Michigan Environmental Timeline
Teacher Instructions: Print slides 19-51 (a total of 33) on separate sheets of 8 ½ X 11” paper. The result will be 33
sheets of paper, each featuring a different date, which are used as a student resource in lesson 5, and may later be
posted in the classroom as a timeline. As an option, slides 1-19 may also be printed out to be included in the timeline.
In addition, this presentation may be used as a presentation for students (with either lesson 5 or 8).
Support material for the Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum Support (MEECS) Ecosystem & Biodiversity Unit.
Photo: Courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center.
Scientists believe the Earth is 4,600,000,000 years old.
*
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
It took billions of years for
life to emerge on Earth.
At first, life forms were
very simple (and small)
one celled organisms, like
bacteria and algae.
As time went on, larger,
more complex forms of
life became more
abundant – including softbodied animals, like
jellyfish, sponges and
triloblites.
550-500 Million Years Ago
(Cambrian Period)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the Michigan
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office of Geological Survey.
*
Warm seas once
covered much of the
land that is now
Michigan. Some
animals, known as
cephalopods reached
a length of 13 feet!
500-440 Million
Years Ago
(Ordovician Period)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office
of Geological Survey.
*
Later, rich
deposits of a
mineral called
limestone were
laid down. The
earliest land
plants began to
grow.
425-405 Million
Years Ago
(Silurian Period)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office
of Geological Survey.
*
More and
more kind of
fish began to
swim the seas.
410 to 360 Million
Years Ago
(Devonian Period)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office
of Geological Survey.
*
During this era,
warm shallow
seas covered
most of North
America. More
and more plants
grew on land,
and amphibians
appeared.
360-320 Million Years Ago
(Mississippian Period)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office
of Geological Survey.
*
The first true forests
developed, though
the trees looked much
different than those of
today.
Invertebrate animals
such as insects,
scorpions,
centipedes, spiders
and freshwater clams
became abundant, as
did small reptiles.
Large and small
amphibians became
more common.
320-290 Million
Years Ago
(Pennsylvanian)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office
of Geological Survey.
*
Later, dinosaurs
roamed the Earth
for some 185
million years.
Is it unlikely that
any evidence of
dinosaurs will ever
be found in
Michigan because
this period was
followed by 290
million years of
erosion, which
occurred at the
same time the
Appalachian
mountains were
formed.
250-65 Million Years Ago
Mesozoic Era
(Cretaceous, Jurassic and
Triassic Periods)
Image: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office
of Geological Survey.
*
2 Million to 500,000 Years Ago
Worldwide temperatures
drop, and large sheets of ice
called glaciers cover much
of North America. Glaciers
thousands of feet thick
advance and retreat at least
four times over Michigan,
carving and shaping the
basins of the Great Lakes.
They are also largely
responsible for the rolling
landscapes and more than
35,000 inland lakes and
ponds found in the state
today.
*
About 15,000 – 12,000 Years Ago
The Earth’s climate begins to warm,
and the glaciers slowly retreat
northward.
As the glaciers recede for the last
time, plants and then both small
and large animals begin to colonize
the exposed bare soil and rocks.
Very large animals such as the
American mastodonts, Jefferson
mammoths, and giant beavers
arrive later. All of these animals are
now extinct.
Image: The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and
Resource Book. Publisher: Environment Canada, 1987.
*
About 11,000 Years Ago
The first humans begin to settle
Michigan. They probably first
reach North America by crossing
the Bering Strait from Asia to
Alaska, before spreading across
North, Central, and South
America. These people travel
widely, following the herd animals
that they depend upon for food
and for skins and hides to make
clothing. Archaeologists refer to
these prehistoric settlers as the
Paleo-Indians.
*
About 7000 – 3200 Years Ago
A civilization known as the Old
Copper People inhabit the
copper-rich areas of the
western Upper Peninsula.
Scientists estimate that 1.5
billion pounds of copper were
mined by these people over
the course of 1,000 years.
This copper is probably traded
widely, explaining why the
metal has since been
discovered in prehistoric
cultures throughout North and
South America.
Image: State Archives of Michigan
*
About 2000 – 1600 Years Ago
The Mound Builders, also known as the Hopewell people inhabit
Michigan. While they hunt and gather food from the wild, they also grow
some plants for food. Historians believe the Hopewell are the distant
ancestors of the native people who live in Michigan today.
