RACE DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF BONE DENSITY TO LEAN BODY
MASS AND FAT MASS.
Meghan Garvey and Sarah M. Camhi
Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston
BACKGROUND: Historically, increased body weight was viewed as positively effecting bone.
Recent studies have associated higher fat mass (FM) with a lower bone mineral density (BMD).
Few studies have examined the effect of race on BMD and the influence of lean body mass
(LBM) and FM in young women. PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between the amount
of LBM, FM and BMD in a group of young African American (AA) and Caucasian women.
METHODS: Project Health included 54 women (BMI≥25kg/m2) 19-35 years. Whole-body
BMD (g/cm2) and total body fat (TBF) mass (kg) were measured with dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DXA). DXA scans were performed using a model GE Lunar whole-body scanner
and scans were analyzed with the latest software GE Software to obtain BMD (g/cm2) LBM (kg),
and FM (kg). Statistical analyzes were performed through Pearson Correlation Coefficients to
determine correlations between variables. General linear models (GLM) examined the combined
influence of LBM and FM on BMD, also adjusting for age and race. RESULTS: In the total
sample, LBM was positively correlated with BMD total (BMDt) and BMD pelvis (BMDp)
(r=0.29-0.34, P<0.05), whereas FM showed no significant correlation. BMD leg and spine were
not significantly related to either LBM or FM. Race specific analyses showed LBM in Caucasian
women as positively correlated with BMDt and BMDp (n=18, r=0.48-0.51, P<0.04), but no
significant results were found in AA women (n=36). In GLM analyses, LBM had a positive effect
on BMDt (n=54, β:0.0056, P=0.002) and FM had a negative effect on BMDt (β:-0.0024, P=0.03).
GLM analyses within race showed no significant relationship of BMDt with LBM or FM in AA
women, however Caucasian women showed a positive influence of LBM (β:0.0091, P=0.004)
and a negative effect of FM (β:-0.0062, P=0.02). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that LBM
has a positive effect on BMD, while FM has a negative effect on BMD, however these
relationships vary by race. These results suggest the potential importance of LBM in bone
integrity; further research needs to be done to determine the reason for the differences between
races.
Grant Support: This research was funded through a Proposal Development Grant at University
of Massachusetts Boston.
DIFFERENCES AMONG SELF-REPORTED AND MEASURED HEIGHT AND
WEIGHT IN YOUNG OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE WOMEN
Tania Godbout, Lauren Lob, Sarah M. Camhi
Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA
Understanding the relationship between self-reported (SR) weight and height and
measured weight and height is important when assigning BMI categories. PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between Black and White women
when self-reporting height and weight. METHODS: 57 Black and White women selfreported height and weight on screening forms. Measurements were taken by trained
research assistants using standardized procedures. Height and weight were measured with
a stadiometer and digital Tanita scale, respectively. Two measures were taken; if they
differed by 0.5(cm or kg), a third was taken. Mean of the measured values was used for
analysis. BMI was calculated for SR values and measured values in kg/m2. Pearson
Correlation Coefficients (PCC) were calculated comparing SR and measured values.
Paired T-tests were used to find significant differences between SR and measured height,
weight, and BMI within Black and White groups. RESULTS: Correlations comparing
SR weight to measured weight for groups were as follows: total women r=0.97; Black
women (n=37) r=0.98; White women (n=20) r=0.95, and SR BMI to measured BMI was
r=0.94. Significant differences were observed between SR and actual weight in total
sample (mean: -1.3 kg, p=0.009), in White women (mean=-2.2 kg, p=0.02), but not
observed in Black women. There were no significant differences between SR height and
measured height. BMI calculation comparisons between SR and measured values showed
a difference of 0.5 kg/m2 (p-value=0.0001). Of the total sample, 13% of women were
misclassified for BMI when using SR instead of measured values, however this varied by
race, only 5% of Black women were misclassified compared with 25% of White women.
CONCLUSIONS: White women significantly underestimate weight, black women do
not. Researchers should exhibit caution when calculating BMI from SR values for
demographic groups that self-report with lower accuracy.
Supported by: Proposal Development Grant at University of Massachusetts Boston.
HOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RELATES TO STRESS AMONG
UNDERGRADUATE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Brittany L. Brochetti, Sean Walsh, & Kimberly Kostelis. Central Connecticut State
University
Throughout the United States, stress has been identified as a major health concern for
college aged students. In a recent study with the National College Health Assessment
Association, almost half of the students surveyed reported they suffer more than average
or extreme stress throughout the semester. In addition, the National College Health
Assessment reported that students were not participating in the recommended amount of
physical activity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship
between Physical Activity and Stress among undergraduate college students.
METHODS: One-hundred and ninety five undergraduate college students of both
genders completed two questionnaires (n=100 males: mean age, 18.94 + 1.9 years; n=95
females: mean age, 18.61 + 1.4 years). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire
(IPAQ) measured frequency and type of physical activity performed daily; MET – min
per week was calculated. The Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire measured total levels
of perceived stress, as well as financial, personal, and academic stress. Pearson
correlation coefficients were calculated between physical activity and total stress, as well
as financial, personal, and academic stress. Also 2X3 Independent ANOVA were
calculated to determine interactions between gender and type of physical activity (none,
moderate, and vigorous) with stress levels. RESULTS: Overall, we observed a
significant correlation between MET-min per week and financial stress, r = .146, p<.05.
Whereas, no significance was found among MET –min per week and personal (r= .018, p
>.05), academic (r = .004, p >.05), and total stress (r=.009, p>.05). A significant
interaction effect was observed for gender and physical activity with total stress, F=
3.741, p <.05. Male and female differences were observed among moderate levels of
physical activity. No other interaction effects were significant. A gender main effect was
significant for financial stress, F=3.974, p <.05. CONCLUSION: The study provided
evidence that stress levels among females are lower when engaging in moderate physical
activity. Physical activity among both males and females impacts financial stress. Future
research is warranted in better understanding the impact of physical activity intensity and
stress among undergraduate students.
Supported by: NEACSM Undergraduate Research Experience Grant
EXAMINING RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS KNOWLEDGE IN COLLEGEAGED ADULTS AND OLDER ADULTS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Elizabeth Mashiak1 and Kimberly Kostelis1
1
Central Connecticut State University
PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the knowledge levels
of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) amongst college-aged adults between 18-25 years old (n = 9)
and older adults over the age of 60 (n = 6). METHODS: Participants (N = 15) were
recruited from the New Britain-Berlin Youth Men’s Christian Association (YMCA).
Approval was obtained from the Human Studies Council and the Chief Executive Office
of the YMCA. Participants signed an Informed Consent form and were orally briefed
prior to participation. Individual interviews were conducted and recorded to assess the
knowledge of RA between the two age groups. Common patterns and themes were
coded within the interviews and peer briefing was done to ensure validity of results.
Frequencies of themes were examined across the two age groups. RESULTS: Six
college-aged adults had family members with arthritis but could not identify which type
while four older adults self-identified as having arthritis. Participants in both age groups
did not know the difference between RA and any other type of arthritis. Two collegeaged adults and three older adults acknowledged there were differences yet could not
specifically describe RA. In regards to activities affected by the development of RA, the
older adults described more severe cases of arthritis, describing the pain as crippling,
while the young sample described more mild cases of RA describing a lower level of
physical activity. Inflammation, a main symptom of RA, was mentioned by only one
older participant; whereas, three young participants included inflammation as a potential
symptom. CONCLUSION: Within the study, the results depict a large lack of
knowledge in preventative measures and treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Due to the
lack of knowledge between both age groups, more education is needed in the field of
rheumatoid arthritis. Regardless of age, there are gaps in the knowledge about the disease
that need to be addressed. More research is warranted in this field to increase
generalizability.
COMPARISON OF BEEP TEST AND HOFF TEST FOR VO2MAX ESTIMATION
Jessica Sudock1, Kimberly Kostelis1, Jason Melnyk1
1
Central Connecticut State University
PURPOSE: Throughout sports various field tests are used to measure athlete’s physical fitness
level. A common way of testing this is through maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). In
soccer, many different tests are used to estimate an athlete’s VO2max. The current study was
designed to determine the differences between estimations of VO2max through different field tests.
METHODS: Subjects were 20 male varsity student athletes on a Division III soccer team.
Participants completed multiple days of preseason testing. The athlete’s results from the beep test
and Hoff test were recorded and used for analysis. The Hoff test is a test that consists of dribbling
a soccer ball through a specific course. The participants were told to try to complete as many laps
through the course that they could during a eight-minute time span. During the beep test athletes
are running 20-m in distance at a certain pace signaled by a “beep”. Pace increases progressively
through stages and the final stage the athlete’s successfully complete is their score. An app was
also used to estimate VO2max based on the score from the beep test. RESULTS: There was a
significant correlation found between estimations calculated by the Hoff test as compared to
estimations calculated by the beep test (r=.493, p<.05) but when examining the values against the
recommended values for validity coefficient it was determined to be unacceptable. A significant
correlation was found when looking at two different equations of calculating VO2max from the
beep test (r=.965, p<.01). A significant correlation was found when looking at the VO2max
estimated by the app and the estimated VO2max estimated by the equations (r= .747, p<.01).
