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Jatinder Joshi
CF Govt.High School.
Cheema Jodhpur
Barnala
About School
Our School Govt. High School
Cheema Jodhpur is the First School In
Punjab Whose Faculty Create &
Launch Website of School with Email
Facility.
Log On The Site
http://ghscheemajodhpur.tripod.com
&
Send Us Suggestions.
Unit One Contain from P.S.E.B
English Reader Up to Slide No 45
Unit Two Contain from P.S.E.B
English Book Poems From Slide No
46 to 54
Unit Three Contain from P.S.E.B
English Suplimentry From Slide No
55-68
Unit Four Contain from P.S.E.B
English Grammar Part From Slide
No 69-112
Unit -1
CHAPTERS
1. Journey by Night
Journey by Night
Brief introduction of the story
It is a story of rare courage shown by a 12-yearold boy. His name was Sher Singh. His younger
brother had fallen ill. His father was not at home.
His mother was not in a position to leave home.
The city hospital was many miles away. So, Sher
Singh carried his little brother on his back and set
out for the city. He had to pass through a hilly area
that was full of many dangers.
A thick forest and two hilly rivers fell on the
way. But Sher Singh braved all these dangers
with great courage. The only thought in his mind
was to reach the city hospital as soon as possible
. At last, Sher Singh was able to reach the
hospital with his brother. Everybody was
surprised to hear the story of his great courage.
The doctor at once gave first aid to Sher Singh’s
brother. The doctor said that the boy was out of
danger. Sher Singh was really a Sher, a lion. He
had saved the life of his brother at a great risk of
his own life.
Textual questions
Que.1 Who was Sher Singh Bahadur?
Ans. He was a famous hunter. He lived in Laldwani village. His
name was Sher Singh. The worth ‘Bahadur’ was added to
him like a medal.
Que.2 Why there were no men in the village?
Ans. All men of the village had gone to the jungle with a
hunting party. That was why there were no men in the
village.
Que.3 What had happened to other children?
Ans. They all had died. It was cholera and influenza that had
taken their lives.
Que.4 How did Sher Singh carry his brother?
Ans. Sher Singh’s mother took one of her two saris.
She made a sling with it. Sher Singh put it round his
forehead and down his back. It was in this sling that
he carried his brother.
Que. 5 Explain the circumstances in which Kunwar
was carried to the hospital.
Ans. Kunwar had severe pain in his stomach. The pain
was getting worse and worse. So the boy had to be
taken to hospital. Sher Singh’s father was not at
home. There was no other man also in the village.
His mother, too, could not leave home. Thus there
was none but Sher Singh to carry Kunwar to the
hospital. And he did it like a hero.
Passage 1
Sher Singh himself was only 12 years old, small
and cheerful, a child of the jungle, and his
brother was several years younger. There had
been other children of course, but they were
dead, carried off by cholera and influenza.
“I will wring out rags in boiling water and
lay them on his stomach.” said Mother. She
did not weep. She had lived through
everything.
Questions
1.How old was Sher Singh?
2.Did he remain sad or cheerful?
3.What do you mean by ‘a child of the jungle’?
4.Did Sher Singh have any brother or sister?
5.What had happened to the other Children?
6. What did his mother want to do with rags?
7. Why did she not weep?
8. Give the opposites of
small ,old, dead, everything.
Answers
•
He was 12 years old.
•
He remained cheerful.
•
It means a child who has been born and brought up in a
jungle.
•
He had a younger brother.
•
They had all died.
•
She wanted to wring them out in boiling water and lay
them on the stomach of her ailing son.
•
She had lived through many such misfortunes.
•
Small -> big; old -> young; dead -> alive; everything ->
nothing.
Passage 2
Sher Singh gathered grass and, plaiting it
into a rope, tied it round his brother and
himself so they would keep together.
Then he entered the water just above the
bridge. The river seized them and
flattened them against the wreck. Unable
to move at first, he edged forward into
the maelstrom, feeling for the split of
bamboo.
Questions
1.What did Sher Singh gather?
2.Why did he do with it?
3.Why did he do that?
4.What place did he enter the river?
5.What happened then?
6.What ‘wreck’ has been referred to here?
7.What did he do while going forward?
8.Find in the passage a word that means ‘a very strong
spinning current of water.’
•
Answers
He gathered some grass.
He plaited it into a rope.
He wanted it to tie his brother to himself.
He entered just above the bridge.
The river seized the two and threw them against the
wreck.
It refers to the broken bridge.
•
•
He felt for the split ends of the bamboo.
Maelstrom= a very strong spinning current of water.
•
•
•
•
•
Use of textual Words/Phrases
1.Several - There are several places of worship on the
banks of the Holy Ganges.
2. Resort - Gandhi ji took fasting as a last resort.
3. Scar - Even the scar on her face did not spoil her
beauty.
4 Mauled- The mountain bear mauled her face.
5. Cliff – We went on a picnic by the side of a cliff.
6. Poach- Poaching of animals is banned in this state.
7. Plod – the old man plodded along the hilly path.
Textual Vocabulary & Grammar
Q:-1 Identify and match the sounds made by the animals
under column A to the sounds in column B:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ans:-
dogs
donkeys
frogs
horses
lions
bees
birds
cats
cocks
cows
-
bark
bray
croak
neigh
roar
buzz
chirp
mew
crow
low or moo
Q-2 Add the correct suffixes to the words given in the
brackets choosing from the list given below:
- dom ;
-ness;
-hood.
