Purdue OWL Writing Lab OWL News Engagement Research Contact Site Map OWL Writing Resources | OWL Exercises | Purdue Writing Lab Information | Purdue OWL News | Writing Lab Engagement General Writing The Writing Process What Do You Need to Write? Invention Prewriting Introduction Prewriting Questions More Prewriting Questions Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block More Writer's Block Strategies Stasis Introduction Stasis and Research Stasis for Teamwork Thesis Statement Tips Outline Components How to Outline Types of Outlines Reverse Outlining Beginning Proofreading Proofreading for Errors Proofreading Suggestions Revising for Cohesion Steps for Revising Academic Writing Rhetorical Situations Elements of Rhetorical Situations Aristotle's Rhetorical Situation Text Author and Audience Purposes Setting Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Conclusion Strong Thesis Statements Research and Evidence Organizing Your Argument Rhetorical Strategies Logic Using Logic Fallacies Logic in Writing Does Logic Always Work? Improprieties On Paragraphs Paragraphing Essay Writing Expository Essays Descriptive Essays Narrative Essays Argumentative Essays Conciseness Eliminating Words Changing Phrases Avoid Common Pitfalls Paramedic Method Reverse Paramedic Method Visual-Textual Devices Punctuation Marks Choice and Arrangement Sentence and Clause Arrangement Variation Sentence Types For Short, Choppy Sentences For Repeated Subjects or Topics Similar Sentence Patterns or Rhythms Appropriate Language: Overview Levels of Formality Group Jargon Deceitful Language and Euphemisms Stereotypes and Biased Language Appropriate Pronoun Usage Active and Passive Voice Active Versus Passive Voice More about Passive Voice Choosing Passive Voice Changing Passive to Active Voice More Suggestions Verbs: Voice and Mood Email Etiquette Email Etiquette for Students Common Writing Assignments Understanding Writing Assignments Argument Papers Body Paragraphs Rebuttal Sections Conclusions Writing a Research Paper Genre and the Research Paper Choosing a Topic Identifying Audiences Where do I Begin? Exploratory Papers Organizing an Exploratory Essay Annotated Bibliographies Annotated Bibliography Example Annotated Bibliography Samples Book Reports Definitions Essays for Exams Book Reviews Academic Proposals Conference Proposals Presenting Conference Papers Journal Abstracts Submitting the Journal Abstract Book Proposals Academic Proposals Submitting an Undergraduate Journal Article Mechanics HOCs and LOCs Sentence Clarity Parts of Speech Overview Sentence Clarity Presentation Sentence Fragments Transitions Transitional Devices Correcting Dangling Modifiers Parallel Structure Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (Idioms) Separable Phrasal Verbs Inseparable Phrasal Verbs Intransitive Phrasal Verbs Help with Capitals Gerunds Participles Infinitives Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives Grammar Common Words that Sound Alike Writing Numbers Adjectives and Adverbs Avoiding Common Errors Adjectives with Count and Noncount Nouns Adjective or Adverb? Appositives A versus An Using Articles Time, Place, and Introducing Objects To, On (to), In (to) Prepositions of Location: At, In, On Spatial Relationships Using Pronouns Clearly Pronoun Case Introduction to Defining Clauses Punctuation Punctuation Overview Punctuation in Sentences Sentence Punctuation Patterns Independent and Dependent Clauses Run On Sentences Comma Slide Presentation Commas: Quick Rules Extended Rules for Commas Commas After Introductions Commas vs. Semicolons Commas with Nonessential Elements Apostrophe Introduction Hyphen Use Using Quotation Marks Extended Rules for Quotation Marks More Quotation Mark Rules Quotation Marks with Fiction Quotation Mark Exercise and Answers Visual Rhetoric Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses Defining vs. Non-Defining Basic Rules Plurals, Articles, and Quantity Words Count, Noncount Nouns with Articles, Adjectives Subject-Verb Agreement Sequence of Tenses Passive Verb Tenses Active Verb Tenses Verb Tense Consistency Verbs with Helpers Active Verb Tenses Irregular Verbs Commonly Confused Verbs Visual Rhetoric: Overview Visual Rhetoric: Text Elements Visual Rhetoric: Color Visual Rhetoric: Images Analyzing Visual Documents Elements of Analysis Organizing Your Analysis Fonts with Purpose Font Features Font Personality Additional Font Tips Color Theory Presentation PowerPoint Quick Guide Before You Start Design Principles Practical Guides Undergraduate Applications Advice from Undergraduate Admissions Officers Graduate School