Image: State Archives of Michigan
*
1618
A Frenchman by the name of Etienne Brule, and his companions arrive in Lake Huron.
They name the region “New France.” The French Explorers, or Voyageurs, encounter
the Native Americans who have been living there for thousands of years. At this time,
there are an estimated 100,000 Native Americans living in the area that would later be
called Michigan. Soon, the French have a regular business of trading things like needles,
fishhooks, axes, traps and guns with Native Americans in exchange for animal furs
(especially beaver pelts). The French sell the furs to people living in Europe. During this
time period, many Native Americans change their lifestyles, abandoning many of their
traditional ways. This fur trade continues for the next 200 years.
Image: State Archives of Michigan
*
1754 – 1763
In the French and Indian War, Great
Britain takes control of most French
claims in North America, including
Michigan. France no longer controls
the region. Native Americans, who
had received better treatment from the
earlier French leaders, are not pleased
with the way they are treated by the
new British leaders. This same year,
Ottawa Chief Pontiac leads Native
Americans in an attack against Britishcontrolled forts (Fort Detroit, Fort St.
Joseph, and Fort Michilimackinac)
killing many settlers. In order to
maintain peace, the British agree to
close the west to settlement by whites
(British Proclamation of 1763),
slowing settlement by whites west of
the Appalachian mountains.
Image: State Archives of Michigan
*
1775-1783
In the Revolutionary War, Americans fight the English for their
independence. At the end of the war in 1783, Michigan comes almost
entirely under American control (except for Detroit and Fort Mackinac which
do not surrender until 1796). Fur trading continues to dominate the economy.
Image: State Archives of Michigan
*
1805 - 1820
The Lower Peninsula and the eastern
part of the Upper Peninsula become
the Territory of Michigan. Conflict
between the British and U.S. forces
and their Indian allies continues in the
area.
In the War of 1812, the Americans
and British continue to fight for control
of the Great Lakes region. Following
the war, which ended in 1814, fur
trading continues to dominate the
economy and most of the territory is
still unsurveyed and unavailable for
settlement.
By 1818, public land sales finally begin
in Detroit; immigration from East
increases. In 1820, citizens could
purchase land for $1.25 an acre.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
*
1825 - 1840
The 364-mile Erie Canal is opened in 1825, connecting Albany, New York with Buffalo,
New York. This new canal makes the shipping of farm products and travel to and from
the Great Lakes region much easier, resulting in a flood of immigrants, especially from
New York and New England. During the ten years between 1830 and 1840, Michigan’s
population increases from 31,639 to 212,267. At the same time, large numbers of
Native Americans living in the region die from diseases brought by the settlers, such as
small pox and typhoid. Tribes also lose large amounts of land to the U.S. and Michigan
governments, for which they are not paid fairly. In 1837, President Andrew Jackson
signs a bill making Michigan the 26th state in the Union. By 1838, almost all native
villages in Michigan have been abandoned. Image: State Archives of Michigan
1
1843
The Michigan “Copper Rush” begins. Between 1843 and the 1920s,
Michigan’s Upper Peninsula is the only place in the world where
commercial quantities of pure, workable copper are mined.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
2
1850s
It becomes fashionable for women to wear hats decorated with bird feathers. As a
result, millions of birds are killed every year for their feathers which are used mostly to
decorate women’s hats. The practice finally ends in the early 1900s as bird populations
decline and people became more aware of the need for their protection.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
3
1855
Sault Ste. Marie Locks open up connecting Lakes Superior and
Huron, allowing for an increase in immigration, trade, and shipping.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
4
1859
After some fish and wildlife populations are mostly destroyed,
Michigan’s first fishing laws are passed. Before now, hunting and
fishing in the state had not been controlled.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
5
1867
Michigan’s lumbering boom begins. Between 1869 and 1900, Michigan is the
nation's leading lumber producer. Michigan’s commercial logging provides
many new jobs, drawing immigrants from around the world—especially
Scandinavians, Germans, Irish and Canadians. The lumber is shipped as far
away as Europe. By 1929, an estimated 92% of Michigan’s original forests
have either been cut or otherwise destroyed during the previous 100 years.
The decline of lumbering affects thousands of people who depend on the
industry for employment. Photos: State Archives of Michigan.