1. We salute the (wise) and (martyr) of those who
fought for the (free) of our country.
2. His journey from (child) to (man) was full of
struggle.
3. (good) and (sweet) of behavior are of no avail if
one lacks in (bold) of character.
4. (Parent) brings responsibilities.
5. He lost his (king) to the enemy.
6. (happy) is a state if mind.
Ans:-1. wisdom, martyrdom, freedom
2. childhood, manhood
3. goodness, sweetness, boldness
4. Parenthood
5. kingdom
6. Happiness.
Q-3.Correct the following sentences:
1. The football match ended to a draw.
2. Our Principal is a honest lady.
3. He is senior than me.
4. She is M.A., B.Ed.
5. Mr. Sham is a Honorable man.
6. He is an European.
7. He is an one-eyed man.
8. I read Tribune every day.
9. This is an useful article.
10. A lion is the king of forest.
Answers
1. The football match ended in a draw.
2. Our Principal is an honest lady.
3. He is senior to me.
4. She is an M.A., B.Ed.
5. Mr. Sham is an honorable man.
6. He is a European.
7. He is a one-eyed man.
8. I read The Tribune every day.
9. This is a useful article.
10. A lion is the king of the forest.
•The Bishop’s candlesticks-1 & 11
Q-1. What did the convict want?
Ans- The convict said that he had eaten nothing for
three days. He was starving. He asked the Bishop to
give him food to eat.
Q-2.Why did the convict become a thief ?
Ans- The convict was out of job. His wife was ill. She
was dying. He had no food to give her. So he had to
steal to buy food for his wife.
Q-3. Write a short note on Bishop.
Ans- The Bishop is a very kind-hearted person. He
goes out in the cold night to attend on the sick mother
of his maid. He sells his silver salt-cellars to pay the
rent for a poor old woman. The Bishop is also very
forgiving. The convict runs away with his
candlesticks. Even then the Bishop saves him from the
sergeant.
Q-4. Who had given the candlesticks to the Bishop?
Ans- The Bishop’s mother had given him the
candlesticks as a gift.
Q-5. Write a short note on Persome’s behavior.
Ans- Persome is the Bishop’s sister. From her
conversation with Marie she appears to be a shorttempered, selfish and abusive woman. She loves her
brother very deeply. All her wrongs are born out of
her love for the Bishop . Nowhere in the play does
Persome show that she is selfish for her own sake.
.
Q-6 write a short note on the changing of the convict
from a wild beast to a man.
Ans- The convict threatens to kill the Bishop. But the
Bishop gives him food to eat and a comfortable bed to
sleep on. The convict slips away with Bishop’s
candlesticks. A police sergeant catches him and brings
him to the Bishop. But the Bishop says that he himself
has given him the candlesticks. This kindness of the
Bishop touches the convict’s heart. He is now changed
completely
The Bishop’s candlesticks-1 & 11
Passage 1
Persome : Marie, is n’t the soup boiling yet?
Marie: Not yet, madam.
Persome: Well, it ought to be.
Marie: But madam, you yourself made the fire up.
Persome: Don’t answer me back like that. It is rude.
Marie : yes, madam.
Persome: Then don’t let me have to rebuke you again.
Marie: No, madam.
Persome: I wonder where my brother can be. (Looking at the clock) . It is after
Eleven o’ Clock and no sign of him. Marie!
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name the play and the writer.
What was Persome to the bishop?
Who had made the fire up?
What was Persome worried about?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
The name of the play is ‘The Bishop’s Candlesticks’. The name of the
writer is Norman Mckinnel.
Persome was the Bishop’s sister.
It was Persome who had made the fire up.
The Bishop had not returned home so far. It was already 11o’clock in the
night. This worried Persome.
Passage 2
Persome : Brother , I have no patience with you. There , sit down and take
your soup, it has been waiting ever so long. And if it is spoilt, it serves
you right.
Bishop : it smells delicious.
Persome: I’m sure Marie’s mother is not so ill that you7 need have stayed out
on such a night as this. I believe those people pretend to be ill just to have
the Bishop call on them. They have no thought of the Bishop.
Questions
1. Why is Persome angry with her brother?
2. How does the Bishop try to please Persome?
3. What is Persome’s grudge against the people?
4. What is Persome’s Suspicion about Marie’s mother?
Answers
1. She is angry with her brother because he is late in coming back home.
2. The Bishop tries to please her by praising the soup.
3. Persome feels that people have no thought of the Bishop’s health.
4. Her suspicion is that Marie’s mother is not so ill.
Textual Vocabulary & Grammar
Q-1. Match the phrases in column A with their meanings in column
B:
Ans:
1. to make up
= to reconcile
2. to go without = to manage without something
3. play one false = to deceive
4. at beck and call= ready to take orders
5. dare out
= have no courage
6. to call on
= to go to visit some one
7. to look after
= take care of
8. to call out
= shout for help
9. to hunt for
= search for
Q-2 . Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B:
Ans: 1. gratitude
=
thankfulness
2. witch
=
a wicked woman
3. mon dieu
=
my God
4. estate =
property
5. audacity
=
boldness
6. rouse =
awaken
7. vines
=
creepers
8. vermin
=
worms
9. queer =
strange
10.vermin
=
worms
Q-3. Supply the necessary nouns or verbs in the blanks given below:
Ans:
Verb
1. enter
2. hate
3. obey
4. trace
5 imprison
6. do
7. dine
8. advise
9. terrify
10.perform
Noun
entrance
hatred
obedience
trace
prison
deed
dinner
advice
terror
performance
God sees the truth, But waits-1 & 11
Brief introduction to the story
This story brings out the idea that God is just and we should have faith in
Him. When something goes wrong, we should look up to God for comfort. Only
to God should be pray for mercy.
