CHAPTER
13
Developing and Delivering
Effective Presentations
Chapter Objectives
1. Manage speaking anxiety—understand its causes;
anticipating/rehearsing your message’s delivery.
2. Identify your presentation’s goals (topic/purpose).
3. Assess audience’s needs; potential responses to message by
gathering situational knowledge.
4. Identify main points of presentation; research them thoroughly.
5. Put presentation together via an outline.
6. Demonstrate communication competence—choose an
appropriate/effective delivery style.
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Anxiety Management

Communication Apprehension: Fear of
speaking in public; also termed reticence,
shyness, and unwillingness to
communicate.

Why is Public Speaking Frightening?
Skills
Deficit
Conditioned Anxiety
Negative
Cognitive Appraisal
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Good Speech Topics

Topics that speaker is
knowledgeable about
and/or interested in.

Are relevant for the
audience.

Meet requirements of
the assignment or
situation.
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Identifying the General
and Specific Purposes
of the Presentation
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General Purpose

The basic goal of a presentation.
General
Purpose
Presentation Type
Description
To Inform
Informative Presentation
Provides ideas, alternatives, data, or even
opinions and provides credible, reliable
information to back up major points.
To Persuade
Persuasive Presentation
Change or reaffirm existing attitudes about
important topics, strive to gain audience
commitment, and motivate action.
To Motivate
Motivational Presentation
Employ persuasion but rely extensively on
stimulating the emotions and feelings of
listeners as a method of inducing action.
To Celebrate
Ceremonial Presentation
Share many of the elements found in the
previous types of presentations; include
introduction, acceptance, tribute, goodwill,
inspiration, and celebration presentations.
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Focusing the Presentation

Specific Purpose: Derived from the
general purpose, identifying what the
presenter wants the audience to think,
believe, feel, or do as a result of listening
to the presentation.

Thesis Statement: Single declarative
sentence that summarizes the main ideas
to be presented to the audience.
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Audience Analysis

Gathering information
about an audience:
 Audience
Type
 Audience
Characteristics
 Environmental
Characteristics

Can help speaker
adapt speech to the
situation at hand.
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Identifying & Researching Main Ideas

Generate Potential Main Ideas.
 Topical
System: Method that uses a small set
of headings or topics to identify standard
ways of thinking and talking about any
subject.

Do Research.
 Bibliography:
Detailed list of all the books,
articles, interviews, and abstracts you have
reviewed in the course of your research.
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Providing Support for Main Ideas

Explanations: Act or process of making a subject
plain or comprehensible.

Examples: Illustrations that connect the main
ideas of a presentation with a real or an ideal
state envisioned by the speaker.

Statistics: Descriptions of the result of collecting,
organizing, and interpreting numerical data.

Testimony: Statement by a credible
person/source that lends weight and authority to
the speaker’s presentation.
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Visual Aids


Enhance the clarity and credibility of the message.
Multiple channels appeal to multiple senses so as to
increase listener’s retention.
Types:




Actual Object
Pictorial Reproductions (e.g., pictures, videos, drawings)
Pictorial Symbols (e.g., graphs, charts, diagrams)
Tips:



Create visual that are easily seen by every member of the
audience.
Talk to the audience rather than to the visual aid.
Display the visual aid only when it is being used.
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Developing an Introduction
and a Conclusion
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The Introduction

Beginning of speech
which:
 Informs
the listener about
the topic of the speech
(orientation).
 The
reason for attending
to the speech
(motivation).
 The
credibility of the
source delivering the
message (rapport).
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The Conclusion

Ending of a speech, which provides a
sense of completeness and closure.
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The Outline:
Basic Considerations
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Outline

A visual, schematic summary of the message
that shows the order of ideas and the general
relationships among them.

Outline Types:
 Complete-Sentence
Outline: Lists each head and
subhead in complete-sentence form.
 Topic
Outline: Reduces the sentences of a speech to
brief phrases or single words.
 Speaker’s
Outline: Includes only key words and
important questions or statistics written on index
cards.
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Basic Outlining Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use appropriate numbering systems.
Include heads of equal importance.
Use consistency in form.
Have balance in form.
Include points: Major ideas that a
speaker wishes the audience to
understand and accept.
Include subpoints: Forms of support for
the main ideas.
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Transitions

“Signposts” that link
the various elements
of the outline,
showing why and how
each element relates
to the other elements.
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Types of Delivery
Delivery Type
Description
Impromptu
Speaking
Situation in which a presentation is developed and
prepared “on the spot” with little or no time for
preparation.
Extemporaneous
Speaking
Given from brief notes, the type of situation encourages
thorough preparation and adaptability to the particulars of
the situation at hand.
Manuscript
Speaking
Situation in which a speech is written out and read
verbatim; used when a situation requires precise wording
exact timing.
Memorized
Speaking
Situation in which a speech is memorized word for word
and then recited.
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Effective Delivery Is…

Intelligible

Conversational

Direct

Unobtrusive
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Other Considerations

Appearance: Basis for making judgments
about the speaker’s credibility; affect the
development of subsequent impressions.

Timing Your Presentation:
 Use
a clock/watch.
 Have
a collaborator in the audience.
 Practice
your presentation aloud.
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Fielding Questions

Anticipate likely
questions.

Repeat questions
from the audience.

Treat all questions
with respect.

Find a point of
agreement or truth.
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Develop a Strategy for
Rehearsal
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