Basic Volleyball Rules for Playing the Game

6 players on a team, 3 on the front row and 3 on the back row

Maximum of three hits per side

Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit)

Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve

A ball hitting a boundary line is “in”

A ball is “out” if it hits…
o
an antennae,
o
the floor completely outside the court,
o
any of the net or cables outside the antennae,
o
the referee stand or pole,

o the ceiling above a nonplayable area
It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a players body

It is illegal to catch, hold, or throw the ball

If two or more players contact the ball at the same time, it is considered one play and either
player involved may make the next contact (provided the next contact isn’t the teams 4th hit)

A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10 foot line

After the serve, front line players may switch positions at the net

At higher competition, the officiating crew may be made up of two refs, line judges, scorer,
and an assistant scorer
Basic Volleyball Rules Violations
The following are some basic volleyball rules for violations.
The result of a violation is a point for the opponent.

When serving, stepping on or across the service line as you make contact with the serve

Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully

Contacting the ball illegally (lifting, carrying, throwing, etc. )

Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. Exception: If the ball is
driven into the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul
will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.

?????????When blocking a ball coming from the opponents court, contacting the ball
when reaching over the net is a violation if both:
1) your opponent hasn’t used 3 contacts AND
2) they have a player there to make a play on the ball

When attacking a ball coming from the opponents court, contacting the ball when reaching
over the net is a violation if the ball hasn’t yet broken the vertical plane of the net.

Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body. Exception: if it’s the hand or foot,
the entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.

Serving out of order.

Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from their opponent), when at the
moment of contact the back row player is near the net and has part of his/her body above the
top of the net (an illegal block).

Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone ( the area inside the 10 foot line),
when at the moment of contact the ball is completely above the net (an illegal attack).
Each team is entitled to a maximum of 2 timeouts per set (game)
Interruptions may be requested by either the playing captain or coach. The request is made by
showing the corresponding hand signal after the ball is whistled out of play before the whistle for the
next serve.
Sequence of Interruptions - Rules in Volleyball If a substitution is requested before the start of a set,
it should be permitted and recorded as a regular substitution in that set.
A request for a time-out may be followed by another request for a time-out and a request for a
player substitution may be followed by a request for a player substitution of the opposing team
without resuming the game.
However, a team may not make consecutive requests for player substitutions during the same
interruption.
A subsequent request by the same team during the same interruption will result in an improper
request.
Time Outs - Rules in Volleyball All time-outs that are requested last 30 seconds.
During time-outs the players in the game must go to the free zone near their bench.
Players may remain on the court or go to the free zone near their team bench.
Any team member listed on the roster may participate in the time-out.
Coaches and non-playing team members may not enter the court.
Volleyball referees may direct teams to move to the free zone near their team bench for
administrative purposes.
Teams may return to the court when permitted by the referees.
A substitution requires the referees authorization A substitution is the act by which a player, after
being recorded by the scorer, enters the game for another player. The substitute occupies the
position of the player they are replacing who must then leave the court.
Limitations of Substitutes - Rules in Volleyball One or more players may be substituted at the same
time.

Twelve substitutions are the maximum permitted per team per set.

Substitution of one or more players is permitted at the same time.

A player in the starting line-up may leave the set and re-enter, but only in his/her previous
position in the line-up he/she first entered.

Unlimited individual entries by a substitute within the team’s allowable 12 subs are permitted.
Each entry must be to the same position in the line-up.

More than one substitute may enter the game in each position.

The sanction for a wrong position entry is an improper request.
Exceptional Substitutions - Rules in Volleyball
An injured player, except the libero, who can’t continue playing, should be substituted legally. If this
is not possible the team is entitled to make an exceptional substitution.
An exceptional substitution means that any player that isn’t on the court at the time of the injury,
except the libero or his/her replacement player, may substitute into the game for the injured player.
The substituted injured player isn’t allowed to re-enter the match.
An exceptional sub can’t be counted in any case as a normal substitution.
Order of Priority for the Exceptional Substitution...
1. by the starter or substitute who has played in the position of the injured player, or by any
substitute who has not already participated in the set
2. by any substitute on the bench, regardless of the position previously played
3. by any other substitute
4. by the libero player
Special three minute time-out situation - Rules in Volleyball If the injured player is unable to play and
a legal or exceptional substitution can’t be made, the referee must grant a special time-out of up to
three minutes.
Play will resume as soon as the injured player is able to continue. In no case should the special timeout exceed three minutes. After the three minutes, the team many request a legal time-out. If after
the three minutes and time-out(s) the injured player can’t continue to play, then the team is
declared “incomplete”.
No player may be granted more than one three minute injury time-out during a match. If a player
becomes injured to the extent that a second three minute time-out would be required, the team is
declared “incomplete”.
Substitution for Expulsion or Disqualification An expelled or disqualified player must be substituted
through a legal substitution. If this is not possible, the team is declared “incomplete”.
Illegal Substitution - Rules in Volleyball Volleyball substitution rules state that a substitution is illegal
if it exceeds the “Limitations of Substitutes” described above.
The following substitutes are illegal…
1. player not on the roster
2. player with an illegal number or uniform
3. exceeds the number of total team substitutions
4. player expelled or disqualified
5. player replaced by exceptional substitution
If an illegal sub has been made, and play has resumed, the following procedure shall apply The team
is penalized with a loss of rally and the substitution is rectified.

No substitution is charged to the team player, even if required to correct the wrong entry. Any
player or team substitutions charged at the time of the wrong entry shall be removed from the
scoresheet as though they never occurred and

If the team at fault is receiving and discovery is after the opponents have served, all points
previously scored by the offending team shall be retained. The serving team is awarded a
point unless the error is discovered after the serving team has scored a point. In this case, no
additional point is awarded.

If it isn’t possible to determine when the error first occurred and the offending team is serving,
only the last point in that term of service will be removed.
Substitution Procedures - Rules in Volleyball Substitutions must be carried out within the substitution
zone.
The substitution shall last only the time needed for recording the sub on the scoresheet, and allowing
the entry and exiting of players.
At the moment of substitution request, the substituting player/players shall be near the substitution
zone and ready to enter.
If a request is made for two substitutes and includes both a legal and an improper entry, the legal
substitution is allowed, the improper substitution is denied and an improper request or team delay (if
the team has been previously charged with an improper request) is recorded for the team.
If the incoming substitute enters the substitution zone, the action is considered a substitution request
by the captain/coach. No further action by the captain/coach is required. Any significant delay by the
substitutes entering the substitution zone shall result in the team being limited to one substitute.
Improper Requests - Rules in Volleyball
It is improper to request an interruption…

during a rally or at the moment of or after a whistle for serve

by a non-authorized team member

for a player substitution before the game has been resumed from a previous substitution by
the same team

after having exhausted the authorized the number of time-outs and player substitutions
The first improper request in the match that doesn’t affect or delay the game shall be rejected
without any other consequences.
If a change in request is due to a referees mind change, the request will be honored and no sanction
given.
A repeated improper request in the match constitutes a delay.
An improper request includes a player substitution that would result in a wrong position entry.
Improper requests remain enforce for the duration of the match.
A request for 1st or 2nd time-out may be honored immediately subsequent to an improper request
for substitution because of wrong player or excessive team substitution. A proper request for
substitution may be honored immediately subsequent to an improper request for time-out.
Game Delays
Types of Delays - Rules in Volleyball An improper action of a team that defers resumption of the
game is a delay and includes…

delaying a substitution

prolonging other interruptions, after having been instructed to resume the game

requesting an illegal substitution

repeating an improper request

delaying the game by a team member
A delay in substitution results in refusing request for the substitution. No additional substitution
requests from that team may be made until the next interval when the ball is out of play.
Delay Sanctions - Rules in Volleyball “Delay Warning” and “Delay Penalty” are team sanctions.
Delay sanctions remain in force for the entire match.
All delay sanctions are recorded on the scoresheet.
The first delay in a match by a team member is sanctioned with a “delay warning”.
The second and subsequent delays of any type by any member of the same team in the same match
constitute a fault and are sanctioned with a “delay penalty” – loss of rally.
Delay sanctions imposed before or between sets are applied in the following set.
Exceptional Game Interruptions
Injury - Rules in Volleyball If a serious injury was to happen while the ball is in play, the referee must
stop play immediately and permit medical assistance to enter the court. The rally is then replayed.
If an injured player can’t be substituted legally or exceptionally, the player is given a three minute
recovery time, but not more than once for the same player in the same match. If the player doesn’t
recover, the team is declared “incomplete”.
External Interference – Rules in Volleyball If there’s any external interference during the game, play
is stopped and the rally is replayed.
Prolonged Interruptions – Rules in Volleyball If unforeseen circumstances interrupt the match, the
referee, organizer, and control committee decide the measures to be taken to re-establish normal
playing conditions.
If one or several interruptions occur, not exceeding more than 4 hours in total length…

if the match is resumed on the same playing court, the interrupted set shall continue normally
with the same score, players, and positions. The sets (games) already played will keep their
scores.