Aksenov was a young and carefree merchant. He was unjustly convicted of
murdering a fellow merchant. He was sentenced to life-imprisonment. He was
whipped on his back. He bore untold sufferings. There was no joy left in his life.
He lost his youth and was now an old man. When he came tom know that it was
Maker Semenich who was the real murdered, he was filled with deep pain and
anger. He thought of having his revenge thought he might have to die for it. Soon
he got an opportunity when could have his revenge on Makar Semenich. The first
thought that came to his mind was that he should have no mercy for the man who
had ruined his life. But then noble thoughts got the better of him. He did not tell
the jail Authorities that it was Makar.
God sees thea truth , but waits
Who had dug a hole under the prison-wall in in
order to escape from there. Aksenov’s goodness
moved maker’s heart. He confessed to Aksenov that it
was who he had murdered the merchant and had than
hidden the knife in Aksenov’s bag. He began to sob
bitterly and begged Aksenov to forgive him. He also
confessed to the jail Authorities all his crime. Thus at
last Aksenov’s a innocence was proved. But when the
orders for his release came, he had already breathed
his last.
Textual Question
Qus.1. How did Makar’s heart change?
Ans. Makar had ruined Aksenov’s life. Even then Aksenov returns him god
for evil. He does not tell the jail authorities that it was Makar who was
digging the hole under the prison wall. It touched Makar’s heart. His
conscience curses him. He admits his crime. He begs Aksenov to forgive
him.
Qus.2. Did Aksenov recognize Makar Semenich ?
Ans. No. He did not recognise him. He had never seen him before. From
Makar’s Story, he could only guess that this very man had murdered the
merchant.
Qus. 3.What was the dream of Aksenov’s wife ? How did Aksnov react to
it?
Ans. Aksenov’s wife dreamt that when her husband returned home from the
fair and took off cap, his hair had turned grey. Aksenov gave no importance
to it and laughed it away.
Qus.4.Why didn’t Aksenov’s desire to leave the prison?
Ans. Aksenov’s wife was already dead. His children had forgotten him. Now
he had Nowhere to go to. That was why he had no desire to leave the prison
Qus. 5.What was Aksenov charged with?
Ans. He was charged with murdering a merchant and robbing him of twenty
thousand rubles.
Passage 1
The police officer ordered the soldiers to bind Aksenov and to put
him in the cart. As they tied his feet together and flung him into the cart,
Aksenov crossed himself and wept. His money and goods were taken from
him and he was sent to the nearest town, and imprisoned there. Then the
trail came on: He was charged with the murdering a marchant and robbing
him to twenty thousand rubles.
Questions
1. What was the police officer’s order ?
2 Was Aksenov found guilty? What was the charged on him?
3. ‘Imprisoned’ has ‘im’ as prefix added to the word ‘poisoned’ .Suggest two
more words with ‘im’ as prefix.
4. Change the voice : His money and goods were taken from him and was sent
to the nearest town.
Answer:1.
The police officers ordered the soldiers to bind Aksenov and put him an
the cart.
2.
Yes, Aksenov was found guilty. The charges on him were that he had
murdered a fellow merchant and robbed him to twenty thousand rubles.
3.
A) Immoral
4.
They took his money and goods and sent him to the nearest town.
B) Impatient
PASSAGE 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
The police officer ordered the soliders to bind Aksenov and to put
him in the cart. As they tied his feet together and flung him into the cart,
Aksenov crossed himself and wept. His money and goods were taken
from him and he was sent to the nearest town, and imprisoned there .
Then the trail came on: he was charged with murdering a merchant and
robbing him of twenty thousand rubles.
Question
What was the police officer’s order?
Was Aksenov found guilty? What were the charges on him?
‘imprisoned’ has ‘im’ as prefix added to the word ‘prisoned’. Suggest
two more words with ‘im’ as prefix.
His money and goods were taken from him and he
was sent to the nearest town.
Change the voice:
Answers
1.
The police officer ordered the soldiers to bind Aksenov and to put him in
the cart.
2.
Yes, Aksenov was found guilty. The charges on him were that he had
murdered a fellow merchant and had robbed him of twenty thousand
rubbles.
3.
Immoral:impatient.
4.
They took his money and goods from him and sent him to the nearest
town.
Textual Vocabulary & Grammar
Q-1 There are some adverbs joined by and in the box A. Pick out their
meaning from the box B.
Ans.
1. again and again =
repeatedly
2. off and on
=
frequently
3. out and out
=
completely
4. through and through
=
decidedly
5. over and above=
in addition to
6. far and near
=
in all directions
Q-2. Fill in the blanks with the following compound
prepositions/phrases:
1. …………….. emergency, call the police.
2. Pack your books……….. Your clothes.
3. The secretary made the speech ………. The chief guest.
4. The students went to see the movie …………….going to the
college.
5. A responsible citizen is he who acts ………….the rules and
laws of the land.
6. ……………..his sincere efforts, he failed.
