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Chenezza GrahamA+ Networking
-Flash Memory, Thumb Drive
-Flash Card, Compact Flash
-Smart Media, Secure digital
-Memory Stick
-XD
period 8
1
Flash Memory
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Invented by Dr.Fujio Masuoka, working for
Toshiba in 1984
Flash memory :
Does not need power to maintain the
information stored in the chip.
Offers fast read and better kinetic shock
resistance than that of a hard disk.
Enormously durable,
Can withstand intense pressure
Can handle extreme changes in temperature
and immersion in water.
period 8
2
Flash Memory
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How it works:
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Flash programming occurs when electrons
are placed on the floating gate. The charge
is stored on the floating gate, with the oxide
layer allowing the cell to be electrically erased
through the source.
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It is a solid state storage device, meaning that
it is electronic, instead of mechanical
period 8
3
Examples of Flash
Memory
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Your computer's BIOS chip
Compact Flash (most often found in digital cameras)
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Smart Media (most often found in digital cameras)
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Memory Stick (most often found in digital cameras)
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PCMCIA Type I and Type II memory cards (used
as solid-state disks in laptops)
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Memory cards for video game consoles
period 8
4
Thumb Drive
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As known as USB drive,worked on since
1998 by IBM, it was first sold by Trek in
early 2000.
IT IS:
A solution for replacing the less stable
floppy disks
The size of a human thumb it, is portable
memory storage. It is re-written and holds its
memory without the use of a power supply ,
unlike RAM.
It can plug the drive into a computer and will
not have to restart itperiod
. 8
5
Thumb Drive
Problem:
 Security threat, as they are easily
concealed
 proprietary information can be copied
to them
 Software for hacking information can
be uploaded from them, all undetected
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period 8
6
Solution:
System administrators can also upload antivirus software to an infected computer from a
thumb drive
 Their write speeds and read speeds only
really come into play when users are running
large applications from them.
 Most thumb drives also have millions of rewrite cycles and will store data for ten years
before they need replacing
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period 8
7
Flash Card
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First specified and produced by Scan Disk
in 1994.
It is:
A small module that contains flash memory
Larger than other flash formats, they have
become very popular for storage in digital
cameras.
Appearing to the camera as a hard disk,
Compact Flash uses the PC Card/ATA
interface, but with 50 pins instead of 68
period 8
8
Compact Flash
Continued
Weigh a half ounce and are the size of
a matchbook.
 Ideal for a range of current and nextgeneration, small-form factor consumer
applications.
 The physical format is now used for a
variety of devices.
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period 8
9
Capacities and
compatibility
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As of 2007, Compact Flash cards are
generally available in capacities from
about 512 MB to about 64 GB, with
perhaps the most popular choices in
Europe and North America being
between 512 MB and 8 GB. Lower
capacity cards, below 512 MB, are
becoming rare in stores as higher
capacity cards are readily
period 8
10
Smart Media
Launched in the summer of 1995 to compete
with Mini Card, Compact Flash, and PC
card formats.
 Consists of a single NAND flash chip
embedded in a thin plastic card (though some
higher capacity cards contain multiple, linked
chips).
 It was one of the smallest and the thinnest
(0.76 mm) of the early memory cards, and
managed to maintain a favorable cost ratio as
compared to the others.
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period 8
11
Specifications
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Weight: 2 g
Size: 45.0 × 37.0 × 0.76 mm
Capacities: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 MB
Uses 16-M bit, 32-M bit, and 64-M bit
Toshiba TC58-compatible NAND-type
flash memory chips
Flat electrode terminal with 22 pins — (32M
& 64M compatible)
8-bit I?/O Interface (16-bit in some cases)
period 8
12
Continued
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Data transfer rate: 2MB/s
1,000,000 read/write cycles
Ten year storage time without power
Metallic write-protect sticker
Compatible with PCMIA with an adapter
Compatible with Compact Flash Type II
with an adapter
Compatible 3.5" Floppy drive using Flash
Path adapter
period 8
13
Secure Digital
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A tiny memory card used to make storage
portable among various devices
Examples:
Car navigation systems
Cellular phones
E-Books
PDAs
Smart phones, digital cameras, music players,
camcorders, and personal computers
period 8
14
Secure Digital
Continued
It uses flash memory to provide nonvolatile
storage, which means that a power source is
not required to retain stored data, as stated
previously
 SD cards are more rugged than traditional
storage media. They have an operating
shock rating of 2,000 Gs, compared to a
100-200 G rating for the mechanical drive of
the typical portable computing device. SD
cards use metal connector contacts, instead
of the traditional pins-and-plugs, so they
aren't as prone to damage during handling.
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period 8
15
More SD Information
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Secure Digital cards are used as storage in
these devices:
Digital camera for storing pictures
Cell phone for storing images, sound clips
and other media files
Nintendo's Wii console for storing
multimedia and game save files.
Global Positioning System receivers, for
storing map and waypoint data, digital
photos and audio.
PS3 for storing multimedia and game save
period 8
16
files.
Memory Stick
Used as storage media for a portable
device, in a form that can easily be
removed for access by a personal
computer
 With a Memory Stick-capable reader,
a user can copy the pictures taken with
the Sony digital camera onto the
computer.
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period 8
17
Memory Stick Continued
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Compared to other IC (integrated circuit)
media, Memory Stick digital data storage is
smaller in size than compact flash and smart
media. It is highly reliable with a 10-pin
connector, and an Erasure Prevention
Switch that when set on "Lock" virtually
eliminates the risk of accidentally erasing or
recording over stored data. The Memory
Stick format is designed to be expanded in
the future to incorporate digital copyright
protection.
period 8
18
Memory Stick Uses
Digital cameras,
 Digital music players,
 PDA’s, cellular phones,
 The PSP,
 In other devices, and the Sony VAIO
line of personal computers also include
Memory Stick slots.
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period 8
19
XD
A type of flash memory card, used
mainly in digital cards. XD originally
stood for extreme Digital
 The cards were developed by
Olympus and Fujifilm and introduced
into the market in July 2002.
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period 8
20
Disadvantages
XD cards are much slower than their
main competitor, Secure Digital (SD
 Although XD cards are physically
smaller than Secure Digital (SD)
cards, they are larger than its reducedsize variants, mini SD and micro SD
cards.
 XD cards are generally more expensive
than cards of other formats.
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period 8
21
Advantages
XD cards are fast in comparison with older
formats such as Smart Media (SM), Multi
Media Card (MMC), and Memory Stick
(MS).
 XD cards have a small form-factor in
comparison with other formats (although both
Micro SD and Memory Stick M2 are
smaller).
 XD cards have a low power consumption.
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period 8
22
Card Reader
Used for communication with a smart card or
a flash memory card
 Allows to use Palm-powered handheld’s as
an ordinary USB or Blue tooth card
reader for quick and easy file exchange. It
has the unique ability to export the card in
the background mode allowing you e.g. to
transfer MP3s simultaneously with web
browsing.
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period 8
23
Card Reader
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Some have a flash upgradeable
firmware. The card reader supplies the
integrated circuit on the smart card with
electricity. Communication is done via
protocols and you can read and write
to a fixed address on the card.
period 8
24
Card Reader Protocol
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T=0, Asynchronous half-duplex byte-level
transmission protocol.
T=1, Asynchronous half-duplex block-level
transmission protocol.
T=2, Reserved for future full-duplex
operations.
T=3, Reserved for future full-duplex
operations.
T=CL, APDU transmission via non
contact interface ISO14443.
period 8
25
Availability
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All of these items can be bought at
computer appliance stores and over the
internet
period 8
26