if the match is resumed on another playing court, the interrupted set is cancelled and replayed
with the same team members and the same starting line-ups. The sets already played will
keep their scores.

if one or several interruptions occur exceeding 4 hours in total length, the whole match is
replayed.
Intervals and Change of Courts
Intervals – Rules in Volleyball All intervals between sets last 3 minutes.
During this time period, change of courts and line-up registrations of the teams on the scoresheet are
made.
Change of Courts – Rules in Volleyball After each set, the teams change courts with the exception of
the deciding set.
In the deciding set, once a team reaches 8 points, the teams change courts without delay and the
player positions remain the same.
If the change doesn’t take place once the 8 points is reached, the change will take place as soon as
it’s noticed. The score at the time the change is made remains the same.
References
Kenda S. Lenberg. 2005-2006: USA Volleyball Domestic Competition Regulations: pp. 42–51.
States of Play - Rules of Volleyball
In Play After the Referee’s whistle for service, the volleyball is “in play” wants the contact for serve
has been made.
Out of Play The volleyball is “out of play” once a fault has occurred and is whistled by a referee.
If an inadvertent whistle occurs, the rally is ended and the referee must make a ruling that doesn’t
penalize either team.
The Ball is In - Rules of Volleyball The volleyball is “In” once it touches the court. The courts
boundary lines are part of the court and are “In”.
The Ball is Out The ball is “Out” when…

The volleyball contacts the floor completely outside the boundary lines.

The volleyball touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or person that is “out of play”.

The volleyball touches the ropes, antennae, posts, or net itself that is outside the antennae.

The volleyball crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally outside the
crossing space (above or completely outside the antennae).

The volleyball completely crosses the space under the net.
The volleyball remains “in play” if it contacts objects or the ceiling that is higher than 4.6 meters (15
feet) above the playing area.
The volleyball is “Out” and a playover is directed when…

The volleyball contacts an overhead object that is less than 4.6 meters (15 feet) above a
playable area and would have remained playable if the object wasn’t present.

The volleyball comes to rest on an overhead object above a teams playing area and is still a
playable ball.

If an official, media equipment, or spectator interferes with a players legal attempt to play the
ball.
Playing the Ball - Rules of Volleyball
Each team must play within its own playing area. However, the ball may be played beyond the “free
zone”.
The volleyball may be retrieved from beyond the free zone if…

The surface change is less than 1.25 centimeters (1/2 inch), the secondary surface is lower
than the free zone, and the area is free of obstruction.
Playing a ball over a non-playable area - Rules of Volleyball The player retrieving a volleyball over a
non-playable area must be in contact with the playing surface when contact with the ball is made.
In the rules of volleyball non-playable areas are defined as…

Walls, bleachers, or spectator seating areas

Team benches and any area behind the team benches

The area between the scorers table and team benches

Any other area outlined by the Referee in the pre-match conference
Contacting the Ball - Rules of Volleyball If a divider or net is separating courts, only the player
making an attempt on the ball may move the divider or net to play the ball.
When competition is occurring or is scheduled on adjacent courts, it is a fault for a player to enter an
adjacent court to make a play on a ball or after playing a ball.
The free zone and the service zone on adjacent courts is a playable area.
Team Contacts - Rules of Volleyball A contact is any contact with the ball by a legal player.
A team is entitled to a maximum of 3 contacts.
If a team contacts the volleyball more than 3 times without returning the ball to the opposing team,
a “4 hits” fault occurs.
Consecutive Contacts - Rules of Volleyball A player may not contact the ball two times consecutively.
Simultaneous Contacts - Rules of Volleyball Two or three players may touch the ball at the same
moment.
When two or more teammates touch the ball simultaneously, it is counted as one contact. Any player
may play the next ball if the simultaneous contact isn’t the third team contact.
If opposing opponents touch the volleyball simultaneously over the net and the ball remains in play,
the team receiving the ball is entitled to another 3 hits. If such a ball goes “Out” it is the fault of the
team on the opposite side.
A “joust” occurs when players of opposing teams cause the ball to come to rest above the net
through simultaneous contact. A joust is not a fault and play continues as if play was instantaneous.
Assisting a Player - Rules of Volleyball A player is not permitted to take support from a teammate or
any structure in order to make a play on the ball. However, a player that is about to commit a fault
may be stopped or held back by a teammate.
Characteristics of Ball Contacts - Rules of Volleyball The volleyball may touch any part of the body.
The volleyball must be hit, not caught or thrown. The ball may rebound in any direction.
The volleyball may touch various parts of the body, provided the contacts happen simultaneously.
RULES OF VOLLEYBALL TIP:
"Ugly Play" or "bad form" isn't a fault. There are basically just two different kinds of playing faults
when making a play on the ball, double contact or prolonged contact, that's it.
Exceptions for consecutive contacts…

When blocking, consecutive contacts may be made by one or more blockers, provided the
contacts take place during one action.

During a first team contact, the volleyball may contact various parts of the body consecutively,
as long as the contacts are made during one action.
Playing Faults - Rules of Volleyball
1. FOUR HITS: A team contacts the volleyball 4 times before returning it.
2. ASSISTED HIT: A player gets support from a teammate in order to make a play on a
volleyball.
3. CATCH: The volleyball is caught or thrown. It doesn’t rebound from the contact.
4. DOUBLE CONTACT: A player contacts the volleyball twice (2 separate attempts) in succession
or the ball contacts various parts of a player’s body in succession.
Ball at the Net - Rules of Volleyball
A ball sent to the opponents court must cross the net in the crossing space.
The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the net that is…

Below, by the top of the net to above, by the ceiling

At the sides by the antennae and its imaginary vertical extension
Ball and the Net - Rules of Volleyball The volleyball may touch the net while crossing it.
A volleyball driven into the net may be played within the limits of the 3 team hits.
If the ball rips the net or tears it down the rally must be replayed.
Player at the Net - Rules of Volleyball
Player Reaching Across the Net…

A blocker may reach beyond the net provide they don’t interfere with the opponents play
before or during the attack hit.

After an attack hit, the attacker is permitted to pass his or her hands beyond the net, provided
the contact has been made within their own playing space.
RULES OF VOLLEYBALL TIP:
Official volleyball rules allow players to reach over the net when blocking during any of these 4
situations...

After the opponent has made 3 contacts.

If in the referees judgement the ball is being attacked.

After the opponents 1st or 2nd contact and ball is coming over.

After the opponents 1st or 2nd contact and ball isn't coming over but the opponent couldn't
have possibly made a play on the ball.
Player Under the Net - Rules of Volleyball A player can penetrate into the opponents space under the
net provided that this doesn’t interfere with the opponents play.
When penetrating beyond the centerline…

To touch the opponents’ court with a foot (feet) or hand (hands) is permitted provided that
some part of the penetrating foot or hand remains either in contact with or above the
centerline.