CONCLUSIONS: It has been suggested that the Beep test and Hoff test are both valid ways of
measuring soccer players VO2max scores. For those working in athletics, using an app to predict
VO2max is a feasible option but for a more accurate estimation a practitioner should plug
information into an equation. Further research could included comparing VO2max scores measured
in a lab to different field tests estimated VO2max.
SUBMAXIMAL CYCLING POWER USING NONCIRCULAR CHAINRINGS:
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT QUANTIFICATION APPROACHES
Chee-Hoi Leong1 and James C. Martin2, FACSM
1
Central Connecticut State University, CT
2
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
During cycling, muscular power is produced during both leg extension and flexion, with
minimal power production occurring during the transition between the extension-flexion
phases. A prolonged leg extension phase and reduced transition phase could increase
cycling power by allowing muscles to generate power for a greater portion of the cycle.
Noncircular chainrings (e.g., Osymetric) have been designed to prolong the powerful leg
extension phase by varying crank angular velocity () within the pedal cycle. Previous
comparisons of circular and noncircular chainrings have produced mixed findings. These
mixed findings may be related to different approaches in quantifying cycling power. An
approach (i.e., SRM power meter) is to assume constant  within a pedal cycle. This
assumption might overestimate power with noncircular chainrings. PURPOSE: To
determine the extent to which the assumption of constant  might overestimate
calculated power values during submaximal cycling. METHODS: Eight healthy
participants (age=358 yr, mass=757kg, height=1.80.1m) performed 5-min steady
state cycling on an isokinetic cycle ergometer using a noncircular chainring (Osym)
following a 5-min warm-up. Participants cycled at 90% of lactate threshold power at 80
rpm. Participants repeated the protocol with a circular (Cir) chainring after a 5-min rest.
Participants were blinded to chainring conditions. Torque (T) and  over min 4–5 of
each condition were used in the power calculations. Two different approaches were used
∑N T
∑N ω
∑N (T ×ω )
n
to determine cycling power: Method 1: P1 = n=1
× n=1N n ; Method 2: P2 = n=1 Nn n .
N
One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare differences in power
calculations between chainring conditions. RESULTS: P1 was 41% higher than P2 for
Osym condition (Table 1; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Method 1 overestimated power
during submaximal cycling with a noncircular chainring. Method 1 did not account for
the generally sinusoidal  produced by the noncircular chainring, where the largest
instantaneous T values occurred when instantaneous  values were below the average .
Thus, method 1 mathematically inflated , subsequently overestimating power. These
results suggest that the assumption of constant  may overestimate power. Further
investigation comparing a SRM power meter with an instrumented force-pedal system
would validate the mathematical approaches used to quantify power output during
cycling with a noncircular chainring.
Table 1: Submaximal cycling power output (n=8)
Chainring condition
P1
P2
Cir
11022
11022
Osym
11721*
11221
*Significantly higher than Osym (P1) and Cir (P1, P2) (p<0.01)
IS BODY IMAGE DISSATISFACTION ASSOCIATED TO PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY LEVELS IN PRE-ADOLESCENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN GIRLS?
Sarah Burkart, Ogechi Nwaokelemeh, Cory Greever, Christine St. Laurent, Matthew
Ahmadi, Sofiya Alhassan, PhD, FACSM, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst,
MA
Body image dissatisfaction has been shown to be strongly correlated with body mass
index (BMI) in children and adolescents. Some studies have shown that pre-adolescents,
regardless of race, prefer a smaller body size while other studies have shown less body
dissatisfaction in African-American girls. Body image dissatisfaction can lead to several
problems such as eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem and psychological
distress. However, it is unclear if body image dissatisfaction is related to physical activity
(PA) behaviors. PURPOSE: To examine the associations between body image
dissatisfaction and PA levels in pre-adolescent African-American girls. METHODS:
Baseline data of girls (n=47; age= 8.3±1.3 years; BMI=19.7±5.6 kg/m2) participating in
the Mothers and Girls Dancing Together study were used in this analysis. Body image
dissatisfaction was assessed using a modified version of the Body Dissatisfaction Scale.
Pubertal development was assessed with the Peterson Development Scale (PDS). PDS
scores placed each participant into categories ranging from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal.
Physical activity levels were assessed for seven days using an Actigraph GT3X+
accelerometer. Spearman correlations were used to examine the associations between
body image dissatisfaction and PA levels. Girls were divided into tertiles based on total
PA level, PDS score, and age. Differences between the high (PA, PDS score, age 9-10
years) versus low (PA, PDS score, and age 7-8 years) group in body image dissatisfaction
score were assessed with t-tests. Subsets of overweight girls were also examined.
RESULTS: No significant correlations were found between body image dissatisfaction
and participants’ PA levels. Within the overweight group (n=17, BMI > 85th %), the
relationship between moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and body image dissatisfaction
approached significance (r= -0.45, p=0.06). The association between PDS score and
MVPA also approached significance (r= -0.28, p=0.06). CONCLUSION: In this sample
of pre-adolescent African-American girls, body image dissatisfaction does not appear to
be associated with PA levels. This could potentially be due to a higher ideal body size
preferred by African-American girls when compared to their Caucasian counterparts.
Future studies should examine these relationships using a larger sample size.
Supported by: NIH:NIDDK (K01 DK087812)
COMBINED EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SLEEP ON DIABETES
RISK FACTORS IN PRE-ADOLESCENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN GIRLS
Matthew Ahmadi, Cory Greever, Ogechi Nwaokelemeh, Sarah Burkart, Christine St.
Laurent, and Sofiya Alhassan, FACSM. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Amherst,
MA
BACKGROUND: There is evidence to indicate that African-American girls are at an
increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) due to lower physical activity (PA) or sleep
duration compared to Caucasian girls. To date, most cross-sectional studies have focused
on either sleep or PA and their independent effects with T2DM risk factors. PURPOSE:
To examine the combined effects of sleep duration and total PA with T2DM risk factors
(fasting insulin concentration, fasting glucose concentration and body mass index (BMI))
of interest in pre-adolescent African-American girls. METHODS: Baseline data of girls
(n=21; age=8.28±1.23;BMI=18.15±3.07 kg/m2) participating in the Mothers and Girls
Dancing Together study were used in this analysis. PA was measured for seven
consecutive days using the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers. Children’s Sleep Habits
Questionnaire, a non-invasive parental report, was used to assess sleep duration. BMI
was calculated using participants’ height and weight. Using fasted blood samples,
glucose and insulin concentrations were determined using glucose oxidase and humanspecific radioimmunoassay methods, respectively. Spearman correlations were used to
examine the associations between total PA and sleep duration and T2DM risk factors of
interest. To examine the combined effects of total PA and sleep, the total sample was
divided into tertiles based on their total PA and sleep scores. Between group differences
on T2DM risk factors were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: No
significant associations were observed between sleep duration or PA on T2DM risk
factors of interest. In addition, no significant group differences were observed between
the high vs low PA/sleep groups on any T2DM risk factor variables of interest.
CONCLUSION: In this small sample of African-American girls, there does not appear
to be a combined effect of PA and sleep duration on T2DM risk factors.
IMPACT OF A PRESCHOOL WORKPLACE INTERVENTION ON
CLASSROOM TEACHERS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
Ogechi Nwaokelemeh, Cory Greever, Sarah Burkart, Matthew Ahmadi, Christine St.
Laurent, and Sofiya Alhassan, FACSM. University of Massachusetts, Amherst
In the past two decades, over 28 physical activity (PA) interventions have been
implemented within the preschool settings by preschool classroom teachers.
Unfortunately, no data has been reported on the impact of these PA interventions on the
PA levels of the classroom teachers. Evidence has shown that workplace PA programs
utilizing short-bouts of PA can reduce modifiable health risk behaviors such as
insufficient PA levels, among white collar employees. However, very little is known
about the effects of short-bouts of PA on preschool teachers PA levels. PURPOSE: To
examine the feasibility and efficacy of a three-month, cluster-randomized workplace
short-bout PA intervention on PA levels in preschool teachers. METHODS: Ten
preschool centers were randomized into two groups; short-bouts of structured PA (SBSPA, n=5) or traditional unstructured PA (TRAD-PA, n=5). The SBS-PA intervention
consisted of 10-minute structured, teacher-led PA routines implemented within the
classroom setting, followed by 20 minutes of unstructured playtime. The TRAD-PA
intervention consisted of supervision of traditional 30-minute, unstructured free playtime.
Both interventions were implemented during the morning and afternoon designated
gross-motor playtime for 30 minutes/session, five days/week for three months. PA levels
were assessed for five consecutive days using Actigraph accelerometers at baseline and at
3-month. A multiple analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to assess
the effect of the intervention on classroom teachers’ PA levels. Intervention fidelity and
process evaluations were assessed two days/week via a semi-structured questionnaire.
RESULTS: A total of 44 (SB-PA, n=19; TRAD-PA, n=23) classroom teachers
participated in the study (mean±SD; age=36.2±2.0; BMI= 30.9±7.0kg/m2). No significant
group by time interaction effects were observed in any of the PA variables. SBS-PA
teachers implemented the protocol as intended only 67.2% of the time. Only 56.6% of
SBS-PA and 75.2% of TRAD-PA interventions lasted 30 minutes as instructed.
