World Population
Population Geography
• The study of the distribution, composition,
migration and growth of population. Makes
use of demographics.
• Demography – statistics of human
population ito size, development and
structure
Growth of World Population
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3
HECTIC DAYS
Population
World Population Clock
• http://www.health24.com/Graphics/Graphics_Wo
rld_Population/3561-3604,36539.asp
• http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html
• http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
• http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Important Population
Concepts
Population Density
Arithmetic Density
• Population density = total population
area km²
Examples
• Johannesburg: 350 people/km²
• Northern cape: 2 people/km²
Isopleths – lines joining places of the same density
Population Density
Nutritional Density
• Density =
Total population
Total area of cultivated land
Population Distribution
• Refers to the way in
which population is
distributed over the
earth
• E.g. There are more
people in the wetter
Eastern half of South
Africa than in the drier
Western part of South
Africa
Birth Rate
• BR = Number of live births
total population
In developed countries there is a BR crisis
In developing countries there is a BR crisis
Explain….
Population projections from the 1900's to 2050
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_population_%28UN%29.svg
Birth Rate Meltdown
in Rich Nations?
Country
Natural decrease annually
Russia:
Bulgaria
Hungary
Croatia
Germany
Czech Republic
Japan
Poland
Austria
Italy
Greece
-0.6%
-0.5%;
-0.3%;
-0.2%;
-0.2%;
-0.1%;
0%;
0%;
0%;
0%;
0%;
By 2050 pop decrease
-22%
-34%
-11%
-14%
-9%
-8%
-21%
-17%
+ 8%
-5%
-4%
Why?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Children seen as an economic burden
Adolescence extended
Education taking longer
Travelling easier
Day care is expensive,
Part time work doesn’t have perks
Difficult to get family responsibility leave
What are some of the measures
the Governments of developed nations
are putting in place to
INCREASE their birth rate?
Germany
• Parents of babies born on or after 1 January
2007will be entitled to up to R250 000 to ease
the financial burden of parenthood. The cash
subsidies are part of a government initiative to
boost Germany's dwindling birth rate.
• Singapore PM Lee Kuan Yew predicted that just
such aggressive moves would be necessary to
avert Europe's coming population meltdown.
The notion that national governments can take a
laissez-faire attitude toward the citizenry's
procreation, he said, was dangerously outdated.
Russia
• September 12 is “day of conception” day
• Don’t come to work , stay home and…
• So if you give birth on June 12 you may
win approximately R80 000 and other
contestants may win video cameras, TVs,
refrigerators and washing machines.
Japan
• The Japanese even have a name for this
trend, ‘Shoshika,' which means "a society
without children"
(http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2004/dec/04120604.html)
• In an effort to remedy “Shoshika”, local
Japanese government groups are
sponsoring “speed dating” events to
facilitate marriages. (LifeSiteNews.com)
Australia
• Baby Bonus of approximately R30 000
• Daycare and milk etc are subsidised
through paying less tax
Norway
• Maternity leave of 2 years
• Paternity leave of 1 year!!!!
• In South Africa you get 3 days
Other Options
•
•
•
•
Encourage immigration
Allow people to work longer e.g. until 70
Flexi – time
See children as an investment? Not a
liability. It costs approx R1.5 Million to
raise 1 child!
Overpopulation
Mostly in the …….World?
Developing
Overpopulation means
•
•
•
•
•
•
Less jobs
Shortage of space
Shortage of resources
Education?
Poverty
More pollution
China 2007
• Population:
1,321,851,888
(July 2007 est.)
• Birth rate:
13.45 births/1,000
• Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000
• Net increase?
In China
• One child policy aka planned birth policy
• Parents with more than one child pay a
“social compensation fee”
• Male to female ratio117:100 (natural
baseline ranges between 103:100 and
107:100)
Does this contradict one’s
Human Rights?
The "One-Two-Four" problem
As the one-child policy approaches the third
generation, one adult child supports two parents
and four grandparents. This leaves the oldest
and most vulnerable generation with increased
dependency on retirement funds, the state, or
charity for support. If personal savings,
pensions, or state welfare should fail, then the
most senior citizens would be left entirely
dependent upon their very small family or
neighbors for support.
In India
Population:
1,129,866,154 (July 2007 est.)
Death Rate
• DR = Number of deaths x 1000
total population
• A.k.a mortality (death) rate
Other Concepts
• Life expectancy – average number of
years a person can expect to live
• Infant mortality rate – the number of
infant deaths per 1000 live births
• Natural Increase – the rate at which a
country’s population is growing. Subtract
DR from BR. Expressed as a percentage.
Other Concepts
• Fertility rate – the number of children born per
woman of child bearing age
• Literacy rate - % of the total population that can
read and write
• GDP/capita – income of a country divided by the
population of that country
• % urbanised - % of total population in towns
and cities
• Maternal mortality rate – the number of
mothers who die in childbirth
Child Mortality (IMR)
Activity 5
Gender Discrimination
Woman are unfairly treated in many parts of
the world;
Gender Discrimination
Gender Discrimination
• May not own property
• Often may not be
educated
• House/land based,
not business-based
• Paid less
• Greater
unemployment rates
• Rights protections
lacking
• Suffer in times of war
• Unpaid work, look
after children and
animals, collect water
and firewood etc
• Domestic violence
• Sexual exploitation
Female Infanticide
It's raining men in China
China will have 30 million more men of
marriageable age than women by 2020,
making it difficult for them to find wives.
Why?
Population Pyramids
+
Population Pyramids
• How many old/young
people are there?