To contact the body with any other part of the body is forbidden.
A player may enter the opponents’ court when the ball is “out of play”.
Players may penetrate into the opponents free zone provided they don’t interfere with opponents
play.
Player Contacting the Net - Rules of Volleyball Contact with the net by a player is not a fault unless it
is made during the action of playing the ball or it interferes with play.
Some actions in playing the volleyball include actions where players don’t actually touch the
volleyball.
Once the player has hit the volleyball, they may touch the post, rope, or any object outside the total
length of the net as long as it doesn’t interfere with play.
When the ball is driven into the net and causes the net to touch an opponent, no fault is committed.
Playing Faults at the Net - Rules of Volleyball

A player touches the volleyball or an opponent in the opponents’ space before or during the
opponents attack hit.

A player penetrates into the opponents’ space under the net, interfering with play.

A player penetrates into the opponents’ court.

A player touches the net or antennae during the action of playing the ball or interferes with
play.
Service - Rules of Volleyball
The service is the act of put the volleyball into play from the service zone.
Serving Order - Rules of Volleyball The first service of the first set (game) and the deciding set is
executed by the team determined by the toss.
The other sets will be started by the team that didn’t start the serve first in the previous set.
The players must follow the service order recorded on the line up sheet. After the first serve, the
player to serve is determined as follows…

When the serving team wins the rally, the player (or substitute) who served before serves
again.

When the receiving team wins the rally, it gains the right to serve and rotates before actually
serving. The player that was “right front” is now in the “right back” position and will serve.
Authorizing a Serve - Rules of Volleyball The first referee authorizes the server to serve after
have checked the teams are ready to play and the server is in possession of the volleyball.
Executing a Serve - Rules of Volleyball The volleyball shall be hit with one hand or any part of
one arm after being tossed or released from one hand or both hands.
Only one toss or release of the volleyball is allowed. Dribble or moving the ball around is permitted.
At the moment of the serve contact, or takeoff for a jump serve, the server must not touch the court
or the ground outside the service zone.
After the contact for serve, the player may step or land outside the service zone, or inside the court.
The entire “service action” must take place within the playing area.
USAV Rule The server must contact the ball within 8 seconds after the referee whistles for serve.
USAV Rule for 14 years and younger The server must contact the ball within 5 seconds after the
referee whistles for serve. If the ball after being tossed or released by the server, lands without
touching the player, it is considered a service tossing error. After the tossing error, the referee
authorizes services again and the server must execute it within 5 seconds. One service tossing error
is permitted for each service.
A serve executed before the referees whistle for serve is cancelled and repeated.
After the whistle for serve, no other actions requests for line-up check, time-out, substitution, etc.)
may be considered until after the volleyball has been served and the rally completed. This is true
even if a request has been made after a server has initiated service action and legally permitted the
ball to fall to the floor.
A re-serve is considered part of a single effort to serve and must be completed before any requests
may be considered.
Screening - Rules of Volleyball The players on the serving team must not prevent their opponent,
through individual or collective screening, from seeing the server or the flight path of the volleyball.
A player or group of players on the serving team make a screen by waving their arms, jumping or
moving sideways, or by standing grouped together to hide the flight path of the volleyball during the
execution of the serve.
The factors to be weighed when judging whether a screen is being committed are…

Relative position of the players on the serving team

Path of the serve

Speed of the serve

Trajectory of the serve
If the players of the serving team are positioned close to each other, the serve passes over these
players, is fast and has a low trajectory; the probability is greater that a screen has been committed.
The probability of a screen occurring is less if…

Players of the serving team aren’t positioned closed to each other or are attempting to prevent
a screen

Path of the served ball is not over the players

Speed of the serve is slow

Trajectory of the serve is high
Service Faults - Rules of Volleyball The following are serving faults even if the opponent is out of
position…

The server violates the service order

The server doesn’t execute the service properly
Faults After the Serve - Rules of Volleyball After the ball has been correctly contacted, the service
becomes a fault (assuming there’s no position fault) if the ball…

Touches a player of the serving team or fails to completely cross the vertical plane of the net
through the crossing space

Goes “out of play”

Passes over a screen
Faults after Service and Positioning Faults - Rules of Volleyball If the server makes a fault at the
moment of service contact, and the opponent is out of position, it is the serving fault which is
sanctioned.
However, if the execution of service is done correctly, but the serve becomes faulty (ball goes out,
volleyball goes over a screen, etc.) the positional fault has taken place first and is sanctioned.
Attack Hit - Rules of Volleyball
All actions which direct the volleyball toward the opponent, with the exception of a serve or block,
are considered an attack hits.
During an attack hit, tipping the volleyball is permitted only if the ball is cleanly hit, not caught or
thrown.
An attack hit is completed the moment it completely crosses the vertical plane of the net or is
touched by an opponent.
Restrictions - Rules of Volleyball A front row player may complete an attack hit at any height, provide
the contact is made within the players own playing space.
A back row player may complete an attack hit at any height from beyond the front zone…

At the moment of takeoff, the players foot (or feet) can’t touch or cross over the attack line.

After contact with the volleyball, the player may land in the front zone.
A back row player may also complete an attack hit from the front zone if at moment of contact with
the volleyball, the “entire ball” isn’t higher than the top of the net.
No player is permitted to complete an attack hit on the opponents serve when the ball is in the front
zone and the “entire ball” is higher than the top of the net.
Faults of the attack hit…

A player hits the ball within the opponents playing space

A player hits the ball “out of play”

A back row player completes an attack hit from the front zone when at moment of contact
with the ball; the “entire ball” is higher than the top of the net.

A player completes an attack hit on the opponents serve when the ball is in the front zone and
at the moment of contact the “entire ball” is higher than the top of the net.

A libero completes an attack hit and at the moment of contact the “entire ball” is higher than
the top of the net.
RULES OF VOLLEYBALL TIP:
Rules in volleyball allow the libero to attack from anywhere on the court as long as at
the moment on contact the ball or part of the ball is below the top of the net.

A player completes an attack hit and at the moment of contact the “entire ball” is higher than
the top of the net when the ball is coming from an overhand finger pass by a libero that is in
the front zone. In this situation, iff an attack hit fault is completed simultaneously with a
blocking fault by the opponent, a double fault is committed.
Block - Rules of Volleyball
Blocking - Rules of Volleyball Blocking is the action of a player close to the net intercepting a
volleyball coming from the opponent by reaching higher than the top of the net. Only front row
players are permitted to complete a block.
A block attempt is the action of trying to block without touching the volleyball.
A block is completed whenever a volleyball is touched by a blocker.
A collective block is executed by 2 or 3 players close to each other and is completed when one of
them touches the volleyball.
Consecutive contacts of the volleyball may be made by one or more blockers provided the contacts
are during one action.
When blocking, a player may place hands beyond the net, provided this action doesn’t interfere with
the opponents play. Thus, a blocker can’t touch a volleyball beyond the net until the attacker has
executed the attack hit.
Blocking beyond the net is permitted provided…

The block is made after the opponents have hit the volleyball in such a manner that the ball
would clearly cross the net if not touched by a player and no member of the attacking team is
in position to make a play on the volleyball.

The ball is falling near the net and no member of the attacking team could make a play on the
volleyball.
A block contact is not counted as a team contact. Therefore, after a block, a team is entitled to three
contacts to return the volleyball.
The first team contact after a block may be executed by any player, include who touched the
volleyball during the block.
Blocking an opponent’s serve is forbidden.
If a blocking fault is completed simultaneously with an opponents attack hit fault, a double fault is
committed and the rally is replayed.
Blocking Faults - Rules of Volleyball The following are blocking faults…

The blocker touches the ball in the opponents space either before or simultaneously with the
opponents attack hit.

A back row player or libero completes a block or participates in a collective block. Blocking the
opponents serve.

The ball is deflected “out of play” off a block.

Blocking the ball in the opponents space outside the antennae.
Playing the Game – Volleyball Rules
Rules in volleyball limit player playing actions such as, 3 hits to a side, only the front row players can
attack the ball when the ball is entirely above the top of the net, the player positioned in right back
must execute the serve, etc.
A player on a volleyball team can be designated as libero.
The libero playing actions are much different from other volleyball player actions. For example, the
libero can come in the game and take the place of any back row player on the court, but can't ever
play across the front row.
Volleyball scoring system A point is scored when…

The ball is successfully grounded in the opponents court

The opposing team commits a fault

The opposing team receives a penalty
A set (game) is won when…

A team scores 25 points with a minimum 2 point lead.