CONCLUSION: In this sample of preschool teachers, it does not appear that a shortbouts PA workplace intervention has an impact on teachers’ PA levels. The nonsignificant findings may have been due to the low rates of intervention fidelity. Strategies
to improve protocol adherence should be examined in future workplace PA studies
implemented in preschool settings.
Supported by: RWJ Foundation, Active Living Research Grant 68509
EXAMINATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT METHODS ON
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN
Christine W. St. Laurent, Cory Greever, Ogechi Nwaokelemeh, Sarah Burkart, Matthew
Ahmadi, and Sofiya Alhassan, FACSM.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
Study findings suggest that participation in regular physical activity (PA) is associated
with lower risk of mental health concerns. Unfortunately, a majority of these studies have
focused on subjective measurements of PA (S-PA) and have not included objective
measurements (O-PA). In utilizing S-PA, research has shown that participants can
overestimate their PA levels and could potentially confound the association between PA
and mental health concerns. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to
examine the relationship of S-PA versus O-PA on psychological factors of interest
(depression and PA self-efficacy) in African-American women. METHODS: Baseline
data of women participating in the Mothers and Girls Dancing Together study was used
in this analysis (n=70; age=37.1±1.06; BMI=32.3±8.5). S-PA levels were assessed using
the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form). O-PA levels were
measured using Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers during waking hours for seven
continuous days. Depression and PA self-efficacy scores were assessed using the Beck
Depression Inventory and the Physical Activity Self Efficacy questionnaires,
respectively. Spearman correlations were utilized to determine relationships between PA
assessment method and depression and PA self-efficacy. In addition, women were
divided into PA tertiles for time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA, light activity and
sedentary time for both S-PA and O-PA assessment methods. Differences in depression
and self-efficacy scores between the highest and lowest tertiles for each activity category
were assessed using t-tests. RESULTS: No significant associations were observed
between PA and depression or PA self-efficacy. In addition, no significant differences
were observed in depression or PA self-efficacy between the highest and lowest activity
groups for S-PA or O-PA. CONCLUSION: In this sample of African-American women,
the methods used to assess PA level do not seem to be associated with depression or PA
self-efficacy. However, a larger sample with more PA variability may be needed to
further examine possible relationships.
Supported by: NIH:NIDDK (K01 DK087812)
The Impact of Aerobic Fitness on Bone Health in Young Women
Brittany Masteller1, Eric S. Rawson, FACSM2, Curt B. Dixon, FACSM3, and Joseph L.
Andreacci, FACSM2
1
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg,
PA, 3Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven, PA
PURPOSE: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between
aerobic fitness (VO2max) and bone mineral content (BMC) in college-aged women. METHODS:
Eighty-three subjects (age = 21.0 ± 2.2 years; BMI = 22.4 ± 3.0 kg/m2) reported for testing on
two occasions separated by 48 hours: (1) body composition assessment via dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry (DXA); and (2) VO2max test performed on a motorized treadmill. RESULTS:
There was a significant relationship between absolute VO2max (L/min) and BMC in this study (r
= 0.37, p < 0.001). However, when VO2max was expressed relative to body mass (mL/kg/min),
no relation was observed between variables (r = 0.10, p = 0.348). As expected, a relationship was
observed between BMC and body mass (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), fat mass (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), and
fat-free mass (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a weak
relationship between absolute VO2max and BMC. Body mass was the strongest predictor of bone
health in this sample of young women.
TRAINING INTENSITY AND A HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED FATTY LIVER
Hyunsik Kang1,2, 1Jiyoung Gong, 1Sanghee Lee, 1Jinkyung Cho, 2Patty Freedson, FACSM
1
Sungkyunkwan University, 2University of Massachusetts Amherst
Little is known the role of exercise intensity as a non-pharmacologic strategy to reduce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of exercise
intensity on NAFLD in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice
(N=40) were fed a standard chow (n=10) or HFD (n=30) for 16 weeks. After the initial 8-week
dietary treatments, HFD mice were further divided into HFD only (n=10), HFD plus vigorousintensity and aerobic interval treadmill running (VIT) (n=10) and HFD plus moderate-intensity
and continuous treadmill running (MIT) (n=10) for the remaining 8-week period. VIT and MIT
were performed on a motor-driven rodent treadmill 5 days per week. HFD+VIT mice performed
an interval training protocol consisting of a 5 minute warmup at 8 m/min, 12 bouts of 1-min
intervals at 17 m/min with a 2-min active recovery at 10 m/min between intervals, and a 5-min
cool down at 8 m/min. HFD+MIT mice warmed up for 5-min at 8 m/min, ran for 45-min at a
fixed speed of 10 m/min, and cooled-down for 5-min at 8 m/min. Differences in measured
variables between two groups and between more than two groups were analyzed by using two
tailed t-tests and ANOVA followed by LSD post-hoc tests, respectively, at p=0.05. RESULTS:
Chronic exposure to a HFD resulted in hepatic steatosis in conjunction with an obese and
impaired glucose tolerance phenotype characterized by dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance,
elevated liver enzymes and low levels of circulating adiponectin. Although both VIT and MIT
alleviated the metabolic complications significantly, reduced amount of hepatic fat accumulation
was greater in the VIT than in the MIT mice (24% vs. 14%, p<0.005), suggesting that VIT was
more effective at alleviating HFD-induced hepatic steatosis than MIT. The intensity-dependent
protection of exercise training against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was associated with a
greater suppressive effect of VIT on decreased circulating adiponectin, downregulation of
adionectin receptor 2 signaling pathway and upregulation of NF-kB signaling pathway in the liver
due to a HFD. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that compared to MIT, VIT is an
alternative and perhaps more effective lifestyle strategy to prevent hepatic steatosis. Supported
by The National Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF2013S1A2A2034953).
THE ACUTE EFFECT OF YOGA ON INFLAMMATION AND STRESS IN HEALTHY
WOMEN
Sarah L. Herrick1, Richard J. Wood1, Vincent J. Paolone1, FACSM, Tracey D. Matthews1, and
Debra Stroiney-Cilley1
1
Springfield College
Yoga has been reported to improve physical fitness levels, promote relaxation, and reduce
perceived stress in both healthy and diseased populations, however its effect on physiological
variables associated with chronic low-level inflammation and stress is less defined. PURPOSE:
The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of hatha yoga, low-intensity aerobic
exercise, and quiet rest on salivary IL-6 and cortisol levels, and state anxiety in healthy women.
METHODS: Sixteen healthy females (mean±SD; age, 26.5±4.37 yr; estimated V̇O2max,
41.96±5.18 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) who were experienced in yoga, completed three 60-min intervention
sessions: hatha yoga, steady-state treadmill walking, and quiet rest. For each session, salivary
samples were collected pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 60-min postintervention for analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cortisol concentrations to determine
inflammation and stress response levels, respectively. In addition, each subject completed the
state anxiety portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) pre-intervention and
immediately post-intervention. Heart rate was also recorded at 10-min intervals for each
intervention. Factorial ANOVAs were run to determine if differences or an interaction existed
between intervention type and time for the following dependent variables: salivary IL-6, salivary
cortisol, modified STAI scores, and heart rate. RESULTS: For both salivary IL-6 and cortisol
analysis, no significant interactions or main effects (p > .05) were reported. For the modified
STAI scores, significant main effect differences were reported for intervention type (p = .002),
with significantly lower scores associated with the yoga session compared to the treadmill
session. For heart rate, a significant interaction (p = .01) was reported. A simple effects test
concluded that heart rates were significantly different amongst all three interventions at the 10min, 30-min, 40-min, and 60-min time points. CONCLUSION: While no changes in IL-6 or
cortisol were found in any intervention session, the yoga session lowered state anxiety scores
more than treadmill walking within the healthy female population, suggesting a relaxed and
lowered perceived stress state after completion of yoga.
THE IMPACT OF ANTIHISTAMINES ON POST EXERCISE HYPOTENSTION AND
HEMODYNAMICS FOLLOWING AN ACUTE BOUT OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE.
Jacqueline Rosato, Tracey Matthews, Brian Thompson & Sam Headley FACSM.
Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) following aerobic exercise has been well
documented. According to (McCord & Halliwill, 2006) when given an antihistamine, PEH is
blunted following an acute bout of aerobic exercise, implicating histaminergic mechanisms
as a possible causes of this phenomenon. Possible mechanisms explaining PEH following a
resistance exercise bout have been minimally researched and thus need to be examined.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of antihistamines on
PEH following an acute bout of resistance exercise. METHODS: Ten normotensive males
(mean; age, 20.50 ±7.3 yrs; height, 178.4 ± 6.9 cm; and weight, 85.35 ± 9.7 kg), reported to
the laboratory for a total of four nonconsecutive days. The first was a screening visit to
determine baseline systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values. The second
day was used as a 3 repetition maximum (RM) testing day to estimate the subjects’ 1 RM. On
intervention days subjects received a placebo or antihistamine (combined 540 mg
fexofenadine and 300 mg ranitidine) and then performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of
their 1 RM with 2 minutes rest between sets and exercises in bench press and front squat.
