Objectives 1-2
 A chemical reaction is the process of
atoms
rearranging ___________
to create new
compounds by breaking and forming
chemical _________.
During chemical
bonds
energy
reactions __________
is either stored or
released.
 A chemical equation uses symbols to
show what occurs during a
________________.
It can be thought of
chemical reaction
as the “recipe” for a compound.
 Example:
2H2 + O2
2H2O
 Reactants – substances used in the reaction;
located on the left side of the equation.
 Products – substances produced in the
reaction; located on the right side of the
equation.
 What are the reactants in this equation?
H2
O2
 What are the products in this reaction?
H2 O
 If we wanted to make 4 molecules of H2O,
how many O2 would we need?__________
2
 If we used 8 molecules of O2, how many
16
molecules of H2O would we make?_______
 What are the products in this
equation?
FeCl2
Cu
 What are the reactants in this
equation?
Fe
CuCl2
The reaction must start and end with the
Same # of atoms and type of atoms
 All chemical equations must obey the law of
conservation of mass. When an equation
obeys the law of conservation of mass we
say the equation is BALANCED (these
represent reactions that can happen). When
an equation does NOT obey the law of
conservation of mass we say it is
UNBALANCED (an unbalanced equation
represents something that will never
happen).
 How many atoms of hydrogen are in the
reactants? Product?
Reactants: H = 4
Product: H = 4
 How many atoms of oxygen are in the
reactants? Products?
Reactants: O = 2
Product: O = 2
Yes
 Is this equation balanced? ___________
Why
or why not?
The number of atoms on
both side are equal
 How many atoms of hydrogen are in the
reactants? Product?
Reactants: H = 2
Product: H = 2
 How many atoms of oxygen are in the
reactants? Products?
Reactants: O = 2
Product: O = 1
No
 Is this equation balanced? ___________
Why
or why not?
The number of atoms on
both side are NOT equal
Objectives 3-5
 The ability to do work; measured in joules or
calories
 Move
 Make proteins
 Digest
 Transport
molecules
 Pump
Food
Store
 A food source might not be available when
energy is needed.
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it
can change forms
Living things must be able to covert energy
from one form to another.
1. Macromolecules – energy is stored in the
chemical ________
bonds of macromolecules.
_________
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Carbohydrates (Sugars)– C, H, O – primary
energy source – 4 cal/g
Lipids (Fats) –C, H, O – stored form of energy
– 9 cal/g
Proteins – C, H, O, N – 4 cal/g
Bond between C & H
have a lot of energy. It
can be released by
breaking bonds
2. Light – a ________
wave
that has energy in the
photons
form of _________;
this form is energy is
plants
used by __________
during
_________________.
photosynthesis
(energy from light is stored in sugars)
3. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate – the primary
source of energy used by cells.
3
PHOSPHATES
ADENOSINE
 When the last phosphate is removed,
energy
___________
is released.
+ ℗ + Energy
ATP
ADP +
Phosphate
 Energy from Food/light
__________ is stored in
chemical bonds in ATP.
ADP + ℗ + Energy 
ATP
4. Electrons – Electrons (and their energy can
be moved from one Compound
_________ to another.
Electron Carriers – special compounds that
easily gain and lose electrons and can
transfer energy from one place to another.
Examples:
NADP+ + ē
(empty)
NADPH
(full)
H=++ē
Objectives 6-8
A protein that acts as a catalyst
(speeds up chemical reactions)
 Why are enzymes needed?
So reactions happen fast enough to sustain
life functions
 How do enzymes work?
 Enzymes lower the activation energy of a
chemical reaction. Activation Energy is the
energy needed to start
______ a chemical reaction.
No enzyme
With enzyme
Finish
 Each enzyme has a specificshape
________
based on how the ________
protein is folded.
 Substrate – Substance that the enzyme acts on
 Each enzyme binds only to certain
substrates. In order for the substrate to bind
shape
to the enzyme it must be the right ________.
 The place where the substrate binds to the
active site
enzyme is called the _______
______
 Once the enzyme and substrate bind, a
reaction occurs.