In the case of a 24-24 tie, play continues until a 2 point lead is taken.
A match is won when a team wins 2 out of 3 sets.
A playoff game is considered a match and only 1 set shall be played.
Structure of Play - Volleyball Rules
Before the start of a match, the referee conducts a team captains meeting. The referee goes over
any ground rules and conducts a coin toss.
At the coin toss, the referee may go over the rules in volleyball for game interruptions such as the
procedures for substitutions and timeouts.
All volleyball participants must know the rules of volleyball. Sanctions may be issued to players,
coaches, or other team members for rude conduct or aggressive behavior.
The Court – Volleyball Rules
The playing area includes the volleyball court and the playable area that surrounds it.
Volleyball Court Measurements Volleyball court dimensions are 18 by 9 meters or 59 feet by 29
feet 6 inches.
Zones and Areas of the volleyball court include...
Free Zone The free zone (playable area) should be a minimum of 3 meters or 9 feet 10 inches wide
on all sides of the volleyball court. All lines on the court are 2 inches wide.
Sidelines and Endlines The boundary lines are made up of 2 sidelines and 2 endlines. Both the
sidelines and endlines are part of the dimensions of the volleyball court.
Centerline The centerline extends underneath the net from sideline to sideline. The centerline is the
line that divides the court into 2 equal halves. However, the entire centerline is considered part of
each side of the court.
Attack Line On each side of the court there is an attack line. The attack line extends from sideline to
sideline and is placed 3 meters or 9 feet 10 inches from the centerline.
Front Zone The front zone is the area between the centerline and attack line.
The front zone extends beyond the sidelines until the end of the free zone.
Service Zone The service zone is the area behind the endline that extends from sideline to sideline.
The service zone is 9 meters or 29 feet 6 inches in width and in depth extends to the end of the free
zone.
Substitution Zone The substitution zone extends from both attack lines up to the scorers table.
Volleyball Rules for Net Height
USAV Rule
2.43 meters (7’11 5/8’’)
USAV Rule for 14 years and younger
2.24 meters (7’ 4 1/8’’)
The volleyball net height is measured from the center of the net. The net height at the 2 sidelines
must be exactly the same and can’t be over 2 cm higher than the official volleyball net height.
The 4-2 serve receive is the most basic volleyball offensive system. In a 4-2 system you have 2
setters and only 4 hitters. The two setters play opposite one another on the court. The setter that is
on the front row sets for that volleyball rotation.
With a 4-2, it's much easier to adjust the formation because the setter lines up near the target
because they are always a front row player.
Basic strategies for a 4-2 serve receive are...

Pass to the middle
Most beginner teams that run a 4-2 should pass the ball to the middle, then the setter has the
option to set the hitters hitting outside and weakside. For a more advanced 4-2 offense, the
setter can set out of Right Front. The hitters then have to the option to hit outside, middle, or
back.

Train your setters to attack the second hit
Since the setters are always on the front row when setting, they should be given the option to
attack. Since you only have two players attacking at the net, the setter dumping or tipping
can be an effective strategy.

Have an outlet
If your attackers are forced to receive the serve, or if the pass is so off target that you can't
run the play, have an outlet set. Set a back row player to hit a 10 ball or set a ball high
outside as an outlet for bad passes.
The following are basic 4-2 rotations. If your team has primary passers, plays a libero, or defensive
specialists then adjust your serve receive accordingly.
Volleyball rules high school quiz... How well do you know the high school volleyball rules?
See how well you know the rules by answering the following true and false questions.
2009-10 Volleyball Rules Quiz
True or False?
1. Effective 2010-11, the ball shall be made of 12 or more panels that may be solid white or a
color combination of a maximum three colors, of which 1/3 must be white, with each panel
being a solid color.
2. Hair devices made of soft material or unadorned bobby pins, no longer than 2 inches, may be
work to control the hair.
3. The official libero tracker may sit on the team bench rather than the scorer's table.
4. The libero tracker shall record all substitutions for both teams unless one team isn't playing
with a libero in one set.
5. A player my contact the ball below the waist if it does not involve prolonged contact.
6. An illegal libero replacement for Team S takes place prior to the whistle/signal of the referee.
The second referee rules it illegal alignment and awards Team R a point and the ball.
7. The libero may serve anytime he/she is in the RB position.
8. A back-row player on or in front of the attack line cannot contact the ball completely above
the height of the net and complete an attack.
9. Two hits remain after an front-row player, in an attempt to block, contacts the ball with
his/her hands which are completely below the top of the net.
10. A point is awarded to the opponent when a libero, while positioned behind the attack line,
completes an attack on the ball that is entirely above the height of the net.
11. It is a line violation when a player steps over the sideline, outside the court, during play and
there is no interference with an opponent.
12. An unnecessary delay is called when a libero, not designated on the lineup sheet, replaces a
player prior to the whistle/signal for serve.
13. It is the correct procedure for the first referee to issue yellow and red cards resulting in a
disqualification to a player directing flagrant and abusive language towards the line judge.
14. During a live ball, the second referee shall move quickly to the side of the net opposite the
ball.
15. The libero may serve in one position in the service order.
16. No later than 2 minutes prior too the end of the timed warm-up, a coach from each team shall
submit to the scorer, the accurate written lineup of the uniform numbers of the six starting
players in the proper serving order and the libero, if used.
17. During play, the head coach may stand in the libero replacement zone, no closer than 6 feet
form the sideline, to coach his/her players.
18. A coach may substitute prior to the start of the set.
19. When attempting to play an errant pass, a player collides with a line judge who is attempting
to get out of the way. R1 awards a replay.
20. In the event the head coach receives a red card, the assistant coach may stand to coach
during play.
Answers to the Volleyball Rules High School Quiz
1. True.
2. True. This is a new rule for 2009-10. Bobby pins no longer than 2 inches may be worn.
3. False. The libero tracker needs to be seated at the officials table near the official scorer.
4. True.
5. True. This is a new rule in high school volleyball. The ball may be contacted with any part of
the body.
6. False. The player must serve before called out of rotation.
7. False. The libero may only serve in one position in the service order.
8. True.
9. True. To be a blocker, the player needs to be near the net, reaching higher than the net and
have some part of the body above the net at the time of contact.
10. True. It is illegal for the libero to complete an attack on the ball that is entirely above the
height of the net.
11. False.
12. True. The libero must be designated on the line up sheet.
13. True.
14. True.
15. True.
16. True.
17. True. This is a new rule for 2009-10. The coach may stand during play.
18. False.
19. True.
20. False.
Volleyball Strategies
Along with enhancing volleyball skills, developing volleyball strategies is an important part to team
success.
Serving
Have a philosophy. Whether your philosophy is to serve aggressive or more conservative, you need
to have a serving philosophy that will enhance your chances of winning at the level you are
competing.
The best servers realize the importance of serving skills. For a moment, the server has
complete control of the game. To a degree, their serve dictates how the rally is going to be played
out.
I think many coaches don’t take serving seriously. Most players serving skills aren’t as good as
they should be. Serving is a skill that a player has complete control over. Being able to put on a
tough serve is a skill players can’t afford to not develop.
Learn to serve under pressure. Serving repetitively in practice gives your players a chance to
better the skill, but it doesn’t give them the experience and pressure of game situations.
Some serving volleyball strategies for learning to serve under pressure

Find a way to pressure your servers in practice. Play scrimmage in practice and keep
score. Penalize a team or individual players for missing serves or for not serving tough
enough.