7. He lost his job ……………….his laziness.
Ans. 1. In case of 2. along with 3. on behalf of 4. instead of 5.
according to 6. In spite of
7. because of
Q-3 Join each pair of sentences by means of a suitable conjunction. You
can make the necessary changes:
1.
Lata can sing well. Asha can sing well.
2.
You must start at once. You will be late.
3.
Sunita works hard. Her brother works harder.
4.
Our landlord is not polite. we seldom talk to him.
5.
The man is poor. He is happy.
Ans.
1.
Both Lata and Asha can sing well.
2.
You must start at once or you will be late.
3.
Sunita’ brother works harder than she does.
4.
We seldom talk to our landlord because he is not polite.
5.
The man is poor yet he is happy.
Unit II
Poems
POEMS
OPEN THY EYES ANS SEE THY GOD
NO MEN ARE FOREGIN
OPEN THY EYES ANS SEE THY GOD
(Rabindernath Tagore)
Brief Introduction To The Poem
In this poem,Tagore says that the worship of idols is
useless.He says that God can never be found in places of
worship. He can be found where the tillers are tilling
land. He can be found where the workers are sweating in
the sun. anyone who wants to find God, should go and
work with the tillers And pathmakers. Moksha cannot be
achieved through empty rituals.In fact, the very desire for
deliverance is unholy. Even God has not given Himself
deliverance. He always remains busy in the task of
creation. A true devotee of God should also work
tirelessl;y.He should work for the poor and the
downtrodden.
STANZA FOR COMPREEHENSION
Leave this chanting and
singing and telling of beads!
Whom dost thou worship in this
lonely dark corner of a temple
with doors all shut? Open thine
eyes and see thy God is not
before thee!
Questions
1.What does the poet want us to leave?Why?
2.The poet in this stanza asks a question.What is the question?
3. Our eyes are open. Why does the poet say ‘open thine eyes’ ?
4. Who are these lines addressed to?
5. What does the poet want the worshipper of God to do?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The poet wants us to leave chanting and telling beads in temples. He says that
God doesn’t live in temples. We can’t find him tere by the singing hymns and
telling beads.
The poet asks whom we are worshipping in the lonely dark corner of the temple
with doors all shut
Our physical eyes are open but our eyes of mind are closed. That is why the poet
asks us to open our eyes.
The poet imagines someone singing hymns and telling beads in a dark corner of
a temple. He addresses these lines to such a worshipper of God.
He wants the worshipper to open his eyes and see that God whom he is
worshiping is not there before him.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Q. 1 Write the central idea of the poem.
Ans. Tagore says that we can’t find God in temples. He can be found where
the tillers are tilling land. He can be found where the workers are sweating
in the sun. So we should go and work with the poor if we want to find God.
Q. 2. Why does the poet say that we should leave chanting,singing And
telling of beads?
Ans. The poet wants us to leave chanting and telling beads in temples. He says
that God doesn’t live in temples. We can’t find him tere by the singing
hymns and telling beads.
Q. 3. Where can God be found?
Ans. He can be found where the tillers are tilling land. He can be found where
the workers are sweating in the sun.In other words, God lives among the
poor hardworking people.
NO MEN ARE FOREIGN
(James Kirkup)
Brief Introduction To The Poem
This poem contains a very noble idea. It advocates the unity of
mankind. No men are strange, and no countries are foregin. All men live on
the same earth and breath the same air. If we hate others,it is like hating
ourselves because there is no difference between and others. Love is the
best weapon to win others. By talking up arms against one another, we
defile the human earth itself. So we should always remember that no men
are foregin and no countries are strange.
STANZA FOR COMPREEHENSION
Remember , no men are strange, no countries foregin
Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes
Like ours: the land our brothers walk upon
Is earth like this, in which we all shall lie.
Question
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name the poem and the poet.
What should we remember?
What are all men to us?
Where do weall walk upon?
Where shall we all liein the end ?
ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The name of the poem is ‘No Men Are Foregin’. The name of the poet is
James Kirkup.
We should remember that no men are foregin and no countries are
foregin.
All men are brothers to us.
We all walk upon the same earth.
We shall all lie in the same land.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Q. 1 Write the central idea of the poem.
Ans. All men are same. They have the same kind of body. They breath in the
same way..thus no men are strange or foregin. We should never hate
others. They are all our brothers. By hating others we lose their love.
Thus the poet gives the message of love and brotherhood
Q. 2 What impression do we derive from this poem ?
Ans. The poet inspires us to look upon the people of all countries
as our brothers. No men are foregin. No countries are foregin.
Everywhere there are men who live and die in the same
manner. Therfore,we should love all and hate none.
Q. 3 This poem is an attempt to create ‘brotherhood’ amongst
people.Discuss.
Ans. This poem tries to create a feeling of brotherhood among all
people. It says that no men or countries are foregin. All men
have same kind of body. They breathe in the same way. They
eat,sleep and wake up in the same manner. After their death,
they lie under the same earth. Thus all men are brothers.
UNIT-III
SUPPLEMENTARY READER
CHAPTERS
I BECAME A GREAT FRIEND OF
ANIMALS AND BIRDS
A LETTER TO GOD
THE LAST LEAF
I BECAME A GREAT FRIEND OF ANIMALS
AND BIRDS
(Georgi Ovlov)
Brief Introduction To The Chapter
In this chapter, the writer tells how he became a great friend of birds
and animals. One day he caught some grouse. Some of them got injured
while they were being chased. The writer was proud that he had caught
them without using a gun. But just then he saw a hawk pouncing upon a
starling. The hawk caught the starling in its sharp paws and flew away with
it. Its mate followed the hawk and tried to save the partener, but all in vain.
