Pengenalan Teknologi Industri
Program Studi Teknik Kimia
FTI - ITB
Paradigm is a constellation that defines a
profession and an intellectual discipline
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0. Pre-paradigm - engineers with no formal education
1. The first paradigm - Unit Operations, 1923
2. The second paradigm - Transport Phenomena, 1960
3. The third paradigm - ?
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 Fire
(300,000 BC) as the first chemical technology
• Led to pyro-technologies: cooking, pottery, metallurgy,
glass, reaction engineering
 Chemical
technology as empirical art, with no
reliable scientific foundation or formally educated
engineers.
 Ecole des Ponts et Chausee, 1736, first modern
engineering school.
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 Arthur
D. Little, industrialist and chair of
visiting committee of chemical engineering
at MIT, wrote report in 1908
“Unit Operations should be the foundation of
chemical engineering”
 First
textbook Walker-Lewis-McAdams
“Principles of Chemical Engineering” 1923
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 Became
• core of chemical engineering curriculum: unit
operations, stoichiometry, thermodynamics
• principle to organize useful knowledge
• inspiration for research to fill in the gaps in
knowledge
 Effective in problem solving
• graduates have a toolbox to solve processing
problems in oil distillation, petrochemical, new
polymers
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
The "unit operations" concept had been latent in the chemical
engineering profession ever since George Davis had organized his
original 12 lectures around the topic.

But, it was Arthur Little who first recognized the potential of using
“Unit Operations" to separate chemical engineering from other
professions

While mechanical engineers focused on machinery, and
industrial chemists concerned themselves with products, and
applied chemists studied individual reactions, no one, before
chemical engineers, had concentrated upon the underlying
processes common to all chemical products, reactions, and
machinery.
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
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In transforming matter
from inexpensive raw
materials to highly
desired products,
chemical engineers
became very familiar
with the physical and
chemical operations
necessary in this
metamorphosis.
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Vacuum Dryer
Rotary Dryer
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Crystallization tank
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Fluid Catalytic Cracking
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 World
War II creation of new technologies by
scientists without engineering education: atomic
bomb, radar.
 Engineering
students needed to master new
concepts and tools in chemistry and physics.
 Unit
Operations no longer created streams of
exciting new research problems that were
challenging to professors and students, and useful
in industry.
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 First
textbook “Transport Phenomena” by BirdStewart-Lightfoot, 1960, based on kinetic theory of
gases
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
Textbook by Amundson
“Mathematical Methods in
Chemical Engineering”, (1966).

A new burst of creative research
activities.

American chemical industry
dominated world, DuPont and
Exxon content to recruit
academically educated graduates,
willing to teach them technology.
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 The
Engineering Science movement became
dominant in the US, and was taught at all
the leading universities.
 AIChE
accreditation requires differential
equations, transport phenomena.
 Research
funding agencies and journals turn
their backs on empirical and qualitative
research as “old fashioned”.
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
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Phasing out of formerly successful products: tetra-ethyl
lead, DDT, cellophane, freon or CFC.
End of the parade of new polymers: celluloid, bakelite,
nylon, kevlar.
To attract the best students, the lure of new products to
enhance lives - laptop computers, cellular phone and
internet.
Cost-cutting and environmental protection is no match for
glamorous new products.
We need to give chemical engineers the intellectual
toolbox, to innovate exciting new products that people will
learn to love.
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 Product engineering
is innovation and design of
useful products that people want.
 Core of
creative engineering:
Define a product, study the customers & needs
2. Understand property-structure
3. Design and innovate the product
1.
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
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Production of Synthetic Ammonia and Fertilizers,
Production of petrochemicals,
Commercial-scale production of antibiotics
(biotechnology/ pharmaceuticals),
Establishment of the plastics industry,
Establishment of the synthetic fiber industry,
Establishment of the synthetic rubber industry,
Electrolytic production of Aluminum,
Energy production and the development of new sources of
energy,
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
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Production of fissionable isotopes,
Production of IT products (storage devices,
microelectronics, ultraclean environment),
Artificial organs and biomedical devices,
Food processing,
Process Simulation tools,
Environmental control,
Membrane technology,
New material based on nano technology.
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