6
1871
The “Great Michigan Fire” burns approximately 2.5 million acres (3,900 sq.
mi.) across the state lasting nearly one month. Careless logging practices
often leave large amounts of waste wood behind which provide fuel for the
fires. Other large fires that follow this one in the Lower Peninsula include:
1880 (238,270 acres); 1881(1,014,000 acres); and 1908 (2,369,000). The
Upper Peninsula also suffers from too many fires to even count.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
7
1878
The passenger pigeon is the
most common bird in Michigan.
Around this time, the bird is
devastated by a combination of
hunting and the loss of its
forest habitat. During one of
its last large nestings, which
occurred near the city of
Petoskey in 1878, professional
hunters kill an estimated
50,000 birds per day for a
period of five months. They
sell the birds in city markets for
food. By 1914 the bird
becomes officially extinct.
This painting is by Edmund J. Sawyer and was published in
Educational Bird Leaflets, National Association of Audubon
Societies, 1913.
8
1887
After over ten years of lobbying, a
group called the Michigan
Sportsman's Association
succeeds in helping to pass a law
creating a new job of state game
warden to protect the state's fish
and wildlife. Michigan is the first
state in the country to create this
job, today referred to as
“Conservation Officer.”
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
9
1903
The Michigan Legislature creates the first State Forest reserves to
start rebuilding state's burned-over, cutover forests (By 2004, there
are nearly 3.9 million acres of state forest).
10
1904
The Michigan Audubon Society forms to promote appreciation
and protection of birds. A woman named Edith Munger becomes
President in 1911 and works to protect birds.
Photo: Larry West
11
1908
Forest fires burn much of northern Michigan, killing dozens. An
estimated 2,369,000 acres in northern lower Michigan were burned. Many
citizens are upset and call for changes in forestry management.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
12
1908
The Model-T is introduced by
Henry Ford. Michigan becomes
the center of automobile
manufacturing. Immigrants come
from both Europe and the
southern U.S. for relatively high
paying jobs working in automobilemaking factories. As cars become
more common, the road system is
improved and expanded.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
1903 Model T
13
1919
Beginning of Michigan’s State
Park System.
Genevieve Gillette, along with
P.J. Hoffmaster, the Michigan
Director of Conservation,
dedicate their time to
improving to Michigan’s park
system. Together, they play an
important role in the
establishment of the 96 state
parks in Michigan. In 1959,
Gillette founds the Michigan
Parks Association to sponsor
projects to help Michigan
parks.
P.J. Hoffmaster
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
14
1919
Lake trout with sea lamprey
Sea lamprey
After improvements are made to the Welland Canal (bypassing
Niagara falls), the sea lamprey invades the Great Lakes. The
lamprey contributes to dramatic decline of many Great Lake’s native
fish populations from 1920-1950.
Photos: (Left) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, GLSGN Exotic Species Library, and (Right) Dave Brenner, Michigan Sea Grant
15
1921
The Michigan Department of Conservation is created to protect
and manage Michigan's natural resources. This department was
later renamed the Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
Photo: Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
16
1920s and 30s
Three national forests are created in Michigan, covering about 2.7 million acres
of land. These are the Ottawa, Hiawatha, and Huron-Manistee National Forests.
These forests are managed by the U.S. Forest Service.
17
1933-1942
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), is created by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, employing over 102,000 young men in Michigan to provide forest fire
protection, plant trees, improve forest stands, stock fish, and build recreation buildings
as well as new roads. In this period, around 484 million trees are planted in Michigan,
more than during any other time in history. Photo: State Archives of Michigan.
18
1940
Isle Royale National Park is established. A writer for Detroit News named
Albert Stolle, Jr. had written articles that eventually helped win widespread
support for designating the island as a national park. In 1981, Isle Royale is
named by the United Nations as an International Biosphere Reserve, giving it
global scientific and educational importance. Today, Isle Royale is wellknown for its wolf and moose populations. Photo: Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
19
1941-1945
Building B-24 Planes at Willow Run
World War II. Michigan’s auto factories are converted to produce war materials.
Industry expands in the state, but with little concern for the environment. Michigan
becomes known as the “Arsenal of Democracy.” At the same time, farming
practices change as synthetic fertilizers and new chemical pesticides like DDT are
introduced, decreasing the need for large numbers of workers. Photo: State Archives of Michigan.
20
1948
Discharges of oil and chemical pollutants in to the Detroit River by industry cause
large numbers of ducks to die, leading to public outcry. In the photograph above,
members of the Michigan United Conservation Clubs attract attention to the problem
by dumping hundreds of dead birds in front of the Michigan State Capitol. The following
year, Michigan's Legislature toughens water pollution laws and penalties for
violations. Photo: State Archives of Michigan
21
1952
Bertha Daubendiek of
Macomb County founds
the Michigan Nature
Association (MNA). She
then leads efforts over
the next 50 years to
protect unique habitats
and rare plant species in
Michigan resulting in 160
sanctuaries totaling 8200
acres.