This sight brought a complete change in the writer. Now his pride was
changed into shame. He felt that he himself was no better than a hawk. He
at
once went back home with the grouse. He and his wife nursed them for
some days. When they were all right he took them to the forest He left them
on the trees from where he had caught them. This one good deed led
tomany others. Now , whereever he found a bird or animal in trouble, he
would feel great joy in giving it all help. In this story, he tells in detail how
he saved some ducklings from a kite. Another time he treated a hodgehog
that had been bitten badly by a sanke. He also saved a bear cub that was
hanging dangerously from a crecked pine. The writer concludes by saying,
“One has only to start doing a good thing, and it at once leads to another
good one”.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Q. 1 Where was the writer going ?
Ans. He was going towards the Volga.
Q. 2 Why was the writer happy with his catch ?
Ans. He was happy because he had caught the grouse without using his gun.
Q. 3 Why did the writer free the grouse and how did he help them?
Ans. He realised how cruel it was to kill birds. So he freed the grouse. He tool the
injuried grouse home. There he and his wife nursed their wounds. When they were
all right, he left them in the woods. He left them in the same trees from where he
had caught them.
Q. 4 Why did the writer go to the lake? What happened there?
Ans. He went there to fish. A duck came swimming with its ducklings. Suddenly, a
hawk pounced on the duckling. The writer at once swung his fishing line. The hook
caught the hawk’s wing. The hawk was very powerful. He flew away with the line.
But the ducklings were saved.
Q. 5 How did the writer help the ducklings?
Ans. The writer swung his fishing line. The hook The hook caught the hawk’s wing.
The hawk was very powerful. He flew away with the line. But the ducklings were
saved.
Q. 6 how did the writer save the hedgehog ?
Ans. The writer cleaned the wounds on the hedgehog’s stomach. Then he took a sharp
pine and silky blade of grass. With these he sewed up the stomach of the hedgehog.
He also gave him birch juice to drink.
Q. 7 How did the writer save the bear cub?
Ans. The bear cub was hanging from a cracked tree. It was in great danger. The writer
split the tree to its root. The club fell to the ground. It started crying. The writer
stroked its ears. After some time the cub stopped crying.
A LETTER TO GOD
(G. L. Fuentes)
Brief Introduction To The Chapter
Lencho was a poor farmer. He was very hard-working. Once there
was a hailstrom. It destroyed his crops completely. Lencho had great faith
in God. He wrote a letter to God. He asked God to send him money. The
postmaster saw this letter. He decided to help Lencho. He collected some
money. He put it inside an envelope. Lencho came to trhe post officeto
check his mail. The post office people gave him the envolpe.Lencho
opened the envelope. He took out the money and counted it. He found that
it was less than he had asked for. He wrote another letter to God. He asked
Godto send hijm the rest of the money. But he wanted Him not to send the
money through the mail. He said that the post office people were a bunch
of crooks.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Q. 1 Where was Lencho’s house located? Did he gave any neighbours?
Ans. Lencho’s house was on the top of a low hill. It was the only house in the
vally. Thus Lencho had no neighbours.
Q. 2 When did it start raining?
Ans. It started raining when Lencho and his family were having dinner.
Q. 3 What was Lencho’s family doing when it started raining?
Ans. His family were having dinner
Q. 4 Why did Lencho become unhappy after the strom? What did he say?
Ans. After the strom, the field was ll covered with hailstones. Not a leaf
remained in the trees. The corn was totally destroyed . The flower s were
gone from the plants. All this made Lencho very unhappy. He said that the
hail had left nothing. They would have nmo corn that year.
Q. 5 Why did Lencho’s sons run out? Were they happy? How do you
know?
Ans. It had start hailing . The sons went out to collect hailstones. They were
very happy. The hailstones seemed to them like frozen pearls. And they
ran out to collect them.
Q. 6 What did Lencho think troughout the night?
Ans. Lencho thought only of the help from God. This was his only hope. He
believed that God sees everything. He believed that God sees even what
is deep in one’s heart.
Q. 7 Who did Lencho write to for help? What did he write in his letter?
Ans. Lencho wrote to God for help. In his letter, he wrote,” God, if you don’t
help me, my family and I will go hungry this year. I need a hundred
pesos in order to sow my field again.”
Q. 8 How did Lencho address the envelope? What did he do after that?
Ans. Lencho wrote on the envelope only two words :” To God”. He put his
letter inside the envelope and went to the town. There he got a stamp at
the post office. He put the stamp on the envelope and dropped it into the
mailbox.
Q. 9 Who took the letter to the postmaster ?
Ans. It was a postman who took the letter to the postmaster.
Q. 10 What did the postmaster do after reading Lencho’s letter? Why did
he do so?
Ans. The postmaster was struck by Lencho’s faith in God. He thought of
sending God’s reply to Lencho’s letter. He collected money from his
employees. He himself gave a part of his salary. Thus he collected
seventy pesos. The money was handed to Lencho in the form of a letter.