Measurements included: pre-treatment, 60 min post treatment, post exercise minute 0, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. RESULTS: No statistical interaction (p > .05) existed between
condition and time for SBP, DBP, HR, SV, Q, or SVR. No statistical difference was found
between conditions (p > .05) for SBP, DBP, HR, SV, Q, or SVR. Statistically significant
reductions (p > .05) were observed over time for SBP, DBP, HR, SV, Q and SVR. Based on the
pairwise comparisons for these variables, significant differences were consistent with the
physiological changes that occur over time with regard to exercise. CONCLUSION: There
were not significant changes seen in any of the dependent variables between conditions.
This could be a result of a small population size, or could allude to the fact that possibly PEH
following resistance exercise is not mediated via the same mechanisms following aerobic
exercise.
ASSESSING MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING NORMAL WALKING AND
CHALLENGING WALKING TASKS AFTER ACL RECONSTRUCTION
Sarah Lamberton, Michael Lawrence, Erin Hartigan
University of New England
BACKGROUND: Internal knee extensor moments are greater during challenging walking tasks
than normal walking in healthy individuals. Exploring muscle activity in an individual’s anterior
cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed limb during challenging walking could elucidate the
underlying muscle responses to increased knee moments. PURPOSE: The purpose of this
investigation is to describe differences between specific lower extremity muscle activity during
normal walking and two challenging walking tasks for the ACL reconstructed limb. METHODS:
Three females 5-12 months post ACL reconstruction had surface electrodes attached to the
medial and lateral quadriceps and hamstrings muscles of the involved limb. Lower extremity
motion and muscle activity were captured during three walking tasks: first normal walking, then
the order of challenged walking was randomized (e.g. towing a weighted sled or wearing a
weighted vest with 50% of their body weight). Walking speed was controlled and internal knee
extensor moment impulses (KEMI) (Nms/kg) and muscle activity was collected during the stance
phase of the task. EMG data during the time frames of the KEMI were averaged, rectified and
normalized to maximal EMG activity. Percent differences were calculated for KEMI and muscle
activity for the ACL reconstructed limb: (challenging condition - walk) / walk *100. RESULTS:
The percent differences indicate that the KEMI, quadriceps muscle activity, and medial
hamstrings activity increase when wearing a weighted vest and towing a weighted sled compare
to normal walking. Though the lateral hamstring activity decreased, differences were less than
40% (Table 1).
Table 1. Percent differences between normal walking and challenging tasks
Vest relative to walk
Sled relative to walk
KEMI
97.16
162.77
Lateral Quadriceps
100.86
509.03
Medial Quadriceps
514.32
634.21
Lateral Hamstrings
-34.67
-39.59
Medial Hamstrings
243.56
283.64
CONCLUSION: In general, the sled was the most challenging task generating the greatest
KEMI and EMG activity compared to the normal walking. Quadriceps muscle activity increased
along with the increase in KEMI as expected. However, the large increases in medial hamstring
activity during the challenging walking tasks were not anticipated. Further investigations of the
medial hamstrings activity responses during the loading and propulsive phases of the vest and
sled tasks are warranted.
Funded by University of New England Undergraduate Research Fellowship Stipend
INFLUENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS ON
INFLAMATORY AND STRESS MEDIATORS IN CHILDREN
James Parrish, Paul Visich
Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be leading cause of death in America. A better
understanding of CAD in how it develops is important to disease prevention. Previous literature
has shown that the disease can start in childhood and that inflammation is the root of the
pathogenesis. In addition mental stress has been shown to be linked to increases in inflammation.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to look at the clustering of CAD risk factors in relation
to inflammatory and stress mediators in children. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 4th
grade children in southern Maine. The following CAD risk factors were assessed in each subject:
fasting blood lipids (Cholesterol and HDL-C), fasting blood glucose, height, weight, resting blood
pressure, aerobic capacity (V02 max calculated from 20-meter pacer test). C-reactive protein
(CRP) and cortisol were measured by using saliva to assess inflammation and stress, respectively.
Saliva samples for CRP and cortisol were determined using a highly sensitive enzyme
immunoassay (Salimetrics, State College, PA). RESULTS: Subjects consisted of 158 children
(84 girls and 74 boys; 9.3+ .44y). A cluster risk score was determined for each of the subjects by
a summation of z-scores from each of the CAD risk factors assessed. The cluster risk score was
correlated (Pearson r) to the subject’s cortisol levels (evening to morning difference), and CRP
levels. In addition, each individual CAD risk factor was correlated to cortisol and CRP. No
relationship was found between the subject’s clustered Z score and cortisol and CRP (r= 0.02 and -0.04, respectively). In addition, there was no relationship between each
individual CAD risk factor and cortisol and CRP (r= -0.17 to 0.14). CONCLUSION: No
relationships were found between the clustering of CAD risk factors on stress and inflammatory
hormones. These results would suggest that stress and inflammatory markers in children are not
related to their CAD risk factor status. It is hypothesized that the child’s age may need to be
older prior to observing a relationship between the markers of interest and CAD risk factors.
Additional research with an older population is warranted to support this conclusion.
This study was funded by the Clark Charitable Foundation
THE EFFECT OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON PARENT AND CHILD
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS
Sarae Sager1, Paul Visich1
1
University of New England
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a major determinant of one’s health. Parental lifestyle
behaviors are commonly observed and duplicated by their children. PURPOSE: The
purpose of this study is to determine if one’s SES (high vs. low) has an influence on the
relationship between a child and parent’s respective cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
factors. METHODS: Subjects were 4th graders that participated in a CVD screening,
which included: fasting blood lipids and glucose, height, weight, resting blood pressure,
and aerobic capacity (VO2 max predicted from 20-m shuttle fitness test). Family history
and physical activity were assessed by a medical history form. SES was determined based
on the mother and father’s education level and the child’s lunch routine (i.e. receives
free/reduced or buys lunch) as a reflection of household gross income. The child’s CVD
risk score was calculated from the summation of z-scores from each risk factor assessed.
The parent’s risk score was determined based on their responses on the medical history
form, which reflected their CVD risk factors. Parent CVD risk factor profile was
determined by: family heart disease risk, smoking, high blood pressure, physical
inactivity, high cholesterol, BMI, and diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance. RESULTS:
65 children participated in this study (9.2+.42 years) with their parents. There was a
significant difference (p<0.01) in the number of CVD risk factors between mothers and
fathers when comparing low (n=40) to high (n=25) SES (mothers: 1.93+1.29 vs.
0.60+0.96, fathers: 2.05+1.04 vs. 0.96+1.10). There were significant relationships
(p<.01) between mothers and fathers number of CVD risk factors (1.4+1.3 vs. 1.6+1.2)
(r=0.397), and between mothers and fathers number CVD risk factors and SES (r= -0.487
and r=-0.453, respectively). No differences were observed in the children’s risk score
based on SES and there was no relationship between either parent’s number of CVD risk
factors and the child’s risk score. CONCLUSION: Differences in CVD risk factors was
observed in the parents based on SES, but no differences in the children. The lack of
difference in children may be reflective of their young age; therefore, they may not have
manifested the traits of their parents at this time.
Supported by: Clark Charitable Foundation
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE AEROBIC EXERCISE VERSUS RESISTANCE
EXERCISE ON MOOD STATE
Rebeccah J. Chase, Jasmin C. Hutchinson, Samuel A. Headley, FACSM, and Christa R.
Winter
Springfield College, Springfield, MA.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare changes in mood state following a
single bout of resistance exercise to changes in mood state following a single bout of
aerobic exercise. METHODS: Participants were 20 male and female college students
(Mean age = 22.25 ± 3.37 years) who were all regular exercisers. Participants completed
a resistance exercise bout consisting of three sets of 12 repetitions for five exercises and
an aerobic exercise bout consisting of walking on the treadmill. The exercise bouts were
matched for intensity and duration. Mood state was measured using the Profile of Mood
States-Short Form (POMS-SF; Shacham, 1983), which was completed before and after
exercise. Borg’s (1998) Category Ratio (CR-10) Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Scale was used to assess session RPE. RESULTS: The mean duration of the aerobic and
resistance exercise bout was 20.85 min (SD = 2.21). No significant difference in RPE
existed between conditions t(19) = 0.13, p = .59. A significant difference in mean mood
state scores from the beginning to the end of exercise was found in the tension, anger,
fatigue, depression, and confusion subscales of the POMS-SF (p < 0.05). The magnitude
of effect ranged from small to large (d = -0.19 – 1.25) for resistance training and from
moderate to large (d = 0.49 – 0.78) for aerobic exercise, per Cohen’s (1988) guidelines. A
significant difference in overall mean mood state scores between aerobic and resistance
exercise was found in the vigor and confusion subscales of the POMS-SF (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Exercise improved mood from before to after exercise in the tension,
anger, fatigue, depression, and confusion subscales of the POMS-SF (Shacham, 1983).
