World War 1 Study Guide for Test – 50 points (Multiple Choice, Matching, Fill in Blank (word bank), 1 short answer)
4 Long-Term Causes of World War 1
Militarism________________________________________________________________
Alliance System_________________________________________________________________
Imperialism___________________________________________________________________
Nationalism ___________________________________________________________________
Describe the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Who did it? When? Why?)
Serbia angry at Austria-Hungary (taking land)
Gavrilo Princip (member – Blank Hand [secret society]) assassinated heir to Austria-Hungary throne
How did Austria-Hungary use the assassination to attack Serbia?
Austria-Hungary linked the Serbian government with Blank Hand society – decided to use this opportunity to crush
Serbians
Who did Serbia have ties with? Russia
Who did Austria-Hungary have as their ally? Germany
*Be able to put the chain reaction events in chronological order (1-7)
___7___Great War begins
___3___Russia mobilizes army to help its ally Serbia
___1___Austria Hungary blames Serbia for murder of Archduke
___4___Germany views this as a threat; declares war on Russia
___5___Germany declares war of Russia’s ally, France; to get to France, Germany invades neutral Belgium (Germany’s
plan for fighting a two fronted war - knock out France and concentrate forces on eastern front against Russia)
___2___Austria Hungary (with support from Germany) declares war on Serbia
___6___Great Britain declares war on Germany because of treaties with Belgium, France, and Russia
Were these countries on the Central Powers [CP] or
Allied Powers [AP]?
Austria-Hungary__CP_____
Germany___CP_____
France __AP_______
Great Britain _____AP________
Russia _____AP_________
United States _____AP_________
America Enters the War
When war was declared in Europe, America adopted a policy of _neutrality and isolation _________________
Why?_Many Americans wanted to remain isolated from war; believed war was NOT in US best interest; big Atlantic
Ocean separating US from European problems____________________________________________________
What does it mean “a policy of fairness?” __American bankers could lend money to both sides in the war; could trade
with both sides_____________________________________________________________
Reasons why the U.S. Entered the War
1)
Economic Ties_______________________________________________
Who did U.S. trade more with? Britain and France_______________________________________________________
What made it nearly impossible for America to trade with Germany? British blockade of German coastline__________
Why did they (above question) do what they did to Germany? British responding to Germany’s unrestricted submarine
warfare_________________________
2)
Submarine Warfare_______________________________________________________
Did the U.S. protest this? YES_____________
3) Germany sinks the Lusitania___________________________________________________________________
How many Americans were killed? 128________________________________________
What did Germany do to warn Americans about cross the Atlantic on British ships? Took out newspaper advertisements
warning Americans about crossing the Atlantic__________________________________________________
Wilson demanded what three things of Germany? Apology, Reparations, and Promise not to use subs
again____________________________________________________________________________
Germany agreed to how many of Wilson’s things? First 2 only_____________________
Why did Wilson just accept Germany’s response? The ship wasn’t American (it was British cruise liner)____________
However, what did Germany agree to (with regards to their submarines)?
They adopted “cruiser tactics” and surfaces and attacked a ship by guns fitted on to their decks__________
4) Zimmermann Telegram – secret message from Germany to Mexico encouraging them to attack US and in
return Mexico could reclaim land lost to the US; outraged Americans and Wilson ________________
5) Russian Revolution___________________________________________________________
Wilson believed that the revolution that overthrew the Czar was a good thing since it would bring
_democracy_______________________________________________
6) Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare__________________________________________
7) Propaganda_______________________________________________________________
Anti-German propaganda often referred to Germans as Huns_______________________
What was the reason Wilson stated (from your notes) for the US to declare war against Germany? “Keep the world safe
for democracy____________________________________________________”
When US entered the war, Europe was already devastated by how many years of war? _3______
What three things did U.S. bring a fresh supply of when they entered the war?
_Soldiers, weapons, and supplies_________________________________________________________
How did the U.S. Government recruit soldiers? __Selective Service______________ Act
The fighting of World War 1 ended on __November 11, 1918_______________________________________
This is known as _Armistice Day___________________________________________________
Who was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference?
__”Losers” – Central Powers, small Allied nations, and U.S.S. R. (Russia – signed a separate peace with Germany year
before)________________________________________________________________________________
The European Allies rejected Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan because their goal is to do what?
___PUNISH the Central Powers – especially
Germany_______________________________________________________
How did the German people feel about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
_____Provoked anger, hostility, bitter feelings__________________________________________________________
Why did they feel this way (i.e. Why did they believe that their country had NOT been honorably defeated)?
____Rumors – Germany’s soldiers had not been able to finish the fight due to sabotage by traitors and pacifists (those
who wanted peace) at home, including the Jews_”Stabbed in the back.”______________________________________
Things you need to know from the Student Presentations
Weapons and New Technology
What were some of the NEW technological weapons used during World War 1?
Machine guns, heavy artillery, tanks, flamethrowers, trench mortars, grenades
What weapon was mainly used for intimidation (Psychological warfare) but not so much for actual
fighting? Bayonets
Life in the Trenches
What animals lived with the men in the trenches?
Lice, Rats
Describe the conditions of living in the trench
Wet, muddy, dead bodies lying around (smell), food (terrible – luck to get meat once a week;
Trenchfoot and frostbite due to standing in freezing waterlogged trench
Poison Gas
What country was the first to use poisonous gas? What country is often thought of as using it
first (but didn’t)?
French; Germany
Describe some of the symptoms a person would feel if they were in a poison gas attack
Violent cough, Blisters on skin, eyes, and lungs, temporary blindness, confusion
War and Medicine
What was trench foot?