Ram’s-Head Lady’s-slipper, Photo by Larry West
22
1959
St. Lawrence Seaway opens, changing the pattern of inland
navigation by allowing large ocean-going ships to carry large cargoes
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. Photo: State Archives of Michigan
23
1968
Michigan resident Joan Wolfe founds the West
Michigan Environmental Action Council
(WMEAC) in Grand Rapids. Soon after, other
regional councils (EMEAC and NMEAC) are formed
in northern and eastern parts of the state. Today,
these citizen groups continue to help increase public
awareness of environmental issues and provide
support for the passage of laws that protect the
state’s environment.
24
1968
In the 1950s and 1960s, rivers and lakes around Michigan are badly
polluted. In the photograph above, dead fish fill the Kalamazoo River.
In 1968, Michigan voters approve the State’s first Clean Water Bond,
committing $335 million to protect the state’s water. Photo: State Archives of Michigan.
25
1969
Responding to public concern
over contamination of Great
Lakes fish, wildlife, and the
environment, with leadership
from Ralph McMullan
(pictured on right), head of the
Department of Conservation,
Michigan becomes the first
state to ban most uses of the
toxic pesticide DDT.
Ralph McMullan, photo provided by State Archives of Michigan
26
1970
The first Earth Day is celebrated on
April 22nd. Public awareness about
environmental issues increases.
Photo: NASA
Responding to the public concern,
Michigan lawmakers pass the
Environmental Protection Act,
which allows citizens to bring lawsuits
against polluters for the first time. In
the photograph to the right, Governor
Milliken signs the bill into law.
Photo: State Archives of Michigan
27
1973
A toxic chemical called PBB
(polybrominated biphenyls) is
accidentally fed to dairy cattle on
around 25 Michigan farms,
contaminating milk and beef
supplies. The mix-up is noticed a
year later when PBB was
identified as the substance
causing death and illness in dairy
cattle. In this time period,
approximately 85% of Michigan
residents were exposed to the
chemical, after unknowingly
consuming contaminated milk or
beef. State officials order the
slaughter of 17,000 cattle, 3,415
hogs, and 1.5 million chickens,
which were then buried in special
landfills, like the one pictured at
the right.
Photos: (Top) Pam Schmidt & (Bottom) State Archives of Michigan.
28
1973
The U.S. passes the
Endangered Species
Act, which is designed to
protect species that are in
danger of becoming
extinct. One year later,
in 1974, Michigan passes
its own Endangered
Species Law to is provide
specific protection to
Michigan plants and
animals.
Bald Eagle, Photo by Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
29
1976
Under the leadership of Tom Washington, Director of the Michigan
United Conservation Clubs (MUCC), voters pass a beverage
container deposit law, setting the deposit at 10 cents. This new
law reduces bottle trash by 80%, overall roadside litter by 38%, and
has made for cleaner beaches throughout the state.
30
1979
Michigan passes one of the strongest
wetland protection laws in the country.
31
1988
The zebra mussel, native to Eastern Europe, is first observed in
Lake St. Clair in 1988, probably arriving there in ballast water carried
in ocean going ships. Within three years, the zebra mussel has
spread to all of the Great Lakes, and many inland waterways in the
U.S. and Canada. It causes problems by clogging municipal water
intake pipes, competing with native species for food, and creating a
hazard for barefooted beach-goers. Photos: L- Dave Brenner, Michigan Sea Grant, Middle & Right - Pam Schmidt
32
2005
In the Northern Great Lakes Forest Project, Governor Granholm
and The Nature Conservancy protect more than 271,000 acres in
the Upper Peninsula. The parcels link together more than 2.5 million
acres of protected federal, state and natural areas across the Upper
Peninsula.
33
Other Significant Dates
Michigan wildlife dates for extinction, extirpation, and/or reintroduction:
End of 1700s
1871
1898
1910
1900
Early 1900s
Early 1900s
1926
1930s
1960s
1983
1984
Last Bison in Michigan
Eastern Elk gone from Michigan. (extinct by 1890s)
Passenger Pigeon last seen in Michigan. (Extinct in 1914).