Keep the pressure on your servers in every match. Every team at some point plays
opponents that are under matched. Use this as an opportunity to work on serving.
All too often I see players lose focus and not care how they serve. Even though it may appear
you are going to win easily, by using this time to put the pressure on your servers, they’ll be
ready for when it really counts.
Serving is probably the most under developed skill in volleyball. Every team should develop serving
strategies. There’s no better way of taking control of a game than with an unstoppable server.
Passing
Passing tough floaters. Common volleyball strategies for passing include having players try and
cradle the ball on their arms when they pass, thinking players can get better control of tough floaters
the longer the ball stays on their arms.
Although this is usually a good idea, it may be better to be more aggressive when passing,
particularly if the ball is floating well.
I like to think of it as, you playing the ball, instead of the ball playing you.
Passing with your hands or forearms? I thing taking the ball with your hands instead of your
forearms on serve receive and other first ball contacts is a good idea in certain situations.
Some good volleyball strategies for using your hands are…

Control the ball with your hands, and don't worry about doubling.
Seeing as though it’s legal to double contact on the first ball, players can be taught to take
this first ball with their hands in a more controlled manner by intentionally doubling it for a
more control pass.

It’s usually easier to take hard driven balls (especially deep serves) with your hands than
trying to forearm pass them.
The bad thing about using your hands…

It can sometimes be tough to take a good floater with your hands. Moving sideways to pass a
ball with your hands can be pretty difficult.
Also, sometimes you can get caught in deciding between using your hands or forearms to
pass. This is a decision that you have just a split-second to make. This is why I think it’s a
good idea to know before a server even serves whether you have given yourself the option to
use your hands or not.
If the server has served balls that were too tough to pass with your hands in the past, it might
be a good idea to commit to using your forearms to pass before they even serve.
Serving volleyball strategies for good placement are...

If you’re playing against a passer that is short and doesn’t like using their hands for passing,
serve deep.

If you are playing against a passer that is tall and likes to take everything with their hands,
serve short.
Keep your eyes on the ball all the way to your arms. It’s tempting to watch the ball with your
peripheral vision when passing.
The best volleyball strategies teach passers to follow the ball all the way onto their arms. Although it
takes discipline if you aren’t used to it, following the ball all the way does make a difference.
Setting
Setters footwork is important. Many coaches don’t care about their setter’s footwork and just
focus on getting the setter squared and in position to set. I think this is a mistake. Just like any other
skill in volleyball, using a consistent technique brings consistent results. Coaches should develop
volleyball strategies for better setting involving footwork and ball handling.
By having consistent footwork, (for example, always have your right foot a little further in front of
your left when squaring up) allows for more consistent sets.
Setting volleyball strategies for better accuracy. Also, there is a simple footwork technique that
can be applied when a setter is moving from the target position to where the pass is going.
The setter can take a big right step to the spot where the pass is going, pivot on the right foot
turning to square up to where they are setting the ball to.
Set tighter or further off simply by adjusting the position of the right foot. If a setter is
having trouble keeping their sets off the net, they can simply keep their right foot out in front of
them a little bit more than usual.
This will open up their body to the court a little bit which will result in setting further off. On the other
hand, if they are having trouble setting too far off, bring that right foot back (by continuing the pivot)
closer to a neutral position.
Attacking
Strategies for attacking involve learning many different types of hits and shots. Attackers footwork is
often a controversial topic.
Approaching at one speed versus quick last steps. Many volleyball strategies for approaching
just emphasize taking fast steps. This may be good for when first teaching volleyball players the
approach, but more experienced players need to have a quick last couple steps.
By having your last steps be quicker than your previous steps, you will better utilize the stretch
shortening cycle and stretch reflex of your muscles and nervous system therefore increasing your
jump and quickness.
Should attackers try to change their steps if they are a wrong-footer? Volleyball strategies for
footwork include deciding if it's necessary to correct attackers footwork.
Changing an attackers footwork is probably the hardest skill in volleyball to change.
If you’re successful attacking with how your steps are now, it may not be worth the hassle.
Obviously, the sooner you start to make the change, the easier it will be.
Making the change really comes down to how determined a player is. If a player is still fairly
inexperienced, it will probably be easier for them to switch the steps because of they have a less
developed motor pattern of movement (not as strong of a habit to change).
Advantages of a wrong-footed approach. Right handed hitters that are wrong-footed (also
known as goofy-footed) may be better at hitting down the line on the left side.
After stepping right-left-right on the left side, your body is facing more square to the net. Since it’s
usually easier to hit the direction you’re facing, wrong footer’s may be more comfortable hitting down
the line on their strong side rather than having to turn or cut back angle.
Wrong-footers often have the appearance of jumping really well. Since they’re not in the best
position to hit after they jump, they spend more time adjusting while in the air.
This extra time they take to adjust their body position makes it appear they jump higher than they
actually do. It’s really just a greater amount of hang time before they hit.
This is a reason why it's often harder to block wrong-footers, because it's hard to get a read on their
body position and the extra time in the air can throw off a blockers timing.
Disadvantages of a wrong-footed approach. I think the biggest disadvantage to being a wrongfooter is the added importance of having to get to the best spot on the court to jump and hit from.
For example, when approaching correctly, a hitter has the ability to float or drift to the ball if they
need to. Their take-off point isn't as important.
So a wrong-footer needs a better read on the ball coming from their setter because it's more critical
where they jump to hit from.
Blocking
Most volleyball strategies for blocking can be divided between two concepts, area blocking and read
blocking.
Area blocking. Area blocking is when the blockers have predetermine what area they are going to
take away from the hitters.
Blocking strategy usually consists of taking away the oppositions most likely shot (area they are most
likely going to hit to) with the defense covering the other area of the court.
Read blocking. Teams with bigger blockers and not so great defensive players may use the strategy
of read blocking.
With this strategy, blockers are allowed to try and read the hitters during the attack. Blocking
decisions are made on the fly and where a blocker is going to block can be unpredictable.
Obviously this is good that your opponents don’t know what you’re blocking, but a lot of times
neither do your defenders.
Ready position for blocking. Blocking volleyball strategies should include more than just standing
at the net with your hands in the air.
Blockers should be in an athletic stance ready to move. They don’t just need to be ready to block.
Blockers need to be ready to…