Resistance exercise had a larger effect on tension (d = 1.10), depression (d = 0.73), vigor
(d = -0.50), and confusion (d = 1.25) compared to aerobic exercise (d = 0.78, 0.49, -0.19,
0.57 respectively). The current study suggests that exercise is effective in improving
mood, and this is associated with a moderate to large effect (Cohen, 1988). Considering
this finding, individuals seeking exercise for mood enhancement or reduced depression
can perform resistance or aerobic exercise.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF AN EXTERNAL PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION DEVICE
ON LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE VESSEL REACTIVITY AND LIMB
BLOOD FLOW
Alexandra R. Borges1 and Jeffrey S. Martin1
1
Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT USA
High pressure external pneumatic compression (EPC) has been shown to have a
remarkable benefit on vascular reactivity and biology. However it is expensive,
uncomfortable, and not easily accessible. Alternatively, low pressure EPC is
commercially available, does not require medical supervision, is very low risk, and is
available at a reasonable cost. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the
acute effects of low pressure EPC on resting limb blood flow and resistance vessel
reactivity in compressed and non-compressed limbs of healthy young subjects. Methods:
Ten (n=10) apparently healthy subjects (aged 27.0 ± 10.2 years, BMI=25.49 ± 4.23
kg/m2) were enrolled in this randomized, crossover design study. All subjects reported in
the morning, in a fasted state, for two visits separated by at least twenty four hours. At
each visit, prior to and immediately following application of EPC or sham for 60 minutes,
forearm (FBF) and calf blood flow (CBF) were evaluated at baseline and during reactive
hyperemia (RH) using venous occlusion plethysmography. Peak and total FBF, CBF and
vascular conductance (VC) were calculated from 3 minutes of RH. A peristaltic pulse
dynamic compression device (NormaTec, Newton, MA) was employed for EPC
treatment with target inflation pressures of ~60 mmHg applied to the lower limbs.
Results: ECP significantly improved peak CBF (+2.38 ± 0.87 mL/min·100 mL tissue vs.
-0.81 ± 2.68 mL/min·100 mL tissue for EPC and sham, respectively; P=0.019). No
significant differences in resting FBF, peak FBF, resting CBF, total CBF and total FBF
were found. Conclusion: EPC significantly improved acute resistance vascular reactivity
in the compressed limbs (i.e. legs) following 60 minutes of treatment. However, the
improvements do not appear to be systemic as no improvements in non-compressed limbs
(i.e. arms) was observed. Therefore, application of low pressure EPC may be efficacious
in situations where local alterations of resistance vessel reactivity is desirable.
EFFICACY OF EXTERNAL PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION IN ANEROBIC
CYCLING PERFORMANCE AND LACTATE
Zachary D. Friedenreich1, Alexandra R. Borges1, Nicole F. Filardi1, and Jeffrey S.
Martin1
1Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT USA
The use of external pneumatic compression (EPC) by athletes as a means of
improving recovery following training or competition is on the rise. However,
there is a shortage of scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of EPC in
aiding recovery. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the
efficacy of EPC for acute recovery of anaerobic power and lactate clearance
following a fatigue protocol. METHODS: Fourteen (n=14; female = 7, male = 7),
apparently healthy subjects (aged 22.73 ± 4.05 years) were enrolled in this
randomized, crossover design study. Following familiarization sessions, subjects
completed 2 study trials separated by 3-7 days. Trials consisted of a fatigue
protocol (two 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT) on a cycle ergometer
separated by 3 minutes of rest), 30 minutes of treatment with either EPC or
sham, and, finally, a single 30-second WAnT. A peristaltic pulse dynamic
compression device (NormaTec, Newton, MA) was employed for EPC treatment
with target inflation pressures of ~60 mmHg applied to the lower limbs.
Anthropometric measures, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate concentrations
were evaluated at baseline for each trial. Moreover, heart rate was continuously
monitored and lactate was measured at regular intervals during the recovery
period (5, 15, 25, and 35 minutes post-fatigue protocol). Peak power, mean
power, and the fatigue index were measured as parameters of anaerobic cycling
performance. RESULTS: Relative to the initial WAnT, mean cycling power
following the recovery period was significantly higher with EPC compared to
sham treatment (+3.42% vs. -0.65%, P=0.049). Peak power was higher following
EPC compared to sham (+4.90% vs. -2.66%), but did not reach statistical
significance (P=0.083). Lactate clearance was significantly greater with EPC
during recovery compared to sham (AUC: 10.15 mmol/L/min vs. 11.35
mmol/L/min, P=0.009). Importantly, peak lactate concentrations (5 min timepoint) following the fatigue protocol were not different (13.89 mmol/L vs. 14.31
mmol/L for EPC and sham, respectively; P=0.30). CONCLUSION: Application of
EPC following a fatigue protocol demonstrated modest improvements in
anaerobic cycling performance compared to sham conditions. Moreover, EPC
during recovery from anaerobic cycling bouts increased lactate clearance
compared to passive recovery (sham) conditions.
IMPACT OF AGE ON HEMATOLOGICAL MARKERS PRE AND POSTMARATHON RUNNING
Rebecca Kingston1, Lauren Yuknis1, Rachel W. Pata1, Johanna L. Chelcun1, Richard
Feinn1 Thomas G. Martin1.
1
Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
In the United States, participation in marathon running has nearly doubled in the past
decade, reaching an all-time high of 541,000 marathon finishers in 2013. This increase in
popularity has been observed across all age groups, with approximately 11% of runners
being over age 55. With this trend, new questions arise about the body’s physiologic
response to this type of strenuous exercise across the age spectrum. PURPOSE: The aim
of this study was to determine if common hematologic lab parameters differ between
young and masters marathon participants, running at similar age-graded performance
levels. METHODS: Nine young (31.89 years old ± 4.96) and eight masters (63.13 years
old ± 4.61) runners enrolled in the study and participated in the 2013 Hartford Marathon.
At 5 time points (pre-race through 54 hours post-race) blood was drawn from each
subject. A complete blood cell count (CBC), a basic metabolic panel (BMP), and
creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme panel were assessed. Race performance was standardized
using the World Masters Association Age Grading Performance Tables.
RESULTS: Total CK levels were elevated for all subjects at all time points post-race
(p<0.001). The CK-isoenzyme MB% was elevated across groups at 6, 30 & 54 hours
post-race (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05), with masters runners having a higher CK-MB% at 30
& 54 hours (p<0.05, p<0.05). Potassium (K+) levels were elevated immediately post-race
for masters runners when compared to younger runners (p<0.05). Total white blood cell
count and neutrophil counts were elevated through 6 hours post race across groups
(p<0.001), with higher levels found in younger runners (p<0.001). When considering the
CBC, BMP and CK panels, masters runners had a higher number of abnormal values at 6,
30 & 54 hours post-race (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.05) compared to younger runners.
CONCLUSION: Trends in laboratory values were similar across groups. Masters
runners, however, demonstrated sustained CK-MB elevation, which may suggest greater
cardiac stress. In addition, masters runners showed an increased number of laboratory
values outside normal range, indicating the body’s reduced capacity to respond to
marathon running.
Support by: The Foundation for Aging Studies and Exercise Science Research
(TFASESR) Grant
CHANGES IN MEDIAN FREQUENCY DURING AN AGILITY TEST
PERFORMED TO FATTIGUE.
Christopher Rago1, Ernest Eusebio1, Ryan Spencer1, Juan Garbalosa1, Karen Myrick1,
David Wallace1, Richard Feinn1 Thomas G. Martin1.
1
Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue (FAT) on
the median frequency (MF) of select muscles during an agility test. METHODS: EMG
activity of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and
biceps (BF) and rectus femoris (RF) were recorded at 2400Hz using surface electrodes in
sixteen female, DI soccer players (19.7 ± 1.1 yrs), during an agility test. Subjects
completed 4 trials of the test, alternating sides. Rest between trials ensured non-FAT.
Subjects then ran trials starting every 30s, alternating sides, until a 5% decrement in
performance from their non-FAT times occurred on 2 successive runs. Two trials from
each side were then run and recorded as the FAT trials. For each muscle, the EMG data
were band pass filtered and the median frequency was determined using a time-frequency
analysis based on power spectra estimation (short-time Fourier transform). The average
MF for each muscle, for each trial, was calculated. The average MFs were grouped into 3
trial periods: the first 4 non-FAT, 4 middle and the last 4 FAT trials. Linear mixed
models, with trial period as a repeated factor, were used to test for differences in MF
between trial periods. RESULTS: For all five muscles for both legs, there was a
significant difference in average MF across trial periods (all p-values <0.001). Pairwise
comparisons showed a significant decrease from the non-FAT trials to the middle trials
on all muscles for both legs (p-values <0.001) and significant decreases from middle
trials to FAT trials on the right RF and VL, and the left VM, RF, and VL (p-values
<0.01). Across all muscles MF decreased 7.6% from the non-FAT to middle trials and
decreased another 3.1% from middle to FAT trials. CONCLUSION: In the current
testing paradigm, a decrease (leftward shift) in the average MF is a potential indicator of
muscle fatigue.
Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Repeated Sprint Ability in NCAA Division I Men’s
Ice Hockey Players
Kellie Fokin, Exercise Physiology
Devan McConnell, Director of Sports Performance
Sean Collins, Associate Professor, Exercise Physiology
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maximal oxygen
consumption (VO2max) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in NCAA DI men’s hockey players.