Applications Media File Index Overview: Planning Timeline Overview: Process and Materials Overview: After you Apply to Graduate School Researching Programs: An Introduction Research Programs: Practical Considerations Researching Programs: Profiling Your Research Interests Researching Programs: Profiling Faculty Statements of Purpose: Overview and Before You Draft Statements of Purpose: Drafting Your Statement Statements of Purpose: After You Finish a Draft Graduate School Applications: Requesting Recommendation Letters Workshops and PowerPoints Sample Papers Sample Employment Documents Purdue OWL Vidcasts Purdue OWL Podcasts Contrast Alignment Repetition OWL Mail General Writing FAQs OWL Mail General Writing FAQs Research and Citation Conducting Research Where do I begin? Online vs. Print Sources Primary Research What is Primary Research? Research Ethics Pitfalls of Primary Research Interviewing Surveying Interview and Survey Questions Observing Analysis Analyzing Primary Data Overview Evaluating Bibliographic Citations Evaluation During Reading Print vs. Internet Overview The Internet and Search Engines Search Engines and Directories Searching with a Search Engine Searching with a Web Directory Search Engines Search the Invisible Web Other Useful Sites Other Search Strategies Internet References Dictionaries and Manuals Online References Indexes for Writers Online Libraries Online Books and E-texts Online News Sources Purdue Library Database Tutorials Using Research Introduction Quick Tips Descriptive Statistics Writing with Descriptive Statistics Basic Inferential Statistics Writing with Inferential Statistics Statistics and Visuals Key Terms Strategies for Fair Use Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Paraphrasing Paraphrasing: Sample Essay Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Exercise Paraphrasing Exercise Answers Overview Documenting Electronic Sources Online Guides Overview Is It Plagiarism? Safe Practices Plagiarism Exercise Best Practices for Teachers Scientific Abstracts Presentation Manuscript Formatting In-Text (Citation) References References Page Formatting Manuscript Writing Style Overview Complete Discipline Listing Citation Style Chart APA Style APA Workshop General Format In-Text Citations: The Basics In-Text Citations: Author/Authors Footnotes and Endnotes Reference List: Basic Rules Reference List: Author/Authors Reference List: Articles in Periodicals Reference List: Books Reference List: Other Print Sources Reference List: Electronic Sources Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources Additional Resources Types of APA Papers APA Stylistics: Avoiding Bias APA Stylistics: Basics APA Headings and Seriation APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation APA Sample Paper APA Tables and Figures 1 APA Tables and Figures 2 APA Abbreviations Statistics in APA APA Classroom Poster APA Changes 6th Edition OWL Mail APA FAQs MLA Style MLA Overview and Workshop MLA Formatting and Style Guide MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics MLA Formatting Quotations MLA Endnotes and Footnotes MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format MLA Works Cited Page: Books MLA Works Cited: Periodicals MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources MLA Works Cited: Other Common Sources MLA Additional Resources MLA Abbreviations MLA Sample Works Cited Page MLA Sample Paper MLA Tables, Figures, and Examples MLA PowerPoint Presentation MLA Undergraduate Sample Paper MLA Classroom Poster OWL Mail MLA FAQs Chicago Manual 16th Edition Chicago Manual of Style 16th Edition General Format Books Periodicals Web Sources Film and Television Interviews, Personal Communication Lectures and Presentations Public and Unpublished Materials CMS Author Date Sample Paper CMS NB Sample Paper CMS NB PowerPoint Presentation CMS Author Date PowerPoint Presentation CMS Author Date Classroom Poster CMS NB Classroom Poster Teacher and Tutor Resources Writing Instructors Parents Grades 7-12 Instructors and Students Non-Purdue Users Purdue Instructors and Students Writing Tutors Adult Basic Education Introduction WAC Programs Further Reading Writing in Nursing Bibliography Science Writing Bibliography Essay Creative Nonfiction The Personal Memoir Literary Journalism Lyric Essays Assignments Poetry in Writing Courses Mid to Advanced Level Courses Sample Assignment Additional Resources Detailed Writing and Procedural Transitions Summary and Description Deliverables and Evaluation Activities Resources for Instructors Sample Deliverables Email Etiquette for Professors Lab Quick Tour Meeting