• Are there more females
than males per age
group?
• Is population
expanding/shrinking?
• Mass emigration
/immigration
• How did war affect
population?
• Level of economic
development
South Africa’s Population
http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/P03022007/html/P03022007.html
Canada’s Population Pyramid
Why women live longer than men
• For Canada 1901-2001
• http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/
products/analytic/companion/age/cda01py
md.cfm
So what’s the problem?
• More people leaving the workforce than
entering it – who’s going to do the work?
• Pension funds strain
• Medical aids strain
• Town and regional planning needs to
adapt e.g. more …need to be built?
Dependency Ratio
• 15 – 60 Years of producing income i.e.
economically active/productive years
• The number of people dependant on the
economically productive portion of society
Dependency Ratio
• Dep Ratio = Children under 15 + Adults over 60
People 15 – 59
x 100
• Work out Sweden and Zimbabwe’s Dependency Ratio
p174 Focus
• Zimbabwe:
• Sweden:
74.9
61,45
Dependency ratio
• In EU countries this ratio is doubling in
many cases
Activity 9
Demographics
The study of human population and its
structure and change.
http://tools.google.com/gapminder/
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics)
Activity 11
Sustainable Development
Current generations meeting their needs
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs
IMPLIES:
• Future generations have rights over resources
• Current generation has a duty to include
future generations’ needs in its decisionmaking
The BIG question
How many people can
our planet support?
Carrying capacity
• Carrying capacity is the number of people
an area (our planet) can support on a
sustainable basis given the available
space, resources and available technology
• Is the carrying capacity of the earth is
limited?
What do we need to consider?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Cropland
Forest
Food
Urbanisation
Quality of life
Are there limits to
population growth?
• Yes
• No
• Perhaps, if…
YOUR ANSWER?
The Impact of AIDS
Geography of Aids
Effect Of Aids
• Create a “cross-word-search” with at least
10 of the different (population, economic,
health care and human suffering [p183])
effects of aids.
• You need to write clues out too.
MIGRATION
Migration
• Migration is the change of a person’s
place of residence
Migration
• Voluntary or forced
• Semi-permanent (daily, seasonal or yearly)
• It can be legal or illegal…
Reasons why people migrate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economic
Political
Religious
Social
Safety
Quality of life
Health
Emmigration
The Brain Drain
"South Africa has one engineer for every
3 200 people; countries like China and
India have one engineer for every 150
people and in Europe the ratio is 1:250300. Artisans in Australia are paid three
times the South African wage,"
Solidarity Trade Union
The opposite of Brain Drain is…
Brain Gain
Activity 2
Activity 4
Illegal immigrants
Ha Ha
The latest poll taken by the Governor of
California yielded results on whether or not
people who live in California think illegal
immigration is a serious problem:
a) 41% of the respondents answered:
"Yes, it is a serious problem."
b) 59% of the respondents answered: "No,
es un problema."
What’s Happening
One million fleeing Zimbabwe for South
Africa By Sebastien Berger in Musina:Te Telegraph (UK) 26/09/2007
More than a million Zimbabweans will
have fled into South Africa by the end of
the year, according to a new report.
Consequences for South Africa?
Consequences for SA?
POSITIVE
• Help to create more
wealth
• Hard workers
NEGATIVE
• Crime
• Xenophobia
• Burgeoning informal /
squatter settlements
• Jobs for South African
residents taken
Refugees
A refugee is someone who…
owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted
for reasons of race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group, or
political opinion, is outside the country of their
nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such
fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the
protection of that country.
According to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Refugees can be…
• International – refugees that have moved
to another country
• Internal – people who have moved to
another part of the same country. This is
especially true for countries where the
central government is secondary to the
state/provincial governments e.g. USA
Asylum
• They then seek “asylum” in the country
they migrate to
• Asylum is the giving by a government to a
person from another country the right to be
in their country because it would be unsafe
for that person to return to their country
Types of refugees
Environmental triggers
• Natural changes
• Human change
• Deterioration of QOL
Human triggers
• Political
• Religious
• Racial
• War
• Land invasion
Problems faced by refugees
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of services
Poor accommodation
Unemployment
Trauma
Dislocated families
Discrimination
Lack of medical
services
• Poverty
A Refugee Camp
People and Organisations
Chapter 9
Include in Table
•
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•
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WHO
WWF
Nepad
AU
SADC
•
•
•
•
•
SATOUR
COSATU
Starfish
TAC
Greenpeace
Create a Table…
Acronym
Full Name
Level of
Organisation
Main
Purpose
UN
United Nations
Global
International
Peace
FAO
Food and
Agrcicultural
Organisation
Global
Provide food
through improving
agriculture and
reduce hunger
UNICEF
United Naitions
Childrens Fund
Global
Child welfare,
Children rights,
gender equality,
health and
education
Acronym
Full Name
Level of
Organisation
Main
Purpose
WWF
World Wildlife
Fund
Global
Conservation of
endangered
species
NEPAD
New Partnership
for Africa’s
Development
Regional
Development of
Africa
SADC
Southern African
Development
Community
Regional
Co-operation
between countries
and economic
development.
Democracy.
Acronym
Full Name
Level of
Organisation
Main
Purpose
SATOUR
South African
Tourism
National
Promoting tourism
in South Africa
Starfish
…
National
Helping those with
HIV/AIDS
TAC
Treatment Action
Campaign
Civic (NGO)
Aids
Global Organisations
African Organisations
National Organisations
Civic Organisations