Hit an overpass

Pull off and pass an overpass

Move to block the setter’s attack hit or dump

Pull off the net and be ready to be set in transition
Digging
Good volleyball strategies for digging include expecting the ball, reading the hitter, and focusing on
playing the ball to your target.
Expect the ball to be hit to you. By expecting the ball to be hit your way, you will be ready to play
every ball.
Digging often takes more concentration than passing. You have less time to react and the ball is
coming faster. Good volleyball strategies involve anticipating that you will be the one playing the ball
to allow better focus on making a successful play.
Read the hitter, but don’t cheat. Watch the hitter for clues of what they are going to do with the
ball; swing hard, hit a cut shot, tip, etc. You don’t need to guess.
With practice you will be able to run down their shots without cheating.
Don’t just play the ball; pass it to your target. We often get in awkward positions when making
defensive plays. It’s easy to get in the habit of just trying to get the ball up.
Really focus on passing to the spot that would be best for that particular play.
Play the ball with two arms if possible. Sometimes you get caught in awkward positions trying to
make a defensive play.
Even though it’s good to try and make a one arm dig if you have to, the best volleyball strategies
involve getting two arms on the ball if possible.
Volleyball positions on a team consist of 3 front row players and 3 back row players. Players in the
front row are attackers, blockers, and maybe a setter. Players in the back row are passers, diggers
and also maybe a player setting.
On a sideout, the players on the team that won the rally rotate positions clockwise around the court.
Advanced volleyball teams may run an offense where the same setter sets in every rotation. Also,
advanced teams may have back row players attack from the backcourt.
Player Positions - Volleyball Positions
Setter
The setter is the player on the volleyball team that sets the teams attackers. A setter position is
similar to a quarterback in football or a point guard in basketball in the sense that the setter runs the
teams offense. Some teams may choose to have multiple setters run the team offense.
Outside Hitter
Teams outside hitters are usually the primary attackers on the team. These hitters attack balls that
are set to the left side of the court. Outside hitters may also be referred to as outside blockers.
Weakside Hitter
Team’s weak side hitters hit from the right side of the court and are usually not the primary attackers
on the team. Weakside hitters may also be referred to as weakside blockers.
Middle Hitter
Team’s middle hitters hit balls set at the net in the middle of the court. Middle hitters are sometimes
the primary attackers on the team. Middle hitters are commonly used as a decoy to freeze or confuse
the opposing teams blockers.
A middle hitter is also referred to as a middle blocker or just middle. Middle blockers are often in
charge of front row players to coordinate team blocking strategy.
Libero
The libero plays a special roll in team defense and passing. The libero is the player on the volleyball
team that can come into the game and replace any player on the back row. The libero is sometimes
called a defensive specialist or DS.
The libero may be put in the game to pass for a weaker passer or to help cover the court by making
great defensive plays. The libero may also serve in one rotation.
Court Positions - Volleyball Positions
Right Back
The player that is right back is in the rotation position in the backcourt on right side of the court. At
the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 1. When a team rotates, it's the player
rotating to the right back position that goes back to serve.
Right Front
The player that is right front is in the rotation position at the net on right side of the court. At the
start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 2.
Middle Front
The player that is middle front is in the rotation position at the net in the center. At the start of the
rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 3.
Left Front
The player that is left front is in the rotation position at the net on left side of the court. At the start
of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 4.
Left Back
The player that is left back is in the rotation position in the backcourt on the left side of the court. At
the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 5.
Middle Back
The player that is middle back is in the rotation position in the backcourt in the middle. At the start of
the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 6.
USAV rules for playing volleyball differ somewhat from NFHS volleyball rules.
Here are the most common differences in rules for the 2007-2008 volleyball season.
14 of the biggest differences in Rules
1. backboards
USAV
ruled same as ceiling
NFHS
judgement replay for vertical backboard
2. ball characteristics
USAV
surface must be uniform, light color or combination of colors
NFHS
surface must be white, with NFHS Authenticating Mark
3. rosters
USAV
Rules for playing volleyball say all team members, including managers, trainers, etc. are listed
on the roster. Players not listed on the roster can't play
NFHS
players can be added to the roster, but loss of rally is the result
4. designating a captain
USAV
one team member (not the libero) must be designated as the team playing captain on the
roster, and is the captain anytime that player is on the court. If the team captain is not on the
starting line up, another player must be designated captain anytime the team captain isn't on
the court.
NFHS
One captain must be designated as captain on the line up sheet for each game. That player
remains captain unless she leaves the game.
5. coaching when ball is in play
USAV
Coach my stand during play. Assistant coaches may instruct players while seated on the
bench.
NFHS
Coach must be seated when referee prepares to whistle/signal for serve, and remain seated
during play.
6. coaching when ball is out of play
USAV
If seated, coach is required to sit on bench nearest the scorekeeper. Coach may stand or walk
within free zone in front of team bench without disrupting the match. Assistant coaches may
instruct players while seated on the bench.
NFHS
no restriction on coach's location while on bench. during a dead ball, head coach may stand in
libero replacement zone to instuct players
7. individual sanctions
USAV
warning - no card shown - verbal or hand communication penalty - yellow card held in one
hand expulsion - red card held in one hand disqualification - red and yellow cards held in one
hand
NFHS
warning - yellow card held in one hand penalty - red card held in one hand disqualification red and yellow cards held in separate hands
8. unnecessary delay team sanctions
USAV
delay warning - no card displayed - one hand held against opposite wrist. delay penalty yellow card held against opposite wrist.
NFHS
High School rules for playing volleyball say a time out is charged for unnecessary delay. If
team has used both timeouts, a loss of rally results
9. player equipment
USAV
barrettes allowed.
NFHS
barrettes not allowed.
10. coin toss
USAV
captains must attend the coin toss. Both pre-match coin toss and deciding game coin toss are
for serve/receive or choice of playing area.
NFHS
head coach and captain must attend. Home team selects playing area/bench for game 1 upon
entering the facility. Pre-match coin toss is serve/receive only. Deciding game coin toss is
serve/receive or playing area.
11. switch courts in deciding game
USAV
yes
NFHS
teams do not switch sides.
12. change in line up after submitted
USAV
by substitution
NFHS
not allowed
13. illegal attack signal
USAV
USAV rules for volleyball signaling illegal attack is extend one arm and hand straight up from
the shoulder and then bend arm at the elbow to lower the forearm and open hand in front of
the face to about chin level.
NFHS
place one arm to the side of the body at head height, elbow bent at a right angle, and then
make a forward and downward motion with one arm from the shoulder with the forearm and
hand.
14. signal for 3rd and 4th team contacts by same player
USAV
signal "double contact"
NFHS
signal "four hits"
More USAV/High School Rules for Playing Volleyball
center line characteristics
USAV
line must be solid
NFHS
may be solid or shadow-bordered
extended attack lines
USAV
required for nationally sanctioned competitions, optional for other competitions
NFHS
not addressed
ceiling obstructions
USAV
ball is in play above 23 feet. Judgement for replay below 23 feet
NFHS
ball is in play
warm up area
USAV
Rules for playing volleyball state the team warm up area starts at the end of the team bench area,
and must not be nearer the court than the front of the team bench
NFHS
the warm up area must be in a non-playable area
temperature
USAV
minimum 50 degrees F
NFHS
not addressed
exposed cable
USAV
must be clearly identified
NFHS
must be covered
net markings
USAV
not specifically addressed by rule
NFHS
not prohibited by rules
net posts
USAV
distance from sideline is 20 to 39 inches
NFHS
distance from sideline is a minimum of 3 feet
roster changes
USAV
After roster is submitted, uniform number is correctible, but no player changes are allowed.
NFHS
Rules for playing volleyball state a roster violation or additions result in a loss of rally.
when rosters are due
USAV
10 minutes prior to start of match
NFHS
10 minutes prior to start of timed warm up
limit to team members
USAV
team is limited to 15 players and 5 coach/staff
NFHS
no limit to the number of players on a team, or the number of coach/staff
number of players
USAV
must have 6 players to start the match. Must have 6 eligible players to continue play
NFHS
must have 6 players to start the match. May continue with less than 6 players
Expulsion and Disqualification
USAV
no penalty point. Volleyball rules require disqualified team members must leave playing, bench,
warmup, and spectator areas for the remainder of the match.
NFHS
loss of rally/point is assessed when a disqualification occurs
use of red and yellow cards
USAV
USAV rules for playing volleyball state cards are only to be used by the first referee.
NFHS
Cards are carried by both officials. Umpire uses cards to signal need for sanction to referee.
number placement on uniform front
USAV
numbers must be centered on the front of the jersey
NFHS