One-on-One with Students Tutoring a Résumé Tutoring Cover Letters Tutoring Beginning Poets Tutoring Creative Writers Pitfalls for Fiction Writers Helpful Resources Metaphors in Creative Writing Tutoring Grammar Rationales for Tutoring Grammar Strategies for Tutoring Grammar Teaching Resources Conducting an Interview Presentation Job Acceptance Letter Presentation Invention Presentation Preventing Plagiarism Contextualizing Plagiarism Plagiarism Attitude Scale Handout: Plagiarism Attitude Scale Truth or Consequences Handout: Truth or Consequences The Big Picture Authorship and Popular Plagiarism Copyright and Plagiarism Handout: Copyright and Plagiarism Collaborative Authorship Handout: Collaborative Authorship Defining Our Terms Class Plagiarism Policy Comparing Policies Handout: Comparing Policies Avoiding Plagiarism Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Peer Summarizing Anonymous Paraphrasing Paraphrasing from Media Handout: Paraphrasing from Media Using In-text Citations Handout: Using In-text Citations Quoting Others Handout: Quoting Others Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation in Context Handout: Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation in Context Subject Specific Writing Professional, Technical Writing Workplace Writers Rhetorical Awareness Applying User-Centered Design Glossary and References Participatory Design Overview Development Stage Reading and Action Stage Higher Order Concerns Later Order Concerns Parallel Structure Tone HATS Accentuating the Positives The Basic Business Letter Sample Letters Audience and Purpose Parts of a Memo Format Sample Memo Four Point Action Closing Writing Report Abstracts Reports, Proposals, and Technical Papers Purpose and Audience Organization and Other Tips Revision Revising for Clarity Tailoring Language Organization and Correctness Writing in Literature Terms Introduction to Literary Theory Moral Criticism, Dramatic Construction Formalism Psychoanalytic Criticism Marxist Criticism Reader-Response Criticism (1960s-present) Structuralism and Semiotics Postmodern Criticism New Historicism, Cultural Studies Post-Colonial Criticism Feminist Criticism Gender Studies and Queer Theory Close Reading Developing a Thesis Pre-Writing Introduction Literature Topics and Research Formatting Overview The Prompt Paper General Research Papers Conducting Research Reading Criticism Building an Argument Reading a Novel or Story Reading a Poem Reading a Play Writing About Poetry Image in Poetry Images and Their Uses Exercises Poetry: Close Reading Writing in the Social Sciences Social Work Literature Review Guidelines Writing in Psychology Overview Rhetorical Considerations and Style Experimental Reports 1 Experimental Reports 2 Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes Sources for More Information APA Sample Paper: Experimental Psychology Writing in Engineering Engineering Reports Introduction Purposes and Types Reports and Memos Report Checklist Report Sections The Report Body Abstracts and Executive Summaries Mechanical Elements Design Notebook Project Charter Travel Writing Introduction Readability Presentation Readability Handout Paramedic Method Presentation Paramedic Method Handout Creative Writing Fiction Writing Basics Fiction Writing Basics 2 Fiction Writing Basics 3 Pattern and Variation Pattern Variation Sound and Meter Meter and Scansion Poetic Feet, Line Length Sound and Rhyme Other Matters of Sound Visual Patterning Visual Variation, Exercises Medical Writing Introduction Original Scholarly Article Revised Article Reporting on Conference Presentations Journalism and Journalistic Writing Adjectives Presentation Adjectives Handout Intra-Paragraph Organization Presentation Intra-Paragraph Organization Handout Verb Use Presentation Verb Use Handout Macro Level Cohesion Presentation Macro Level Cohesion Handout Micro Level Cohesion Presentation Micro Level Cohesion Handout Concise Language Presentation Eliminating Unnecessary Words Handout Parallelism Handout Document Design Presentation Poster Design Handout Group Work Presentation Group Work Handout Writing Proposals Handout Annotated Sample Documents Mechanical Engineering Writing Enhancement Program Memo Writing 90-Second Semicolon Vidcasts Report Writing Introduction AP Style Media Ethics The Inverted Pyramid Writing Leads Writing in Nursing Three General Rules Writing in the Field List of Nursing Resources Writing as a Veterinary Technician Writing as a Veterinary Technician Patient Signalment, Client Information History, Presenting Chief Complaint Current Health Status, History Past, Birth, and Referral