Active
site
-substrate
products
ENZYME
 Example: The reaction shown below helps
convert CO2 into a form that is more easily
carried through the bloodstream. Without
enzymes this reaction wouldn’t happen fast
enough and dangerous levels of CO2 would
build up in the bloodstream. The enzyme
carbonic anhydrase allows this reaction to
happen 10 million times faster.
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
ENZYME
Video
 Controlling Enzymes
 Enzymes don’t always need to be “ON.” There
are 2 ways to turn an enzyme “OFF.”
 Competitive Inhibition – A substance other than
the substrate blocks the
Inhibitor
active site
Substrate
 Non- Competitive Inhibition –A molecule binds to a
location other than the active
site and changes the shape
Substrate of the enzyme
Inhibitor
V ideo
Objective 9, 10, 12, 13
sunlight
water
carbon dioxide
Sugars (glucose)
oxygen
 Equation:
6CO2 +12H2O
C6H12O6 + 602 + 6H2O
CO2 – carbon dioxide C6H12O6 – glucose (carb)H2O
– Water (soil)
O2 – Oxygen H2O - Water
Waste products
 Purpose:
To store energy from light in glucose
 A side note: structure of carbohydrates –
carbohydrates are molecules made of
carbon
_______, _________,
________.
hydrogen andoxygen
 Monosaccharide –Simple sugar (Glucose)
quick energy
 Polysaccharide -Complex sugar made of many
simple sugar (ex. Starch)
Chloroplasts
 Grana –Stack of thylakoids
 Stroma – Background material of chloroplasts
 Thylakoid –Disk Containing chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll –Green, light absorbing pigments
 Pigment- light absorbing molecules
Structures of Photosynthesis
=Nucleus
=Cell Wall
Plant Cell
Plant
Cell
Grana
Thylakoid
Grana
Chlorophyll
Thylakoid
Objectives 14, 16
 Purpose:To store energy from sunlight in
glucose
light
 Light Dependent Reactions use _________
H2O
and ________.
Energy is temporarily stored
ATP and _________.
NADPH O
in _______
________
is
2
given off as a waste product.
 Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
CO2 to convert the energy from
uses _______
ATP
_______ and _________
into ________.
NADPH
Glucose
H2O
________is
given off as a waste product.
*add equation and
thylakoid and stroma
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+P
Thylakoid
ATP
Calvin
Cycle
Stroma
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
6CO2 +12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
SUGARS
 Location: Thylakoid of Chloroplast
 Materials Needed: Light, H2O, ADP,
NADP+
 Final Products: O2, H+, ATP, NADPH
1. Energy from light strikes a chlorophyll molecule in the
membrane of the thylakoid. This light energy excites an
_electron_ and it passes through a chain of molecule
called the electron transport chain. As it moves it loses
energy.
2. Water in the plant is broken into, H+,_O and
_electrons_.
3. The electrons replace the one lost from chlorophyll The
O combine to form O2 and leave as a waste product.
4. The movement of electrons causes more H+ to move
into the thylakoid.
5. Light strikes a 2nd chlorophyll molecule
and the Electron is reenergized . This
high-energy electron is picked up by
NADP+ (an electron carrier) to form
NADPH.
6. As this happens over and over again
protons (H+) build up in the thylakoid.
They can only get across the membrane
by going through a protein_ The energy
from the H+ moving through the channel
converts ADP to ATP.
 Location:Stroma of chloroplasts
 Materials needed: ATP, NADPH, H+, CO2
 Final products:Glucose, H2O
ATP and NADPH
 Main Idea: Energy stored in ____
_____
from the light reaction is used in the Calvin
Dioxide into
cycle to convert ________
Carbon ________
high-energy sugars (Glucose).
Objectives 9, 12-15
Food Molecules are burned
The process by which _______________
in the cell in order to produce __________.
Energy
ATP so
Purpose: to storeEnergy
________ from food in _____
cells can carry out life processes Remember: for
cells to function they need energy; the main form
of energy used by cells is ____.
ATP
The equation :
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Glucose – Made by plants in photosynthesis;
has LOTS of ______,
Energy but it is not in a usable
form.
