Jessica Garr, Amanda Melair, Ashley Regan, Jake Young,
Giovanni Marrero

Genetics is the study of heredity, or the branch of biology that deals with heredity and genetic variations.
Genotype: What is genetically expressed in an organis
Phenotype:What is physically expressed in an organism
Homozygous: Identical pairs of genes for any given characteristic
Heterozygous: Different pairs of genes for any given characteristic
Dominant: The trait that is physically expressed
Recessive: The trait that is present but not shown

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Mitosis has 4 phases:
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Prophase
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PREPARE
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Chromosomes are visible
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Lose nucleus
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Metaphase
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MIDDLE
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Chromosomes line up in the middle
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Anaphase
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AWAY
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Chromosomes move towards the poles
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Telophase
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TWO NUCLEUS
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Nucleus split and reappears
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They are identical cells
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Body cells
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Diploid cells
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Meiosis goes through 2 processes:
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Prophase l
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Crossing over
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Protiens of chromatids break off and attach to the adjacent chromosomes on the homologous chromosomes
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Metaphase l
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Anaphase l
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Homologous chromosomes seperate
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Telophase l
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Prophase ll
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Mertaphase ll
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Anaphase ll
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Sister chromatids seperate
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Telophase ll
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4 haploid cells result
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They are similar cells
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Sex cells
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Haploid cells

Stages of Meiosis l and ll http://thumb7.shutterstock.com/display
_pic_with_logo/848740/116607409/stock
-vector-vector-diagram-of-the-meiosisphases-116607409.jpg
STages of Mitosis
• http://www.google.com/search?q=mitosis&safe=active&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=XgubU9GfEJGOyAS2_
IKYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1301&bih=620#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=nhZbmMsNUC3FM%253A%3BUhqCAF-wnFwS9M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fdiffervs.com%252Fwpcontent%252Fuploads%252F2013%252F08%252Fmitosis-vsmeiosis.jpeg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fdiffervs.com%252Fdiscover-difference-mitosismeiosis%252F%3B495%3B420\

• http://video.mit.edu/watch/lego-animation-of-mitosis-with-descriptivetitles-3077/

Stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Primary Function: to store and transmit the genetic information that tells cells whcih protiens to make and when to make them
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DNA is an organic compound made up or repeating subunits called nucleotides.
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Nucleotides have 3 parts:
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Sugar molecule
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Deoxyribose
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Phosphate Group
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2 types of Nitrogen Bases
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Purines
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Phosphorus
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Oxygen
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Nitrogen Bases
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Adenine (A)
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Cytosine (C)
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Guanine (G)
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Thymine(T)
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Have 2 rings
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Adenine(A)
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Guanine(G)
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Pyrimdines
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Have 1 ring
VIdeo: https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/ / •
Cytosine(C)
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Thymine(T)

en.wikipedia.org
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Base Pairings:
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Cytosine bonds with Guaning (C-G)
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Adenine bonds with Thymine (A-T)
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James Watson and Francis Crick built the 3D model or the double helix
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2 nucleotide strands wrap around eachother to form a double spiral
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Enzymes involved in DNA replication:
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DNA Helicase
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Unwind and unzip the DNA
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Binding Proteins
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Hold open the replication fork
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DNA Primase
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Lay down the start and stop primers for the new strand
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DNA Polymerase
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Lays down one new nucleotide at a time
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DNA Ligase
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The glue that holds the new DNA strand together
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The Enzymes involved in DNA replictation

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Stands for Ribonucleic Acid
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Responsible forthe movement of genetic information from the DNA
in the nucleus to the site of protien synthesis in the cytosol
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A single sranded nucleic acid made up of repeating units
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Sugar molecule is ribose
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Thymine(T) relaced with
URACIL(U)
A strand of RNA http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/bio chemistry/nucleic-acids.html

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3 Forms of RNA
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Function:
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Carries genetic info from the nucleus to the ribosome
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Function:
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Binds to specific amino acids and helps form polypeptide chains (proteins)
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Function:
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Makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made

Protein Synthesis- The production of proteins
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The amount and kind of proteins produced in a cell determines the structure and function of the cell
2 Steps in Protein Synthesis
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Transcription:
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Makes mRNA from DNA
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Transcribe- to copy
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Translation:
• mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane
• mRNA then migrates to a ribosome in the cytosol, the site of protein synthesis http://sciencevogel.wikispaces.com/file/ view/Protein%20Synthesis%20diagram.
png/493016480/390x301/Protein%20Syn thesis%20diagram.png

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Genetic Disorders:
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Genetic Traits and Disorders-
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Genes that control human traits can be mutated and then inherited by offspring
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Mutations-
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Definition- A change in DNA sequence that affects genetic info
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The result of some mutations are gentic disorders
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Inheritance- There are 4 main ways genetic disorders are passed....
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Single Gene Disorder
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The problem traits controlled by a single gene and are passed in a dominant/recessive manner
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Multifactoral Disorders
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These disorders result from mutations in multiple genes
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These disorders are difficult to study and treat
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EX. Alzheimer's Disease, Hypothyroidism
Karyotype showing the genetic disorder of Down
Syndrome http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/d isorders/chromosomal/down/images/tris omy21_karyotype.jpg

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Inheritance cont.
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Chromosomal Abnormality
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Entire chromosomes or large segments of chromosomes are missing, duplicated, or otherwise altered
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Nondisjunction-
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Failure of a chromosome to seperate from its homologue during meiosis
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One gamete receives an extra copy of a chromosome and the other gamete lacks the chromosome entirely
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Scientisits can use karyotypes to identify disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities
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X-Linked Disorders
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Disorders in which the mutations or errors are in genes found on the X chromosomes
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Ex.- Hemophilia, Muscular Dystrophy

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What is the full name for DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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What two organelles can DNA be found in? Nucleus, Mitochandria
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What is the shape of DNA?
Double Helix
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What is a Gene?
A sequence of DNA passed on to offspring
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What are the two purines found in DNA? Adenine, Guanine
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What are the two phases of protein synthesis? Transcription, Translation
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What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?
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What is the gene that is expressed called?
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What is a mutation?

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What is the full name for DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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What two organelles can DNA be found in? Nucleus, Mitochandria
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What is the shape of DNA?
Double Helix
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What is a Gene?
A sequence of DNA passed on to offspring
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What are the two purines found in DNA? Adenine, Guanine
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What are the two phases of protein synthesis? Transcription, Translation
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What are the four types of chromosomal mutations? Deletions, Duplication, Insertion,
Translocation
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What is the gene that is expressed called?
Dominant
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What is a mutation? A change in the DNA sequence that effects genetic info