A disease which makes your foot turn blue or red and numb (often involves blisters and open sores
which allows for fungal infections ; caused by exposure to damp and wet conditions (trenches)
What was Shell Shock?
Psychological trauma suffered by men serving on battlefronts; symptoms range from moderate panic
attacks (which sometimes caused men to flee battlefield- CRIME court martial for desertion) to
mental and physical paralysis
Describe (briefly) how wounded men were removed from the battlefield during this time? (be sure to
include Stretcher-bearers and Casualty Clearing Stations)
Stretcher-bearers would stand at the back of the battlefield and when signaled, would run with
2 people per stretcher to get the injured person and carry him back to safety. They were to patch
the man up and either return them to their duty or pass them back to Advanced Dressing Station
Casualty Clearing Stations  large units which were there to move men from the battlefields on
to the hospitals; Located behind the front lines of the battle; work in rotation (treating men
and then evacuating them by train or ambulance further away)
War in the Air
What are Zeppelins and why were they important for Air Raids?
Like today’s blimp – filled with many other balloons to allow the aircraft to float; They were
the best aircraft to cover long distant (could carry and distribute goods and weapons); Quiet
HOWEVER sometimes unsuccessful due to the enemy’s anti-air guns (shoot it down)
Manfred von Richthofen – who was he and what was his nickname?
Known as the Red Baron; German; Most famous flying ace in WW1; Commander of “flying circus”;
80 kills before being shot down
Eddie Rickenbacker – who was he and what was his claim to fame?
American; Top scoring American pilot in WW1 (26 victories); before war, was world’s top race car
driver
War At Sea
What country was the first to operate submarines? How many did they start off with and how many
did they end up with (at the end of the war)?Germany – 28 subs (beginning) , 375 subs (end)
What was another name for a German submarine? U-boats (underwater boats)
What is the connection between a submarine and the Lusitania, a British passenger ship?
A German U-boat fired a single torpedo and sank it
Spies and Codes
Were spies infiltrating other countries or were they only code breakers? Infiltrating
If they were infiltrating other countries, give one example from the note sheet that proves this
Sidney Reilly [British]– obtained weapon plans in Germany (used lock picks to break in – had to
strangle the foreman, who discovered him.
Mansfield George Smith-Cummings [British] – arrested 22 German spies in England
Simon Emil Koedel [German] – was in New York City monitoring American ports and US military
suppliers
Looking at the mini biography of Karl Hans Lody, how could a spy start “messing up?”
Making mistakes
- writing his letters in German, stopped encrypting the letters
Art and War
Discuss the “freedom” artists had during World War 1 concerning pictures and paintings that the
people back home would see
Really wasn’t any freedom to paint/draw what they saw; Censorship was heavy (government did not
allow any acts of sedition – didn’t allow any talk or support of ideas that could have possibly
undermined the war effort; Gov’t told artists what they could and couldn’t draw
What forms of propaganda were being used and why was it used in these ways?
Pictures, literature, music, and film – showed atrocities of war as a way of mobilizing hatred
against Germany (blacken the enemy’s name); people didn’t get full idea of what the war was
actually going to be like
Up Close and Personal - Soldier’s Perspective
Who would you rather have been – a soldier (who just followed orders) or a leader (ex: General)
who had to make the decisions? Why?
Opinion and EXPLAIN
Which man do you admire most (in the ones who were presented in this presentation) and why?
Opinion and EXPLAIN
Home front
Define home front: civilian activities and effort at home in support of war overseas
What were the ages of the men who had to register due to the Selective Service Act of 1917?
At first – 21-31
Later – 18 - 45
How did women play their part for the war effort at home? Worked in the factories; worked the
farms
TERMS- Know for test
Sovereignty
Doughboys
Having supreme, independent authority; power to rule
and make laws
Nickname of an American soldier or Marine during
World War 1
Militarism
Armistice
Military forces are given a high profile by the
government (needed to protect your empire)
An agreement to stop fighting
Alliance
An agreement made between two or more countries to
give each other help if it is needed (had no option but to
declare war if one of their allies declared war first)
Imperialism
When a country takes over new lands or countries and
makes them subject to their rule
Nationalism
Paris Peace Conference
A conference where two dozen countries gathered
together to discuss how to end the war permanently
Treaty of Versailles
The outcome of the Paris Peace Conference; U.S.
Senate rejected this because of League of Nations
clause
Fourteen Points Plan
Wilson’s plan for peace
Being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of
one’s country
League of Nations
“He kept us out of war”
Was there to solve disagreements between countries by
talking about the problems instead of fighting wars
President Wilson’s campaign slogan for reelection
Zimmerman Telegram
Secret note sent from Germany foreign secretary to
Germany’s minister in Mexico urging Mexico to attack
the U.S.
War Guilt Clause
In Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to admit full
responsibility for starting the war
“War to end all wars”
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
What the Great War was supposed to be
U.S. Armed Forces sent to Europe during World War 1
Red Poppies
World’s most recognized memorial symbols for soldiers
who have died in conflict
PEOPLE – know for test
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to the Austria-Hungarian Throne
Gavrilo Princip
Slavic nationalist and member of the Blank Hand (secret society) whose assassination attempt sparked World War 1
Woodrow Wilson
US President during World War 1 – known as a “man of peace”
John Joseph “Black Jack” Pershing
General of the AEF (didn’t want to send his troops in untrained)
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republican Senator who lead the Senate to reject the ratification of Treaty of Versailles