THE LAST LEAF
(O. Henry)
Brief Introduction To The Chapter
This story is based on the idea that our way of thinking has a
deep effect on our life. If we have a postive approach towards life, we
remain happy and enjoy good health. But if our way of thinking is
negative, it always results in mistry, unhappiness and evev death. If a
patient thinks positively and hopefully,it can help the doctor a great
deal in curing him. Otherwise, he can’t hope to get well in spite of
best efforts on the part of the doctor.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Q. 1 Who were Sue and Johnsy? What happened to Jhonsy?
Ans. Sue and Johnsy were two young artists. Jhonsy was seriously ill. She had
pneumonia.
Q. 2 What did Johnsy feel about her illness?
Ans. She thought she was not going to get well. She thought she would die
with the falling of the ivy leaf.
Q. 3 What did Sue do to make her feel happy?
Ans. She talk about clothes and fashions. She started whistling while working
at her painting.
Q. 4 Who was Behrman?
Ans. He was an old painter . He was sixty years old. He had always desired to
paint a masterpiece. But he could never begin it.
Q. 5 What happened to Behrman and why?
Ans. In order to save Johnsy, Behrman painted an ivy leaf on the wall. He
worked in the night. It was a cold and windy night. It was raining also.
Behrman got pneumonia. He died after two days.
Q. 6 What was Behrman’s masterpiece?
Ans. It was ivy leaf he had painted on the wall. It looked so real that Johnsy
could not know it. She regained her will to live. Thus the painting proved
Behrman’s masterpiece.
Q. 7 Do you think Behrman was right in sacrificing his life? Why?
Ans. Behrman painted an ivy leaf on the wall. It looked so real that Johnsy
could not know it. She regained her will to live. Behrman got pneumonia
and died. His sacrifice was not in vain. He had painted a masterpiece and
also saved a life.
Unit –IV
GRAMMAR AND
VOCABULARY
Conjunctions
Study the following sentences:
[1]
I went home and took my food.
[2]
Give her a pen or a pencil.
[3]
I could not contact him because he was ill.
[4]
He is so weak that he can not walk.
In all these sentences the underlined words join words or
sentences. The are linking words and are, therefore called
conjunctions [or connectors]
Conjunctions
Definition:- A conjunction is a part of
speech that connects words clauses or
sentences or shows relations between
sentences.
Kinds of conjunctions
Conjunctions can be classified into three
types.
[1]
Co-ordinative conjunctions
[2]
Subordinative conjunctions
[3]
Correlative conjunctions
[A] Co-ordinative
Conjunctions
Study the following sentences
1 [A] He has seen this house.
[B] He has decided to buy it.
[C] He has seen this house and has decided to buy it.
2 [A] He can not write .
[b] He cannot read.
[c] He cannot write or read.
3 [a] Go where you like.
[b] Do not disturb me.
[c] Go where you like, only do not disturb me.
In each of the above three sets of
sentences, sentences under [A] and [B] are independent of each
other. They are joined in sentences under [C] by a conjunction [
underlined] . Such conjunctions are called Co-ordinative
conjunctions.
[A] Co-ordinative Conjunctions
Co-ordinative conjunctions are those
conjunctions the join words, phrase or
clauses of equal rank here are some more
examples.
[1] Sonu is a cowarel but his brother is
very
brave.
[2]
He is sick yet he is always cheerful.
[3] You will succeed for you are
handworking.
(B) Subordinative Conjunctions
Study the following sentences:
1 (a) The thief was caught red handed.
(b) He was stealing a jewellery box.
(c) The thief was caught red-handed while he was stealing a
jewellery box. (time)
2.(a)The students work hard .
(b)They want to pass .
(c)The students work hard so that they should pass. (Effect)
In above two sets of sentences ,sentences under .
(b) depend upon or are subordinate to the sentences under
(a)They have been joined under (c) with the help of some
conjunctions (under lined) such conjunctions are called
subordinative conjunctions.
(B) Subordinative Conjunctions
Subordinative conjunctions are those conjunctions
that join the subordinate clause/clauses to the
principal clause.
Here are some more examples :-
1
He made a promise that he should be have
better in
future.
2
He is taking exercise regularly in order that he
may
improve his health.
3 The news is true as for as I know it.
(c) Correlative conjunctions
Study the following sentences.
1 No sooner did he reach the station than the train
steamed off.
2 She is not only beautiful but intelligent also.
In the above two sentences Conjunctions are seen
to occur in pairs such as no sooner -----than,
Not only------but also. Such conjunctions are called
Correlative conjunctions.
(C) Correlative conjunctions
Here are some examples to illustrate the use of some
Correlative Conjunctions :1 Neither-------nor
Ramesh can neither see nor hear.
2 Though-------yet
Though he is rich, yet he is not mean.
3 So --------that
He worked so hard that he won a scholar ship.
Simple and complex sentences
Types of sentences : .
Sentences are of
1. Simple sentences
2. Compound sentences
3.Complex sentences
three types :
Simplex sentence
A sentence which has only one subject
and one predicate is known as a simple
sentence.
For example:My sister
(Subject)
works very hard.
(predicate)
Compound sentence
A compound sentence is composed of two
on more co-ordinate clauses.
For example:
Gurpreet loves Mathematics
(Co-ordinate clause)
but
simran hates it.