History Patient Assessment Technician Evaluation Interventions Rationale for Interventions Continued Patient Reassessment Desired Resolutions Progress Notes Discharge Planning Legal Issues of Documentation Sample Care Plan Example Writing in the Purdue SURF Program SURF Workshop Resources Introduction SURF Workshop Resources: Problem Statements Problem Statements PowerPoint Presentation Problem Statements Handout Instructions Problem Statements Handout 1: Situating Your Work Problem Statements Handout 2: Reading a Project Poster Job Search Writing Preparing an Application Tailoring Documents Determining Audience Addressing Audience Tips and Terms The Personal Statement Examples Advice from Admissions Officers Top 10 Rules and Pitfalls Job Skills Checklist Action Verbs Action Verb List Sample Documents Job Search Letters Employment Letters Request For a Reference Follow-Up Letter Inquiry Letters Follow-Up After No Response Acceptance Letter Rejection Letter Requesting Further Negotiations Letter When You are Rejected Thank You Letters Model Reference Request Model for Negotiations Model for Reply to Rejection Model for Inquiry Letter Model for Rejecting a Job Offer Model for Acceptance Letter Model for Reference Request Letter Model for Interview Follow-Up What Is a Cover Letter? Quick Content Tips Quick Formatting Tips Showing Off Knowledge of Company Before Sending the Letter Researching Job Positions Reading Job Ads Researching Companies Communicating with Insiders Using University Career Centers Addressing Qualifications Cover Letter Headings Addressing Cover Letters Cover Letter Introductions Cover Letter Body Paragraphs Cover Letter Closings Introduction What to Include Formatting and Organization Academic Cover Letters Academic Cover Letter Sample Résumés and Vitas Introduction Contact Information Section Education Section Work Experience Section Using Two Pages or More Introduction General Guidelines Résumé Design PowerPoint Presentation Management Résumés Résumé Workshop Education Section Experience Section Honors and Activities Section Skills Section PowerPoint Presentation Reference Sheets Writing the CV Sample Résumés Skills Résumé Sample Chronological Résumé Sample Functional Résumé Sample Interactive Résumé English as a Second Language ESL Instructors, Tutors ESL Orientation Presentation ESL Teacher Resources ESL Instructors and Students ESL Students A Cultural Introduction Tips for Writing in North American Colleges Tips for Writing in North American Colleges: Directness Tips for Writing in North American Colleges: Objectivity Tips for Writing in North American Colleges: Reasonability Tips for Writing in North American Colleges: Conciseness Tips for Writing in North American Colleges: Revision Plagiarism and ESL Writers Writing for Global Business Audiences: An Introduction Writing for an Indian Audience Writing for a Chinese Audience Samples Writing for a North American Audience About the OWL OWL Information OWL Fact Sheet Frequently Asked Questions How to Use the OWL Navigating the New OWL Terms and Conditions of Fair Use OWL Art 1 OWL Art 2 OWL Art 3 Current OWL Exercises OWL Exercises Grammar Exercises Adjective or Adverb Exercise 1 Adjective or Adverb Exercise 2 Appositive Exercise A or An? Exercise Articles Exercise 1 Articles Exercise 2 Count and Noncount Nouns Exercise Count and Noncount Nouns Exercise Count and Noncount Nouns Exercise Count and Noncount Nouns Exercise Count and Noncount Nouns Exercise Quantity Terms Exercise Prepositions of Direction Exercise Tense Consistency Exercise 1 Tense Consistency Exercise 2 Tense Consistency Exercise 3 Tense Consistency Exercise 4 Punctuation Exercises Punctuation Exercise Apostrophes Exercise Quotation Marks Exercise Comma Exercise 1 Comma Exercise 2 Comma Exercise 3 Comma Exercise 4 Comma Exercise 5 1 2 3 4 5 After Introductions Exercise 1 After Introductions Exercise 2 After Introductions Exercise 3 Commas vs. Semicolons - Compound Sentences Nonessential Elements Exercise 1 Nonessential Elements Exercise 2 Nonessential Elements Exercise 3 Spelling Exercises -ible and -able Spelling Exercise 1 -ible and -able Spelling Exercise 2 Accept/Except Spelling Exercise Affect/Effect Spelling Exercise EI/IE Spelling Rules Exercise 1 EI/IE Spelling Rules Exercise 2 EI/IE Spelling Rules Exercise 3 EI/IE Spelling Rules Exercise 4 Sentence Structure Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses Exer Sentence Fragments Exercise 1 Sentence Fragments Exercise 2 Sentence Fragments Exercise 3 Run-ons, Comma Splices, and Fused Sentences Subject and Verb Agreement Exercise Sentence Style