Due to the anaerobic demand of relatively short and high intensity shifts (45-90 seconds),
the importance of VO2max has been debated in ice hockey. UMass Lowell men’s ice hockey
players were tested as part of their pre-season physical conditioning program. Players
willing to have their data included for further analysis provided informed consent approved
by the UMass Lowell IRB (n=25). Players completed a battery of physical and physiological
performance tests. Specific to this report was an incremental treadmill ramping protocol to
volitional maximal exertion to obtain VO2 max; and repeated shuttle runs (3 x 300m in 25m
increments). RSA was determined based on the change in a player’s 1st and 3rd shuttle run
(S3-S1). Mean (s.d.) seconds for S1: 57.76 (1.48), S3: 62.56 (2.82), RSA: 4.80 (2.36), VO2
max 62.10 (5.19) ml/kg/min. Pearson correlation of VO2 max and RSA revealed an r = -0.45
(p = 0.024). Players with higher VO2 max had a smaller increase in shuttle run time from
the S1 to S3. This suggests that players with higher VO2 max may have recovered more
completely prior to the next shuttle run. Carey (2007) demonstrated no relationship
between VO2max and RSA in a sample of female ice hockey players with lower aerobic
capacity. Further research should attempt to identify whether a critical threshold of aerobic
capacity is beneficial for improved RSA.
SELF SELECTED EXERCISE INTENSITY USING TWO FITNESS APPS
Erin Chenette, Jessica LeBlanc, Allison Martin, Kaela McLaughlin, Anne Sinclair, Jenna
Vraibel, Lauren Bennett, Katherine Muise, Cynthia M. Ferrara, FACSM. University of
Massachusetts Lowell.
An increasingly common mode of daily exercise is the use of exercise applications via
smartphone or portable tablets. Differentiation of exercise intensity among applications is
important to ensure that an individual’s goals are achieved through appropriate selection
based on their current level of fitness and health status. PURPOSE: The purpose of this
study was to determine the self-selected exercise intensity of two free fitness apps, 7
Minutes to Health (7MH) and Cardio Free (CF). METHODS: Eleven participants (9
men and 2 women, 19-27 years old) were recruited to participate in this study. Study
participants were healthy and had no limitations to exercise. On the first visit, participants
completed a VO2max test to determine exercise capacity. On the second visit, participants
completed two exercise bouts using the free exercise apps. The order of the exercise
bouts was randomly determined. 7MH included 12 exercises performed for 30 seconds
with 10 seconds rest. CF included 10 exercises performed for 45 seconds with 3 seconds
rest. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate were used to determine the intensity of
exercise during the exercise apps. Paired t-tests were performed to compare VO2 and
heart rate during CF in comparison to 7MH. RESULTS: The range of VO2max values was
37 to 68 ml/kg/min. All participants reached a significantly higher %VO2max (61+8%
versus 42+8%, mean+SD, p<0.001) and % maximal heart rate (84+7% versus 78+7%,
p<0.05) during CF in comparison to 7MH. With the CF app, five participants’ average
heart rates were in the range for moderate intensity exercise (65-85%), while four were in
the range of high intensity exercise (85-100%). With the 7MH app, seven participants’
average heart rates were in the range for moderate intensity exercise, while two were in
the range for high intensity exercise. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that some
individuals using these exercise apps may need to either increase the intensity of exercise
to meet the range for high intensity and/or perform exercises at least 2-3 times per day in
order to meet the CDC recommendations for physical activity.
WALKING SPEED AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN OLDER ADULTS AT RISK
FOR MOBILITY LIMITATIONS
Laura E. Galvin, Dain P. LaRoche FACSM, Summer B. Cook FACSM
University of New Hampshire
High quality of life has been shown relate to a slower decline in walking gait in older
adults. Loss of basic walking function may coincide with a lower quality of life
associated with being dependent on assisted living and movement apparatuses necessary
for individuals with limited mobility. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
compare quality of life and walking speed in older adults at risk of mobility limitations.
METHODS: Thirty-one older adults considered at risk for mobility limitations based on
a knee extension strength-to-weight ratio of less than 1.71 Nm•kg for men and 1.34
Nm•kg for women participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups
based on their time to complete a 400 m Long Distance Corridor Walk (LDCW). Fast
walkers completed the task in <300 s (N=16, 71y±5.7, 170.3cm±9.6, 76.5kg±15.4) and
slow walkers completed the task in ≥300 s (N=17, 81y±6.3, 164.5cm±7.3, 72.6kg±11.1).
All participants completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF
(WHOQOL-BREF) assessment to determine their quality of life in four domains:
physical health, psychological health, quality of social relationships and quality of
environment as well as two additional questions in which they rated their quality of life
and satisfaction of health. Independent t-tests were used to analyze the walking groups
with the WHOQOL-BREF assessment. Analysis of covariance was used to further
evaluate the effects of age on quality of life and walking speed. RESULTS: The slow
walkers were significantly older than the fast walkers (81y±6.3 vs. 71±5.7, p<0.0001).
Fast walkers had a greater score than slow walkers on the physical domain (67.4±6 vs.
60.1±8, p = 0.02) and the quality of life question (4.4±0.5, p=0.05). When the results of
the WHOQOL-BREF assessment were co-varied for age, the significant differences were
no longer evident in quality of life and physical health domain. CONCLUSION: Older
adults who perceive their physical and general quality of life to be high walk faster than
those who report lower scores. However, this may be more related to older age than
mobility status.
Supported by: NIH Grant 1R15 A6040700-01A1
THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON WALKING SPEED IN OLDER
ADULTS
Jacob R. Moyer, Michelle R. Villa, Dain P. LaRoche, FACSM and Summer B. Cook, FACSM
University of New Hampshire
Resistance training results in strength improvements in older adults. Increases in strength have
influenced maximal walking speed, but the impact on preferred walking speed is unknown.
PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of high load (HL) resistance training on preferred
and maximal walking speed in older adults. METHODS: Eleven community dwelling older
adults who were considered to be at risk of developing mobility limitations based on their
unilateral knee extensor strength were randomized into a HL resistance training group (77.6 ± 9.9
years, height 160.4 ± 5.4 cm, weight 66.7 ± 7.4 kg and Body Mass Index (BMI) 25.9 ± 2.1) and a
Control (CTRL) group (77.5 ± 10.4 years with height 170.2 ± 10.2 cm, weight 72.8 ± 14.3 kg and
BMI 25.1 ± 3.5). Participants completed 4-meter walk (4m), long distance corridor walk (LDCW)
and 10 repetition maximum (RM) tests at baseline and following 12 weeks of resistance training.
The 4m test was performed at self-selected pace, the LDCW was a 400m walk performed at
maximal pace on a 20m course, and 1RM was estimated via 10RM testing on the leg curl (LC),
leg extension (LE), and leg press (LP) machines. Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of LC,
LE, and LP until muscular failure twice a week for 12 weeks at 70% of each participant’s 1RM.
The CTRL group performed light upper body stretching and resistance exercises twice a week for
12 weeks. RESULTS: The HL group significantly increased 1RM of the LC, LE, and LP 33%,
32%, and 22% respectively (p<0.05). The control group had insignificant changes of 3%, -4%,
and -1% respectively in the LC, LE, and LP (p>0.05). Neither group improved walking speed in
the 4m or LDCW. Significant correlations were found between changes in LC and LE (r=0.74)
and LC and LP (r=0.63) from pre to post training (p<0.05). No significant correlations were
found between changes in strength and changes in walking speed. CONCLUSION: Strength
improvements were evident after HL resistance training but this was not related to preferred and
maximal walking speed. Other factors may affect walking speed in older adults.
Supported by: NIH Grant 1R15 A6040700-01A1
COMPARISON OF REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE,
INTERMUSCULAR AND SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE IN OLDER
ADULTS
Ashley R. Meyer1, Dr. Todd M. Manini FACSM2, Dr. Summer B. Cook FASCSM1
University of New Hampshire1 University of Florida2
Sarcopenia is the age related decline in muscle mass and may result in increased
intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Muscle
quality (muscle strength/muscle volume) may therefore be negatively affected in older
adults. It is important to understand sex differences in older adults because it can lead to
resistance training programs made specifically to target the needs of each population.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the regional distribution of IMAT,
SAT and muscle in older males and females. METHODS: Thirty one community
dwelling adults, 65 years and older who were considered at risk for developing mobility
limitations based on their unilateral knee extension torque participated in this study.