(co-ordinate clause)
In this compound sentence ,two co-ordinate clauses
“Gurpreet loves Mathematics’ and “simran hates it” are
joined by the co-ordinate Conjunction
Complex
sentence
A complex sentence is composed of two on more
clauses” One of the clauses in a complex sentence
is more important than the other/others the more
important clause is called the Main clause or the
Principal clause the less important clause /clause is
/are called the Subordinate or Dependent
clause/Clauses .
for example :
I know a man who lives in Canada .
(Principal clause) (subordinate clause)
Types of
Subordinate
Clauses
Subordinate clauses can be divided
three types.
1. Noun clauses .
2. Adjective clauses .
3.
Adverb
clauses .
into
Noun Clause
A Noun clause functions as a noun in a Complen
Sentence . It generally occupies the place of the
subject or the object as illustrated in the following
sentence .
[a] subject
That simran is honest is a fact
(Subject)
[b] Object
I understood that he needs money
(Object )
very
badly
Adjective Clause
An Adjective clause functions as an Adjective .
therefore qualifies a noun or pronoun in
Some other clause. Adjective clauses are
introduced in Two ways
1. By relative pronoun like who , whose, whom,
wich, that etc.
2. By relative adverbs like when , how etc.
3. she is the
(Principal clause)
girl
who came first
(Subordinate adjective clause)
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause functions as an adverb. It functions
to modify a verl, an adjective or an Adverb.
An adverb clause may express one of the following :
1 Cause of Reason 2. Time 3. Purpose 4. Condition
5. Place
6. Manner or exlent
7. Contrast
8. Comparison 9 .Effect or Result 10. proportion
[a] My dog will follow me
Principal clause
where ever I go
subrdinate adverb clause
Voice
The verb in english occurs in two special forms in relation to
the 'deer' of the action, the is the active form and the
second the passive form. It is easy to identify a passive verb
as it contains be + v3 ( past participle)structure. The sentence
using the active form of the verb is said to be in Active
Voice while the one using the passive form of the verb is said
to be in passive voice.
It is as follows how sentences in the active form are
changed into the passive form:
Active
Passive
object
Subject
(new ) Subject
Verb
New form ( verb )
Object
(new )
Passive Verb
be +v3 ( past participle )
Present and past indefinite
Perfect Tenses
is, am, are / was, were
has, have, had
Continuous Tenses
is, am, are was were
(being)
(been)
to - infinitive
(to be)
Modals
(be)
for example:
Active:
She writes a letter.
her.
I had learnt my lesson.
learnt by
Passive
-
A letter is written by
_
My lesson had been
Rules
Active
present Simple
third form
1.
passive
1st form of the verb + s\es
is,am,are-
do,does(not)_ 1st form
is,am,are-
not-3rd form
2. Past Simple
3rd form
2nd form of verb
was,were-
did (not)- 1st form
was, were -
not- 3rd form
3. Present Continuous is, am, are(not) - 1st form +ing
(not) being 3rd form
4. Past Continuous
being -3rd form
was, were (not)- 1st form + ing
5. Present Perfect
(not) been -3rd form
has, have (not) -3rd
6.Past Perfect
been -3rd form
had( not) 3rd form
7. Infinitive
to- 1st form
8. Future Perfect
will, shall (not ) have 3rd form
is, am, are
was, were (not)
has, have
had(not)
to be -3rd form
will, shall (not) have
been -3rd form
Main uses of the passive voice
1 When the person doing the action (the agent) is not known or
when it is
unnecessary to mention the agent
e.g.
My pen has been stolen
2. To emphasire the action or event rather than the agent
e.g.
Letters are collected from the boxes, taken to the sorting
office,
sorted and then sent to the given addresses
3. To avoid using 'you' or 'one' when making an impersonal
statement
e.g. 1. Taking photographs in the museum is forbidden.
2. Children are not allowed in the bar.
Writing Part
•
•
•
•
•
•
Note-Making
Telegram
E-Mail
Formal-Letters
Informal-Letters
Paragraphs
Note-Making
Sometimes ideas are recorded/writing by using phrases or very
short sentences. Both brevity and clarity are required in short pieces
of writing.
While making notes ,students must have the power to know
what points they should include and how much they shouts leave out.
They should read the beginning at the end of the passage carefully to
know what is it about. This is called skimming.
They Should follow the hints given below:1. Write down the title if there is any.
2. Note down the main points and the sub-points if
the passage is
long.
3. Use letters and numbers to write the main points and sub points for
long passage
4. Avoid writing full sentences.
5. Abbreviations commonly understood can also be used.
Example:If the young students in schools and colleges do not learn
discipline they will never be able to extract obedience from others in
society. In fact, Society will never accept them as persons fit for any
responsible position in life A school or college without discipline can
never impart suitable education to students. Such a school or college
is no better than a factory that turns out imperfect men and women,
Sense of discipline plays a very important part in the playground and
battlefield. A disciplined team is likely to win the match in spite of its
weakness but a very good team may not fare well for want discipline
The role of Discipline equally applies to soldiers in the
battlefield .
Notes:
Need for discipline in schools and collages for good education.
Undisciplined Students fail to win any respect or position later
on in their life.
Importance of discipline .for players on the playground.
Importance of discipline, for soldiers in the battlefield.
Telegram
A telegram is widely used medium to send “urgent message”.
Example:
R. Saxena died 6 January. Funeral Tuesday 10 January
Message:Mr. R. Saxena died on 6th January 2006. His funeral wile take
place on Tuesday,10 January 2006.