either on the shoulder, or no more than 5 inches below the bottom edge of any neckline, ribbing, or
seam
libero uniform
USAV
Volleyball Rules for the libero say the libero shorts may differ from teammates. liberos shirt must
always display a visible number.
NFHS
libero's shorts must be like-colored to teammates. Libero may have two uniform numbers, one as
libero, one as non-libero.
teams to end line at end of games
USAV
teams do not go to end line at the end of game. Teams do go to end line at end of match
NFHS
teams go to end line at the end of all games
length of timeouts
USAV
30 seconds. No warning whistle is blown.
NFHS
60 seconds. Warning whistle is blown at 15 seconds before end.
Time out ending early
USAV
No
NFHS
Yes, if both teams are ready to play.
Multiple substitution procedure
USAV
Rules in volleyball state that only one incoming substitute for a team can be in the substitution
zone at a time.
NFHS
all incoming substitutes may enter the substitution zone at one time.
exceptional substitution
USAV
doesn't count as a team substitution. Player replaced by exceptional substitution may not return to
that match.
NFHS
Counts as a team sub if fewer than 18 have been used. Player replaced by exceptional substitution
may not return to that game.
maximum team substitutions
USAV
12 team substitutions with unlimited entries
NFHS
18 team substitutions with unlimited entries
illegal substitutes
USAV
team delay sanction
NFHS
unnecessary delay (timeout)
libero as captain
USAV
not allowed
NFHS
allowed
libero serving
USAV
libero may not serve
NFHS
libero may serve in one rotation in a game
libero replacements
USAV
A rally must always take place between two libero replacements
NFHS
A rally must always take place between two libero replacements unless the next action the libero will
take is to serve.
toss for service
USAV
one toss for service after the service is authorized. ball must be tossed or released before contact.
NFHS
After the ball is released for service, it may be caught or allowed to drop to the floor to get a reserve.
Time allowed for service
USAV
8 seconds
NFHS
5 seconds
legal contact
USAV
In USAV rules for playing volleyball, it is legal for the ball to be played anywhere on the body.
NFHS
In high school, the ball can only be played by a body part on or above the waist.
(This high school rule is changing in 2009)
contact with net cables outside of the net
USAV
legal unless contact interferes with play or used for support
NFHS
In high school rules for playing volleyball, contacting the cables is a net violation.
NFHS High School Volleyball Rules Changes
1. The playing of music or sound makers can only be used during pre-game, time-outs, between
the games, and after the match. Artificial noise makers are prohibited.
o Reason the change
This rule provides direction for deciding when sound effects are appropriate. Not
allowing artificial noisemakers helps prevent fans from unsporting actions and
interfering with play.
2. If a back row player completes an attack by contacting the ball completely above the height of
the net and the back row player is on or in front of the attack line, this is an illegal back row
attack.
o Reason the change
This rule clarifies what a back row attack is.
3. The head coach must be seated by the time the volleyball referee starts to raise their arm to
signal for serve.
o Reason the change
This rule gives direction to the coach of when they need to be seated.
Uniforms - High School Volleyball Rules Changes
1. Bare midriff tops aren’t allowed. The uniform top must hang below or be tucked into the
waistband of the uniform bottom.
o Reason the change
Uniforms that expose the midriff are inappropriate for high school volleyball.
2. Jewelry can’t be worn in warm-ups or during the game. A player wearing jewelry during
warm-ups should be instructed to remove it without penalty.
o Reason the change
Players are prohibited from wearing jewelry to minimize risk.
3. The numbers on the uniforms can now have a different color of trim from the body of the
number as long as the color is in sharp contrast.
o Reason the change
This rule change is in effort to make the visibility of the uniform numbers more clear.
Libero - High School Volleyball Rules Changes
1. If an illegal libero replacement is discovered, this is considered illegal alignment and loss of
rally/point.
o Reason the change
This rule clears up any confusion about a penalty for illegal libero replacement.
2. The libero may serve in one position in the serving order.
o Reason the change
This creates another opportunity for the libero to participate in the game. Also, the
libero is often one of the better servers on the team.
3. The assistant scorer should notify the umpire of any illegal libero actions (illegal replacement,
wrong serving order, etc.).
o Reason the change
New rules for the libero, needed to be changed to coincide with the libero now being
eligible to serve.
4. Libero replacement can’t take place during a re-serve.
o Reason the change
A re-serve is part of an attempt to serve. This rule is consistent with requests for
substitutions, time-out and rotation check – no requests shall be recognized until after
the ball has been served.
5. The libero replacement must be completed during a dead ball and before a serve.
o Reason the change
All players should be in place prior to the whistle for service.
6. The replacement can take place after a timeout as long as the replacement has sat out a play.
o Reason the change
This rule clarifies that a replacement can’t take place during a timeout, only after the
timeout is completed.
7. If an illegal replacement is discovered before the whistle for serve, an unnecessary delay is
charged. If the illegal replacement is discovered after the whistle for serve, illegal alignment is
called.
o Reason the change
Based on the timing, there are two different penalties for illegal libero replacements.
Officials - High School Volleyball Rules Changes
1. Volleyball officials mechanics for signaling point is now indicated by the official extending their
arm in the direction of the team that will serve next.
o Reason the change
With rally scoring, there is no need to signal point. This revised signal indicates the
team to serve next and also the team to receive the point.
2. A uniform number of each starting player is listed on the line up sheet in proper serving order.
When submitting line ups, teams no longer use the player floor method.
o Reason the change
Scorers sometimes have a difficult time conveying the correct order of the lineups to
the scoresheet when the starters are listed in floor position. By listing numbers in
serving order, the lineup matches the scoresheet and will reduce problems transferring
the lineup to the scoresheet.
3. Officials may not use television or electronic equipment to make game decisions.
o Reason the change
Restrictions related to officials making decisions based on the use of electronic
equipment needs to be addressed as new devices become more available.
4. Officials may wear black shorts due to heat issues.
o Reason the change
If weather is extremely hot and humid early in season, high school volleyball rules
permit officials to wear black shorts.
5. The officials uniform consists of all white collared polo shirt, black slacks, solid black athletic
shoes, and black socks.
o Reason the change
High school volleyball rules no longer require officials to wear striped shirts.
6. Basic Volleyball Terminology for Newbies
7. Volleyball Game (Set)
A volleyball game or set is played to a predetermined number of points. Games must be won
by at least 2 points. For example, if a game is being played to 25 points, if a 24-24 tie occurs,
the game isn’t over until a team leads by 2 points.
8. Volleyball Match
Matches are a made up of games. Match play usually consists of competing until one team
wins 2 out of 3 or 3 out of 5 games.
9. Playing Fault
A fault is a violation of the rules. The result of a fault is a point. Examples of playing faults
are: team hits the ball 4 times without returning it back over the net, a player contacts the
ball 2 consecutive times, a player touches the net when blocking or attacking, a player catches
and throws the ball.
10. Point
A point is the result of a rally. Points are scored in various ways - by players committing
faults, ball landing “in”, ball landing “out”, etc.
11. Volleyball Rally
A rally is the time between the serve and the end of the play. In some volleyball terminology a
rally is synonymous with volley.
12. Volley
A volley is keeping the ball in play and returning it to your opponent without committing any
playing faults.
13. Rally Scoring
When a match is played with the rule of sideout scoring, every rally results in a point being
scored, either by the team serving or the team receiving.
14. Side Out
When the receiving team wins the rally it is called a side out. The receiving team then must
rotate positions. Now they are the serving team.
15. Sideout Scoring
When a match is played with sideout scoring, a point is only scored by the team that is
currently serving.
16.
17.
18.
Coaching Terms - Volleyball Terminology
19. Volleyball Coach
A coach is the person in charge of a team. Coaches make all the big decisions for the team –
submitting the line up, calling time-outs, communicating with referees, etc.
20. Volleyball Referee
The referee is the person controlling the flow of the match. Organized volleyball is played with
two volleyball referees controlling the match.
21. Overlap
An overlap occurs when players are out of alignment. Players must be in corrent position on
the court when the server is contacting the ball to serve.
22. Out of Alignment
A team may be whistled for out of alignment, if they are out of rotation order at the moment
of service contact.
23. Screening
Screening is the illegal placement of players in order to prevent the opposition from seeing the
ball or server. Screens take place during the serve. Usually a team is warned if there is a
possible infraction, but a warning isn’t required. It’s very unusual for a team to be penalized
for a screen.
24. Substitution
Depending on the rules of play, players may be substituted in and out of the game.
25. Time-out
A time out is break in action. Most rules allow for a team to call two timeouts per game (or
set).
26.
27.
28.
Player Actions - Volleyball Terminology
29. Volleyball Hit
Also called an attack, a hit is when you jump and strike the ball with an overhand arm swing.
30. Volleyball Spiker