Last wolf documented in the Lower Peninsula.
Wild turkeys extirpated from Michigan . Reintroduced in
1954. 1965 was the first hunting season.
Paddlefish last recorded in Great Lakes
Last wolverine (Gone from LP 1880s. UP early 1900s.)
Last Michigan woodland caribou- (was in UP until early
1900s) Last documented in Michigan on Isle Royale in
1926.
Arctic grayling extirpated
Extinction of Great Lakes Fish: Deepwater cisco, blackfin
cisco, longjaw cisco
Extinction of blue pike (Lake Erie)
Greater Prairie Chicken extirpated
Image Credits
Slide 2: Image of Earth - Courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center.
Slides 3-9: Original artwork by Pat Rutkowski. Photograph of artwork by Steven E. Wilson. Copyright 2004 by the Michigan Department of Environmental
Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD) Office of Geological Survey. The DEQ GLMD grants permission to use this image,
for no-profit purposes. The contents of this electronic document (in whole or in part) can be used if, and only if, additional fees are not associated with
the distribution of this document and the credit is give to the DEQ GLMD and the author (s). This copyright statement must appear in any and all
electronic or print documents using this file or any part thereof.
Slide 10: Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slide 11: Images from The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Publisher: Environment Canada, 1987. Retrieved January 5, 2005 from
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/index.html.
Slide 12: Image of exhibit in the State of Michigan Historical Museum, by Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental
Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slides 13-25: All images courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 26: Painting of passenger pigeon is by Edmund J. Sawyer and was published in Educational Bird Leaflets, National Association of Audubon Societies,
1913.
Slides 27: Image courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 28: Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slide 29: Larry West
Slides 30-32: All images courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 33: (Left) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, GLSGN Exotic Species Library, and (Right) Dave Brenner, Michigan Sea Grant
Slide 34: Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Slide 35: Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slides 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45 (Governor Milliken), and 46 (PBB Cattle Burial Site): All images courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 37: Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Slides 38-39: Images courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 40: Larry West
Slide 41: Image courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 43: Image courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 44: Image courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives
Slide 45: Governor Milliken - Courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives; and Image of Earth - Courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory,
NASA Johnson Space Center.
Slide 46: PBB Cattle Burial Site - Courtesy of the State of Michigan Archives; and photo of cows by Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science,
Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slide 47: Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Slide 48-49: Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slide 50: Close-up of zebra mussel by Dave Brenner, Michigan Sea Grant. Images of zebra mussels of beach by Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for
Science, Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
Slide 51: Pam Schmidt, Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental Education, Michigan Technological University.
References
Dempsey, Dave. 2001. Ruin and Recovery. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Dempsey, Dave. Personal communication. 12/04
Dickmann, Donald and Larry Leefers. 2003. The Forests of Michigan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Holman, J. Alan. 1995. Ancient Life of the Great Lakes Basin: Precambrian to Pleistocene. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Michigan History Magazine. Introducing Michigan’s Past: An Overview for Teachers. Copyright: Michigan Department of State. 2001.
http://www.michiganhistorymagazine.com/kids/pdfs/guide1.pdf 12/1/04
Michigan Legislature. “Portraits of Michigan: History and Facts on Michigan.” 9/2003.
Rutkowski, Patricia. Artwork (Geological Timeline Series). Original artwork displayed at Eddy Discovery Center. Photographic images of
artwork provided by Steven E. Wilson of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Geological and Land Management
Division (GLMD).
State of Michigan. “Michigan Through the Years.” Internet: http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-15481_20826_20840---,00.html.
Originally published by Michigan History magazine in 1989. 12/1/04
Stearns, Forest W. “History of the Lake States Forests: Natural and Human Impacts.” Lake States Regional Forest Resources Assessment:
Technical Papers. J. Michael Vasievich and Henry Webster, Editors. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report. NC-189. 1997.
TEACH Great Lakes. (Great Lakes Information Network). Native Peoples of the Great Lakes Region. 8/1/2002. http://www.greatlakes.net/teach/history/native/native_7.html 12/1/04.
The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada. Third
Edition. 1995.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to the following individuals and organizations
that provided images for this timeline:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dave Dempsey, Michigan Environmental Council
Larry West
Dave Kenyon, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
State of Michigan Archives
Dave Brenner, Michigan Sea Grant
Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA
Johnson Space Center.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Steve Wilson, Michigan Department of Environment Quality,
Geological and Land Management Division (GLMD)