Plants during
Oxygen – produced by _______
photosynthesis
Energy used by
ATP – the main source of ________
all Living things
Water – released into the air as waste
Location: Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Function
To make Glucose
Burn glucose for energy
Location
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria/Cytoplasm
Used by
Reactants
Products
Equations
Plants, Bacteria, Protists
(Autotrophs)
All living things
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
CO2 + H2O + ATP
6CO2 + 6H2O Light
C6H12O6 + 6O2+ H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
ATP is used up it must be replaced.
 As _____
ATP comes from
The energy to build more ____
food It takes some energy to break down
_____.
food molecules, BUT cells get
more
energy from the food that they use to
____________
break it down.
 What is the major source of energy for
organisms? Where does it come from?
Food
(Glucose)
Plants
(photosynthesis)
Objective 14, 18
 Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
 Purpose:To get energy from glucose and
store it in ATP
 Summary of Energy Flow: Energy from
_______ is transferred to electron carriers
Glucose
and then to ATP
____.
 Glucose – one of the most basic
carbohydrates; starting material for
respiration
 ATP – main energy source used by the cell
 NAD+/NADPH+H - an electron carrier
 FAD/FADH2 – another electron carrier
 The first step of all forms of respiration is
Glycolysis
________. After that if no oxygen is present
the cell goes through fermentation. If
oxygen is present the cell proceeds to
cellular respiration.
Electrons
carried in
NADH
1
Glucose
3
2
Glycolysis
Pyruvic
Acid
Cytoplasm
2ATP
6O2
Electrons
carried in NADH
and FADH2
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
2ATP
32 ATP
+ 6CO2
+6H2O
 Location:Cytoplasm
 Materials Needed:Glucose, NAD+, ADP
 Final Products:2 ATP, small sugars, NADH
 Main Idea: Glucose is broken down into
2 ATP are used and ____
4
smaller sugars. ____
ATP are produced for a net gain of ____
2 ATP.
Some energy is Stored in _________.
NADH
 Location:Mitochondria
 Materials Needed: Small sugars, NAD+ FAD
 Final Products: CO2, NADH, FADH2
 Main Idea: The smaller sugars are broken
down even further. The carbon atoms from
CO2
the sugars combine with O2 to form______
which is given off as a waste product. The
energy from the sugars is stored in
FADH2 and _________.
_________
NADH
 Location: Mitochondria
 Materials Needed:NADH, FADH2, O2
 Final Products:ATP, H2O, (NAD+, FAD)
 Main Idea: Energy that has stored in
NADH and FADH
_________
________
is converted to
2
_______
as electrons are passed along the
ATP
electron transport chain. At the end of the
chain electrons combine with H+ and
H2O
Oxygen to form ___________
36 ATP can be produced from one
 ______
CO2
molecule of glucose. Six molecules of _____
H2O are given off as
and 6 molecules of _____
waste products.
Objective 17
Oxygen - Aerobic Respiration.
1. With _________
When respiration happens in the presence
of oxygen a _______________
Large Amount of ATP is
produced.
Oxygen
2. Without ____________Anaerobic
Respiration. When respiration happens
with NO oxygen, a _____________
Small amount of ATP
is produced.
 Step 1: Glycolysis – first used by
Ancient Bacteria
_______
________ to make ATP, it
is now used by ALL living things.
glucose
Glycolysis breaks down
_______
into smaller molecules and produces
2 ATP molecules.
___
 Where does glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm
 Step 2: Fermentation (Anaerobic
Respiration)
– happens in the Cytoplasm
___________
ATP
Does not make any new ________,
but recycles the materials needed
Glycolysis
for _____________
to continue. (If
this didn’t happen the cell would be
stuck and couldn’t make any more
ATP
____)
1. Alcoholic Fermentation – happens
inYeast
_____. The products of
Glycolysis
_________ break down into
_______ ________
Dioxide and ethyl
Carbon
alcohol.
How is this used in industry?
To make alcoholic beverages
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation –
muscles when
happens in your ________
you exercise because they are not
supplied with enoughoxygen
______. The
products from _________
glycolysis are
broken down into lactic acid and
CO2 This can build up in your
____.
muscles and it causes them to
_____. When _______
oxygen is present
burn
they will switch back to oxidative
respiration and break it down.
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Anaerobic
Respiration
Aerobic
Respiration
Lactic
Acid
Alcohol