Eliminating Wordiness Exercise 1 Eliminating Wordiness Exercise 2 Eliminating Wordiness Exercise 3 Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Exercise Writing Numbers Writing Numbers Exercise Purdue Writing Lab Information About Giving to the Purdue Writing Lab A Welcome from the Directors About Our Writing Lab Coordinators Awards and Featured Articles Fact Sheet Redesigning the Writing Lab and OWL Pages Where are the OWL handouts? Mission, Goals, and Description Alumni Alumni Annotations Facilities Computing Resources Lab Reference Library Satellite Locations Study & Work Area Giving to the Writing Lab Jobs in the Writing Lab General Tutoring Job Information Opportunities for Purdue Graduate Students in English 2013 Opportunities for Purdue Undergraduate Students 2013 Policies Student FAQs Faculty and Instructor FAQs OWL Mail Policies FAQs Services Business Writing Consultants (BWCs) ESL Conversation Groups The Grammar Gang Blog Instructor Consultation One-on-one Tutorials Undergraduate Teaching Assistants Email a Tutor Writing Workshops In-lab ESL Software Overview of Services Writing Lab Workshops Writing Lab Engagement Resources Engagement CWEST GED Preparation GED Practice Essay Organization Questions Sentence Structure Questions Usage Questions Mechanics Questions GED Essay Game Part 1. Lessons 1-4 1.1: Topic Sentences 1.1: Relevance of Ideas 1.1: Order of Ideas 1.1: Transitions 1.2: Fragments and Run-Ons 1.2: Comma Splices 1.2: Parallel Structure 1.2: Modifiers 1.2: Coordination and Subordination 1.2: Verb Tense 1.3: Subject-Verb Agreement 1.3: Pronouns 1.4: Capitalization 1.4: Commas 1.4: Semi-Colons, Colons, and Quotation Marks 1.4: Italics and Underlining 1.4: Spelling 1.4: Contractions 1.4: Homonyms Suggested Resources Part 2. Lessons 1-5 2.1: Understanding the Prompt 2.1: Brainstorm for the Essay 2.1: Developing a Main Idea 2.2: Parts of the Essay, Outlining 2.2: Developing a Thesis 2.2: Topic Sentences 2.3: Introductions 2.3: Body Paragraphs 2.3: Conclusions 2.4: Spelling and Punctuation 2.4: Sentences and Sentence Structure 2.4: Subject-Verb Agreement and Tense 2.4: Capital Letters 2.4: Strategies for Writing Essays 2.5: Word Choice Tips for Success Suggested Resources GED Essay Game Exercise Answers Exercise Answers for Part 1, Lesson 1 Exercise Answers for Part 1, Lesson 2 Exercise Answers for Part 1, Lesson 3 Exercise Answers for Part 1, Lesson 4 More Writing Exercises ESL Resources Combining Sentences Conjunctions and Coordination Subordination, Exercises Discourse Connectors Topic Sentences, Exercises Prepositions Prepositions of Time, Place, and Introducing Objects Prepositions of Direction - To Prepositions of Direction - Onto Prepositions of Direction - Into Prepositions of Spatial Relationship - A Prepositions of Spatial Relationship - B Prepositions of Spatial Relationship - F-O Prepositions of Spatial Relationship - T-W Preposition Exercise Pronouns Pronouns - Clarity Pronouns - Issues of Gender Pronoun Exercise Punctuation Punctuation - Commas Punctuation - Quotation Marks and Apostrophes Punctuation - Semicolons, Colons, and Parentheses Punctuation - Hyphens and Dashes Punctuation Exercise Paraphrasing and Summary Paraphrasing Summarizing Paraphrasing and Summarizing Exercise Exercise Answers Answers for Sentence Exercises Answers Preposition Exercises Answers for Pronoun Exercises Answers for Punctuation Exercises Answers for Paraphrasing and Summarizing Exercises Job Search Resources Reading & Using Job Ads Reading & Using Job Ads Part 1 Reading & Using Job Ads Part 2 Understanding Job Ads Part 1 Understanding Job Ads Part 2 Job Applications Job Application Overview Application Worksheet Part 1 Application Worksheet Part 2 Application Worksheet Part 3 Application Worksheet Part 4 Résumés Résumé Overview Part 1 Résumé Overview Part 2 Résumé Sections Part 1 Résumé Sections Part 2 Résumé Sections Part 3 Résumé Design Part 1 Résumé Design Part 2 Checking Your Résumé Cover Letters Cover Letter Overview Cover Letters Part 1 Cover Letters Part 2 Cover Letters Part 3 Cover Letters Part 4 Cover Letters Part 5 Cover Letters Part 6 Interviews Interviews Part 1 Interviews Part 2 Follow-Up, Thank You Letters Follow-Up & Thank You Letter Overview Follow-Up & Thank You Letters Part 1 Follow-Up & Thank You Letters Part 2 Follow-Up & Thank You Letters Part 3 Follow-Up & Thank You Letters Part 4 Sample Résumés & Letters Working Class Résumés & Letters Résumé & Cover Letter Presentations How to Use the CWEST Copyright ©1995-2013 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 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