Tyndale, Uthman, von Braun, Wycliffe,
Xenocrates, Youngs, Zoroaster, …
130
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!¹
(All of the Bishops, Buddhist Dali Lamas, Caliphs,
Hindu Sages & Popes) Anaximander, Archimedes,
Amphos, Augustine, Anaximenes, Aristotle, Arminius,
Bohr, Clausius, Dante, Eudoxos, Franklins, Galvani,
Humboldt, Iqbal, Jaspers, Kelvin, Lewis, Milton,
Nierenberg , Orm, Paganini, Quincy, Robinson, Seitz,
Singer, Simon, Smyth, Simons, Teller, Thomsons,
Udine, Vancouver, Vanderbilts, Vladimir, Watts,
Wigner, Williams, Websters, Waldo, Xerxes,
Xenophanes, Xavier, Xenophon, Yersin, Yongle, Yadin,
Yales, Zazerski, Zacharias, Zeiss, Zemlinsky, Zworykin…
131
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!
Abel, Adams*, Ampe`re, Am tem, Athanasius, Avogadro,
Bacon, Berkeley, Bragg, Bernoulli, Blackstone, Brewster,
Boyle, Chiefs Joseph & Seattle, Coulomb, Copernicus,
Cicero, Cooke, Cuvier, Descartes, da Vinci, Dukes de
Broglie, Euclid, Fahrenheit, Flemings, Fabriano, Faberge,
Fry, Fulton, Fox, Ford, Gama, Gandhi, Gauss, Koch, Hobbs,
Hooke, Harvard, Hudson Heisenberg, Huygens, Innocents,
Jastrow, Joule, Kant, Kierkegaard, Leibniz, Linnaeus, Locke
Mandela, Maimondes, Michelangelo, Mill, Marcel, Mores,
Newman, Nostradamus, Newton, Osmund, Priestley,
Pasteur, Pascal, Paley¹, Rubens, Qianlong, Stanfords,
Simpson, Sydenham, Shakespeare…
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!
Alcmaeon, Ambrose, Agassiz, Bells, Bruno, Budaeus, Buffon,
Cecil, Carnegie, Chesterton, Churchill, Cousteau, Columbus,
Celsius, Carver, Clovis, Dostoyevsky, Dickens, Dakin, Dirac,
Douglas, Dysons, Dostoyevsky, Edwards Faraday, Gist, Gosse,
Higgs, Hamilton, Handel, Hutton, Helmholtz, Hoyle, Ictinos,
Johannsen, Kagawa, King, Knox, Lincoln, Lin, Lister,
Leeuwenhoek, Laplace, Lyell, McDonnell, Mendelssohn,
Maxwell, Mozart, Nobel, Owen, Parry, Peacocke, Plantinga,
Pratt, Qin, Polkinghorne, Parsons, Ramanujan, Rembrandt,
Rockefeller, Ray, Rutherford, Smoot, Solzhenitsyn, Scotus,
Stannard, Spenser, Swift, Spener, Swinburne, Tolstoy, Tesla,
Tertullian, Ussher, Van Dykes, Volta, York, Washingtons,*
133
Ximenes, Xuanzang, Xuanzong, Zwingli…
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!
Abdullah, Albertus, Alexanders, Aelfric, Armstrong,
Antiochus, Bach, Babbage, Barth, Booth, Becquerel, Collins,
Chaucer, Davy, Chadwick, Diesel, Dovorak, Einthoven, Eliot,
Ellis, Fleming, Florey, Galileo, Geiger, Graham, Guillaume,
Henrys, Hertz, Hills, Ibns, Hume, Irvings, Johnsons, Jacobi,
Kusch, Kapila, Kolbes, Kipling, Lawrence, Livingstone,
Legendre, Lemaitre, Mohammeds, Moody, Medina, Morse,
Nernst, Nibley, Niebuhrs, Onions, Origen, Oppenheimers,
Pachelbel, Paschal, Penn, Pregl, Purcell, Quesnel, Ramseys,
Seuss, Raphael, Riemann, Sabatier, Spurgeon, Stephens,
Smiths, Steno, Soddy, Townsends, Tabari, Thielicke, Tolkein,
Ulugh, Ulfilas, Van Gogh, Virchow, Vivaldi, Wallace, Woolley,
134
Wien, Walkers, Wesleys, Nearly ad infinitum!