Males (n=13, 76.1+8.9 years; 1.7+0.1 m; 84.6+10.5 kg) and females (n= 17, 75.9+7.3
years; 1.6+0.6 m; 65.8+10.4 kg) underwent a magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan of
the right thigh to determine the volume of skeletal muscle, IMAT and SAT using Medical
Image Processing, Analysis and Visualization (MIPAV) software. Participants performed
a 10-repetition maximum (10-RM) leg extension test to estimate 1-RM and specific force
was calculated by dividing leg extension strength by skeletal muscle volume. RESULTS:
Males had greater regional distribution of IMAT within the thigh compared to females
(10.3+2.6% vs. 7.9+2.3%: p=0.01) and a larger regional distribution of skeletal muscle
than females (59.8+6.0% vs. 41.6+6.8%: p<0.01). In addition, males had a higher
specific force of the quadriceps compared to females (.024+0.006 kgcm3 vs. .018+0.005
kgcm3: p=0.006). However, females had a higher regional distributions of SAT
compared to males (47.0+8.8%vs. 25.6+5.6%: p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Males have
higher regional distribution of IMAT and skeletal muscle, lower regional distributions of
SAT and higher specific force compared to females. This finding implies IMAT may not
have a large affect on muscle quality in older males and demonstrates the necessity for
new resistance training programs that decrease the SAT in older women and increase
their muscle quality.
Supported by: NIH Grant 1R15 A6040700-01A1 and the Hamel Center for
Undergraduate Research at the University of New Hampshire
AN UNOBTRUSIVE VITALITY MONITOR
Dain P. LaRoche, FACSM1, Harold Greeley2, Nise R. Marques3, Evan A. Masley1,
Summer B. Cook, FACSM1, Timothy J. Quinn, FACSM1
1
University of New Hampshire, 2Response Applications, 3 Universidade Estadual Paulista
Aging in place is a positive approach to elder care that must be balanced with routine
monitoring to prevent treatable declines in health. PURPOSE: To test the ability of
floor-mounted vibration sensors to monitor energy expenditure and mobility status in
home-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Twenty-two, men and women, 71.4±5.3 yr,
1.69±0.09 m, 80.4±22.5 kg, performed the Short Physical Performance Battery to classify
mobility status (n = 11 normal mobility, n = 11 mobility-limited). Subjects then
performed five-minute walking trials on both hard floor and carpeted surfaces while
caloric expenditure (kcal min-1) was monitored by indirect calorimetry and footstep
vibrations were recorded from the floor by geophone sensors. Foot-ground contact time
(tc) was obtained from the vibration data by determining the time from heel contact to
toe-off events. The instantaneous rate of energy expenditure was modeled as the quotient
of body weight (W) and tc. W/tc was integrated over each five-minute period to obtain an
average rate of energy expenditure during the walking trial. The Pearson correlation was
used to evaluate agreement between W/tc and kcal min-1. Discriminant function analysis
with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the ability of
W/tc to detect mobility status. The critical p-value was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Across
both hard floor and carpet walking trials W/tc was strongly correlated with kcal min-1 (r =
0.85, p < 0.001). Sensitivity to identify mobility-limited individuals using W/tc was 67%
and specificity was 81%. Positive predictive value for mobility limitation was 75% and
negative predictive value for absence of mobility limitation was 74%. Area under the
ROC curve for the prediction of mobility limitation from W/tc was 0.83, p = 0.001.
CONCLUSIONS: A floor-mounted vibration sensor can be used to estimate the
instantaneous rate of energy expenditure from footstep vibrations created by older adults
walking about a room. Furthermore, the vigor of the step (W/tc) can be used as a
predictor of mobility status, although its diagnostic accuracy is fair to good at this stage
of development. This technology is a promising tool for the longitudinal monitoring of
health status of home-dwelling older adults.
Supported by NIH R43AG041527-01A1 and NIH L30TR000588-02
DOES THE WEAKER LIMB LIMIT PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
IN OLDER ADULTS?
Colin W. Bond, Summer B. Cook, FACSM, Michelle R. Villa, Dain P. LaRoche,
FACSM
The University of New Hampshire
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of unilateral knee
extensor strength asymmetry to physical function in adults at risk of mobilitylimitation. Methods: 30 subjects (75.2±6.9 yr, 167.5±9.0 cm, 74.7±14.0 kg) had their
maximal voluntary isometric knee extension strength measured on a dynamometer for
each limb. Subject’s percent asymmetry between the strong limb (SL) and weak limb
(WL) was calculated. Those with asymmetries >10% were placed in the asymmetrical
group (AG, n=14) and those <10% were placed in the symmetrical group (SG, n=16).
Physical function was assessed during a timed 400m walk, chair-rise, and stair ascent.
It was hypothesized that AG would have a lower level of function that was limited by
the weak limb. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine differences in
strength and performance between groups. Pearson correlations were used to study the
relationship between leg strength and physical function. Significance was p<0.05.
Results: AG had greater strength asymmetry (22.6±15.8%) than SG (4.3±3.3%,
p<0.01), lower WL strength (1.15±0.36 Nm kg-1 vs 1.55±0.43 Nm kg-1, p=0.01), but
similar SL strength (1.48±0.30 Nm kg-1 vs 1.63±0.43 Nm kg-1, p=0.30). WL strength
was correlated with SL strength (r = 0.90, p<0.01), 400m walk (r = -0.41, p<0.01),
chair-rise (r = -0.39, p=0.01), and stair ascent (r = -0.36, p=0.01). SL strength was
similarly correlated with 400m walk (r = -0.50, p<0.01), chair-rise (r = -0.40, p=0.01),
and stair ascent (r = -0.42, p<0.01). There was no difference in physical function
between groups (p>0.05) nor were there correlations between degree of asymmetry and
physical function (p>0.05). Conclusion: Strength asymmetry did not limit physical
function in this sample of older adults because the relative strength of each limb was
more closely related to performance than the difference in strength between them, and,
within an individual WL and SL strength were highly correlated. Leg strength criteria
are often used to evaluate the risk of falls and mobility loss in older adults and it is
currently not clear how strength asymmetry affects these relationships.
Supported by: NIH Grant 1R15 A6040700-01A1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL SCOUTING COMBINE MEASURES,
DRAFT STATUS, AND NFL PERFORMANCE
Lisa Vincent-Horta1, Disa Hatfield1
1
Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology
Given the public interest and financial implications, the validity of the NFL National
Scouting Combine (NSC) has been in question of late, specifically the relationship
between the NSC measures and subsequent draft status and on-field performance.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between
specific NSC scores, draft status and measures of performance for the running back (RB)
and quarter back (QB) positions during the first 3 or 4 years of their careers respectively.
METHODS: RB (N=138) and QB (N=116) attending the NSC between 2005-2010 were
examined on select NSC measures including 40 yard dash time (40T), horizontal power
(40HP), and relative power (40RP); vertical jump height (VJ), power (VJP), and relative
power (VJRP); and proagility drill (5-10-5). Draft status (y/n) and number of games
played were reported. RB and QB specific performance variables were assessed. A
MANOVA with LSD post hoc was run to assess between group differences (position and
draft status). A Pearson correlation was used to evaluate relationships between variables.
Only QB with 80+ pass attempts/season and RB with 45+ rush attempts/season were
analyzed. Significance was set at (P≤0.05). RESULTS: Significant differences were
seen between drafted and undrafted QBs for 40T (4.8±0.13 vs. 4.9±0.2 sec), 40HP
(777.6±29.2 vs. 755.5±35.7 W), 40RP (7.6±0.21vs. 7.5±0.31 sec), and VJRP (1.8±0.49
vs. 1.9±0.1 W/kg). Drafted and undrafted RB also showed significant differences for
40T (4.6±0.1 vs. 4.7±.2 sec), 40HP (771.5±47.4 vs. 777.8±44.5 W), 40RP (8.1±0.2 vs.
8.0±.018 W/kg), and 5-10-5 (4.27±0.15 vs. 4.35±0.15 sec). 40T and 40RP scores and RB
position specific variable longest rush in years two and three were significantly correlated
(40T yr2: r=-0.447 and yr3: r=-0.447; 40RP yr2: r=-0.447 and yr3: r=-0.453).
CONCLUSION: Consistent with previous literature, few significant relationships exist
between NSC scores and player performance. This suggests a need to assess the
usefulness and benefit of the current testing battery in predicting player performance.
Despite this, study results indicate NSC 40 yard dash scores are strongly related to
subsequent draft status for QB and RB positions. Strength and conditioning coaches
should consider this when designing NSC preparation training programs.
EFFECT OF COLD COMPRESSION THERAPY ON ANAEROBIC
PERFORMANCE AND LACTATE CLEARANCE IN COLLEGIATE RUGBY
PLAYERS
Meredith Shea, Nicole Soucy, Jane Baruch, Shane Caito, Brandon Foley, Richard Gaeta,
Andrew Garbino, Brianna Jackson, Arianna Kinder, Robert Madonna, Catherine Masson,
Emily McCular, Jacob Sjoberg, Tasha Wyatt, Ryanne Camichael
Plymouth State University
Cryotherapy is a recovery modality used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation, while
the application of compression increases venous return. By coupling these modalities,
athletes may improve performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine
the effect of cold compression on blood lactate concentration [La-] and power during
anaerobic exercise. METHODS: 10 collegiate rugby players (Male: n=8, VO2max 51.03 ±
2.64 ml.kg.min, Female: n=2, VO2max 36.35 ± 1.48 ml.kg.min) completed five, 6 sec cycle
sprints followed by a 30 sec Wingate test. A 15 min intervention of passive (PR), active
(AR), or cold-compression (CCR) recovery was then administered. Participants then
completed another 30 sec Wingate test. Peak (PP) and mean power (MP) were measured
during Wingate 2 and [La-] was measured throughout. RESULTS: There were no
significant differences in PP or MP across the three interventions of recovery (PP: CCR
711.9 ± 55.6, AR 755.2 ± 46.2, PR 730.6 ± 52.0 W; MP: CCR 543.2 ± 35.3, AR 553.9 ±
34.3, PR 543.1 ± 33.1 W). There were also no significant differences found in [La-]
across recovery interventions (CCR: 7.4 ± .5, AR 7.9 ± .4, PR 8.2 ± .5 mmol/L).