A volleyball hitter is sometimes called a volleyball spiker or attacker. The volleyball spike is
one of the most fun and athletic plays in volleyball.
31. Volleyball Set
A set is when a player tries to place the ball near the net to assist a spiker in killing the ball.
Setting a volleyball is a skill that must be practiced with many repetitions.
32. Kill
A kill is a successful hit by an attacker that results in a point for the attacking team. Kills are
executed by hitting the ball off a block or down onto the opponents floor.
33. Volleyball Dig
Volleyball terminology for a dig is defined as passing a spiked or hard hit ball. Defensive
players are often call diggers.
34. Volleyball Bump Pass
A volleyball bump is done by joining your forearms together to pass a ball. It’s most common
to volleyball pass the ball when it's coming from the other side of the net. However, some
passers may decide to play the ball overhead instead of bump passing.
35. Overhead Pass
An overhead pass is usually taken with the fingers, up overhead. Taking the ball up overhead
with the hands is usually easier to control than passing with the forearms.
36. Block
A block is a combination of one, two or three players jumping up with the hands and arms
reaching up above the net in front of the opposing spiker. The purpose of the block is to
prevent the opponents from hitting the ball into your court.
37. are some basic volleyball terms.
38. Ace
A serve is an ace when the other team shanks the serve or the ball hits the floor without
anyone touching it.
39. Stuff Block
A stuff block is when a player jumps above the net and blocks the ball back into the person
that spiked the ball.
40. Kill
A kill is when a team spikes the ball and it is successfully put away.
41. Six Pack
A six pack occurs when a defensive player gets hit in the head or face by a spiked ball. Also
called a facial.
42. Paint Brush
When the hitter swings and barely "brushes" the bottom of the ball. The ball often drops over
the blockers for a kill.
43. Tool
Deliberately hitting the ball off the block for a kill. This is also called using the block or a wipe.
44.
Youth Players - Volleyball Terms
45. Roof
When a player jumps above the net to block, and blocks the ball straight down.
46. Lollipop
A lollipop is a very easy serve. This serve is often done with a high arc which is easy to pass.
When you serve a lollipop you will probably get licked.
47. Redwood
A redwood is a tall awkward blocker. Redwoods aren’t very mobile.
48. Chester
To be nailed in the chest by a hard serve or spike.
49. Tagged
A player gets tagged when they can’t get out of the way of a hard hit ball.
50. Swipe or Wipe
When a hitter pushes the ball off of the opposing block so it lands out of bounds. Also called
tooling the block.
51. Kong Block
A one-handed block like the move King Kong does on the biplanes in the original King Kong
movie.
52. Tuna
A tuna is when a player commits a very obvious net violation. Also called a flounder.
53. Chowder
A really bad double contact on a hand set is often called chowder.
Basic Volleyball Terms Everyone Should Know
Free ball
An easy ball that is returned over the net by a forearm or overhead pass. This ball is called free
because it’s a free opportunity to pass, set, and attack the opponent.
Pepper
Peppering is a warming up drill between two players. The players hit the ball back and forth to one
another using the main skills in volleyball – pass, set, and hit. This is a common warm up drill
because all you need is a ball and two players. No volleyball net necessary.
Side out
The side out is one of the basic volleyball terms used in old school volleyball. Today, a side out is
called <i>point on serve receive</i>. In the olden days, when the team that receives the serve wins
the rally, this is called a sideout. When a team sides out, they must rotate and the right front player
is now the new server.
Basic Volleyball Terms for Offensive Systems
Four-two offense
A volleyball offensive system that includes 4 hitters and 2 setters. The two setters play opposite one
another in the rotation and each set when they are front row players. The 4-2 has the advantage of
always having the setter on the front row. The 4-2 has the disadvantage of only having two hitters
on the front row for the setter to set at the net.
Five-one offense
A volleyball offensive system that includes 5 hitters and 1 setter. The setter sets in every rotation.
The 5-1 has the advantage of always having the same setter set. 5-1 has the disadvantage of only
having two hitters on the front row when the setter rotates to the front row and sets in those 3
rotations.
Six-two offense
A volleyball offensive system that includes 6 hitters and 2 setters. The two setters play opposite one
another in the rotation and each set when they are on the back row. The 6-2 has the advantage of
always having a setter set coming from the back row. This leaves the other setter on front row free
to attack the ball. The disadvantage of the 6-2 is this offensive system is the setter can’t attack at
the net. Passers also need to be careful they don’t pass the ball too tight because this puts the setter
at risk for illegal back row blocks and illegal back row attacks.
Court Strong Side
The left side of the court is often referred to as strong side because it’s usually easier for right
handed players to attack for the left side.
Court Weak Side
The right side of the court is often referred to as weak side because it’s usually less effective for right
handed players to attack for the right side.
Basic Volleyball Terms for Sets
Four
A high outside set. This is usually the main set in a volleyball offense.
Five or Back
This set is much like the four set, except this set is set back to the weak-side hitter.
One or Quick Ball
This a quick set that set to the middle of the court. This set is set low and timing is critical. This play
is usually run so the middle hitter can catch the opposing blockers off guard.
Back-One
This ball is set low and quick like the ONE set except this set is set back behind the setter.
Front Two or Two Ball
This ball is a higher set in the middle of the court. Timing is less critical on the two ball. This play is
usually run usually in combinations with other quicker plays such as back ones and out side shoots to
make it tougher for opposing blockers to successfully block.
Back-Two
This set is like the Front Two except the ball is set behind the setter.
Pipe
Set the pipe is done by setting a back row player that jumps and attacks from behind the attack line.
A pipe may also be called a ten set.
Shoot
A shoot is basically a quick set to a hitter hitting outside. This set is low with the ball traveling with a
low arc and quick. Because of the speed the ball is traveling, timing becomes a factor to executing
the play effectively.
Slide
A slide is where an attacker takes an approach and hits the ball after jumping off one foot. This is
usually done by a middle hitter faking a quick approach to the middle. After faking the approach, the
hitter takes steps along the net chasing the ball that travels behind the setter and then jumps
parallel to the net off one foot and hits the ball as they are gliding through the air.
Three Ball or Thirty One
A three is much like a shoot except the set goes about half way to the outside. It’s basically a shoot
to a middle hitter.
Thirty-Two
A thirty-two is basically a slower and higher thirty-one set.
Here are more basic volleyball terms for volleyball offense.
Basic Volleyball Terms for Contacting the Ball
Spike
A volleyball spike is an offensive action a player makes by hitting the ball with the hand by using a
one-arm overhead swinging motion, attempting to get a kill.
Here are more basic volleyball terms for attacking.
Dig
A defensive player making a play on a ball that is attacked by the opponent. A dig is a defensive play
made on a hard driven ball.
Double contact or Double
A double contact is when a player contacts the ball with two body parts consecutively.
Mishit
A mishit is when a player swings and hits the ball but doesn’t contact the ball as intended. The result
of a mishit is the ball is hit at a different speed, direction, or spin than was intended which results in
an unpredictable hit placement.
Shank
A shank is when a player unintentionally passes a ball in a wild manner, making the ball unplayable
for the setter to make a play on the shanked pass.
Dump
An attack that is used to surprise the opponent. This play is usually executed by a front row setter.
The attack catches the opponent’s defense usually is ready for an attack from the setter because the
setter’s main job is to set attackers. Be alert of when you are up against left handed setters because
this is a play that left handed players are in good position to make.
Pancake
The pancake is a desperate attempt to keep the ball in play. A pancake is done by extending the arm
out in front the body after diving. The goal is to get the ball to bounce up off the hand to make it
stay in play.
Sky ball
The sky ball is a unique underhand volleyball serve in which the ball is swung at and hit unusually
high in the air above the opposing team's court. This is usually done in outdoor volleyball, attempting
to make it difficult for the receiving players to pass.
Slang Basic Volleyball Terms
Getting Tattooed or Facial
Getting Tattooed is when a player can’t get out of the way of an opponents hard driven ball. A facial
is the result of getting hit in the face by a hard spike.
Passing on a Dime
Passing on a dime is a perfect pass or passing nails.
Nice Hands
Nice Hands refers to player setting the ball real cleanly. A player with nice hands hardly ever doubles
the ball.
Jungle Ball or Picnic Ball
Jungle volleyball is a game played by inexperienced players with little ball control. This type of
volleyball is usually played at church picnics or family barbeques.
Shag
Shagging refers to picking up and collecting court scattered volleyballs. At the end of volleyball drills
or pre-game warm ups players shag volleyballs.
Flipper
A flipper is a play on the ball by reaching out and contacting the ball with an outstretched back hand
in a flipping motion.
Gator
A Gator is defensive digging technique popularized by beach volleyball players. The defense
technique is used on hard hit balls. The play is called a gator because the hands are formed into the
shape of 2 gator jaws. Two open hand digging volleyball skills involve digging the ball first with the
bottom hand and then directing it with the hand on top.