CONCLUSION: CCR was not an effective mode of recovery when comparing MP, PP,
and [La-] across the three recovery interventions. Exploring different recovery durations
and types of exercise may yield varying results. A longer active or cold compression
recovery may be an effective method to improve performance. Future research should
test the effectiveness of CCR on athletes performing aerobic exercise or resistance
training.
ELDER ACTIVITY LEVEL RELATED FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN
BALANCE AND FALLS RISK ASSESSMENTS BASED ON AGE
Samantha P. Sheehan*, Carly M. Burrows*, Stephanie L. Grajek*, Garrett R. Loomer*,
Nicholas J. Allard*: *Plymouth State University, †Dartmouth College.
Many elder assessments are age dependent, however activity level may play a more
discerning role. PURPOSE: To compare functional data of two elders based on activity
level and discriminated by age. The falls risk and balance data of an active 74 year old
female (A74) without a history of falls was compared to an inactive 65 year old female
(IA65) who falls frequently. METHODS: Falls Risk was measured by the Timed Up and
Go (TUG) test measured in seconds for a 3 meter distance followed by a turn and
walking 3 meters back. The Berg Balance Test provided a composite functional score
derived from 14 activities simulating activities of daily living. The MatScan® by
Tekscan® measuring translation of center of pressure provided balance parameters of
area and distance across the conditions of two foot eyes open (2FEO) and two foot eyes
closed (2FEC), and one foot (non-dominant) eyes open (1FEO) each for 30 seconds.
Smaller area and greater distance scores are thought to reflect enhanced balance.
RESULTS: A74 was 39% faster for the TUG (A74 mean = 6.79 + 0.50s, IA65 mean =
10.14 + 0.49s), and had a 13% greater functional BERG score (A74 composite score =
56, IA65 composite score = 49). A74 area scores were 47% smaller than IA65 for 2FEO
(A74: mean = 2.87 + 0.89cm2, IA65 mean = 4.67 + 2.02cm2) and 187% smaller for 2FEC
(A74 mean = 2.7885 + 0.19cm2, IA65 mean = 83.7775 + 1.34cm2). The distance scores
were 21% greater for 2FEO (A74 mean = 40.51 + 11.49cm, IA65 mean = 32.55 +
3.84cm) and 61% greater for 2FEC (A74 mean = 115.55 + 3.45cm, IA65 mean = 60.8725
+ 10.12cm). For 1EO, A74 completed the 30s test while IA65 lasted for only 2s.
CONCLUSION: The Active 74 year old demonstrated enhanced balanced and reduced
falls risk scores when compared to the Inactive 65 year old despite the 11 year age
difference. It appears, at least in this case, that participation in physical activity may
enhance one’s quality of independent living as measured by falls risk and balance
parameters.
Funding Provided By: New Hampshire IDeA Network of Biological Research Excellence
NIH Grant #1P20RR030360-01; INBRE Program of the National Center for Research
Resources (CFDA# 93.389)
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MUSCULAR STRENGTH
AMONG HEALTHY ADULTS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
Allie Leblanc3, Beth A. Taylor1 , Jeffrey A. Capizzi1, Priscilla M. Clarkson2, C. Michael
White3, Paul D. Thompson1, Linda S. Pescatello, FACSM3
1
Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 2
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 3University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
PURPOSE: Because of a mixed literature, the purpose of this study was to examine
relationships between objective and self-report measures of physical activity and muscle
strength among healthy adults ranging in age from 20 to 91 yr. METHODS: Participants
(n=412) were mostly Caucasian men (48%) and women (52%) 43.9±16.1 yr of age with a
body mass index (BMI) of 26.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2. Physical activity was measured objectively
with an accelerometer and by self-report with the Paffenbarger Physical Activity
Questionnaire. Upper and lower body muscle strength were measured with an isokinetic
dynamometer and handgrip strength with a static dynamometer. Multivariate regression
assessed relationships between physical activity and muscle strength. RESULTS: The
strongest correlates of upper body strength including handgrip strength were gender (r= 0.861 to -0.716), age (r=-0.445 to -0.241), BMI (r= 0.134 to 0.397), and light intensity
physical activity (min/d) measured objectively (r= 0.153 to 0.186) or self-reported energy
expenditure (MET*hr/wk) (r=0.093 to 0.116). The strongest correlates of lower body
strength were gender (r= -0.772 to -0.634), age (r= -0.663 to -0.445), BMI (r= 0.160 to
0.266), and sedentary behavior (min/d) (r=-0.139), and energy expenditure measured
objectively (kcal/d) (r=0.146 to 0.151) or self-reported energy expenditure (MET*hr/wk)
(r=-0.106 to 0.127). CONCLUSION: The strongest correlates of muscle strength were
gender (explaining 40-74% of the variance), age (6-44%), and BMI (2-16%), while
physical activity correlations were weaker (1-3%). Conflict surrounding the influence of
a physically active lifestyle on muscle strength with age may be due to the stronger
influences of other factors that supersede those of physical activity.
Supported by: NIH R01HL081893-01A2
RESISTANCE EXERCISE AND ENERGY COSTS. DOES ONE MODEL FIT ALL?
Ann-Uriel Knausenberger, Alex Luchini, Abigail Steitz, and Christopher B. Scott
University of Southern Maine
Energy cost during exercise has been traditionally viewed using steady state models of
oxygen uptake. Resistance exercise is usually performed in brief bouts that consist of a large
anaerobic energy cost component. The traditional steady state model may not accurately
account for the energy cost of a resistance lift exercise as it relates to work. PURPOSE: The
purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of work (J) to proportional total energy
cost (KJ), regardless of the resistance lift performed. METHODS: A total of 60 trials were
completed on 16 women (165 cm; 61.1 kg; 21.8 years) and 22 men (180.5 cm; 83 kg; 23.7
years) between the ages of 18-30. Subjects were in the maintenance phase of a resistance
training program, defined by ACSM’s criteria as a history of training 3 or more times per
week for at least 3 consecutive months. Subjects performed 10 repetitions of a 1 of 6 selected
lifts to a 1.5 second cadence. Lifts included incline bench press, bench press, squat, shoulder
shrug, calf raise, or dead lift. Subjects determined their lifting weight as “Somewhat Hard,”
using Borg’s RPE Scale. Trials were performed on two separate occasions, and data was
averaged. Oxygen consumption was measured using a metabolic cart, and anaerobic energy
cost was calculated from blood lactate measures collected prior to and post exercise.
RESULTS: Overall 40 data points were plotted and correlations completed within each
exercise for work and total energy costs: deadlift r = 0.997, squat r = 0.977, incline press r =
0.947, shoulder shrug r = 0.921 and calf raise r = 0.941 (p < 0.05). The data indicates that
there is a linear relationship between total energy cost and work for each individual lift, but
not for all lifts combined. See Figure 1. CONCLUSION: The data implies that the energy
cost of individual lifts is influenced by muscle, joint, and movement characteristics.
Figure 1.
COMPARING THE CALORIC EXPENDITURE OF THE SMARTPHONE APPLICATION
MAPMYRUN TO THE MEDGRAPHICS VO2000
Ashley LeBlanc, Norah Snow, Chelsea Gallant, Jean Eckrich, & Russ Medbery
Colby-Sawyer College
Caloric expenditure measurement devices have become increasingly popular to estimate
calories burned; therefore it is important these tools provide accurate information. As new
Apps come onto the market to assist with exercise routines, little is known about the
validity of these Apps to provide accurate information. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was
to test the accuracy of caloric expenditure ofthe smartphone application MapMyRun to the
MedGraphics Vo2000 which has established validity and reliability. METHODS: A total of
twenty female collegiate experienced runners between the ages of 18-22 volunteered for
this study. Participants ran 1.5 miles on a treadmill at a consistent pace of their choice while
hooked up to the MedGraphics Vo2000 machine. The Vo2000 as well as MapMyRun
calculated the caloric expenditure. Both calculations were then compared using a two-tailed
paired t-test. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between calories expended using
the two different measuring devices, t(19) = -2.963, p = 0.008. On average, MapMyRun
underestimated caloric expenditure by an average of 26 kcals when compared to the
Vo2000 for a 1.5 mile run. Therefore, MapMyRun may not be an accurate assessment for
measuring caloric expenditure. CONCLUSION: Physically active individuals may choose to
estimate their caloric expenditure using MapMyRun. It can also be used to calculate total
distance, total time, and keep track of activity by working off GPS and storing all
information either online or on a smartphone. However, for individuals on weight
management plans, MapMyRun may not be an ideal monitoring system to track caloric
expenditure.