E-Mail
E-Mail Stands on Electronic Mail. E-Mail is the fastest means of
communication these days it is being used by people Who have access to
the Internet. The Internet web Mail is a service that allows people to send
and receive message from across the world .
Steps to Send E-mail:1. Type your E-mail Address in the “from” slot.
Exp: webmaster@yahoo.com
2.Type the E-mail address of the person whom you are sending the E-mail
message in the “To” slot.
Exp: joshibnl@yahoo.co.in
3. Type the subject of the message in the “subject” slot.
Exp: Hello
4. Type the message in the “message” slot.
Exp: Hi! How r u
5. Click on the “send” button to send the message.
Formal-Letters
Formal-letters are also called business letters. They include letters to
editors of newspapers and magazines, applications for Jobs/leave and other
official letters.
Exp:- Applying for a Job.
Hari Singh
438,phase-2
Mohali
8 January ’06
Dear Sir ,
Subject: Application for the job of an Office Assistant.
I saw your advertisement in the Indian Express of 7 January 2006
for the post of an Office Assistant. I wish to apply for the job. The BioData sheet with the lists of my qualifications and details of my experience
is enclosed.
I shall be happy to present myself for an interview.
Yours faithfully
[Hari Singh]
Encls: a) Bio-Data
b) Testimonials.
Informal-letters
One writes letters to friends and relations such letters are called informal or
personal letters .
Exp:Advice to take interest in studies
46,Model Town,
Jalandhar City.
6 June, 200__ .
My Dear Vijay,
I received your result-card yesterday. Your result is very poor. You
are failed in all the subjects. It is a matter of shame for us.
Vijay, you are neglecting your studies. This is very bad. Final examinations
are drawing near. You should work very hard. Engage some tutor. Leave
bad company. If you do not take interest in your studies now. you will have
to repent later on.
I hope you will act upon my advise.
Yours affectionately,
Gurnam Singh
Narration
• 1. (Rule) If the reporting verb is in the
present or in future tense then the tense of
the reporting speech doesn’t change at all.
• 2 (Rule) If the reporting verb is in the past
tense then the tense of the reporting speech
will be changed as given below.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Present Indefinite changes into past indefinite.
Present continuous changes into past Continuous.
Present perfect changes into Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous changes into Past P. Cont.
Past Indefinite changes into Past Perfect.
Past Continuous changes into Past perfect Continuous.
Can changes into Could
May changes into Might
Shall changes into Should
Will changes into Would
Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous Tenses Do no
Change
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Now Changes into then
This Changes into that
These Changes into those
Today Changes into that day
Tonight Changes into That night
Tomorrow Changes into The next day
Yesterday Changes into The previous day
Ago Changes into Before
Here Changes into There
Pronouns of the First person in the reported
speech changes according to the subject.
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exercise:- Change the following
Mother says,” Tea is ready.”
Ram will say,” I have done my work.”
She said to me,” He is wasting his time.”
Ram said,” I can not help you now.”
5.
The master said to the servant,” Bring a new flower today.”
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I said to him,” When you are coming?”
She said,” What a beautiful flower”!
I said to him,” Will you return tomorrow”?
He said," May you live long!”
He said,” Alas! I have been ruined!”
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Correct the errors in the following sentences:
The man asked ma that what I want.
She was telling that she would not eat rice.
Ram suggested that let us go for a picnic.
My sister asked when I have arrived.
She said that she lives in Ludhiana.
Non-Finites
There are three kinds of non-Finites:1. Infinitive
2. Participle
3. Gerund
• Infinitive: ‘to + I Form’
Examples: It s time to ring the bell.
• Participle: ‘A Participle is a verbal form used as
an adjective and sometimes as an adverb.
Example: He gave me a broken slate.
• Gerund: ‘A Greund ends in ‘ing’ ( Ist Form of
verb + ing). It has the force of a noun and a verb.
Example: Dancing is an art.
• Exercise for Practice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I have no time ………………
I have new plan ………………
………… is a very good exercise.
No………….. In this compartment.
It was a ……………….. Sight.
It was a ……………. Play.
Tense (Concord and Sequences)
Exercise : Correct the Tense in the following
1. They have come yesterday.
2. I have bought this house last year.
3. She is working in the office for two years.
4. I had gone to the club last night.
5. Take care that you will not be cleared.
Put the Correct Verb in the blanks :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Slow and steady ……………….. The race ( Win, Wins)
You as well as he, …………….. Innocent. (Is, are)
None but the brave……………… the fair (deserve, deserves)
The news of the flood ………………. Caused grant anxiety ( has,
have)
Time and tide …………… for none ( wait , waits)
The jury ………………… divided on the issue. (was, were)
Neither my brother nor I ……………….. Ever been to Mumbai
(Has, have)
Oil and water ………………… mix. (does not, do not)]
The crow did …………… best to save the ship. (its, there)
Neither you nor …………. Lucky. (am, are)
Find Some Fun Here By
Click on Downloaded file
Paragraph
•
•
•
•
Describe People
Describe Places
Describe Incidents
Describe Procedure
How to Make a Candle
It is very easy to make a candle. First wax is broken into
small pieces. Then water is boiled in a double boiler. Now the
wax is put in the Top container of the double boiler to melt. It
is made to boil to 21F. Care is taken not to over boil it because
if heated more it starts smoking. If one wants colored candles,
color is added at this stage. A wick is inserted inside a mould
which is lubricated from inside. It is made sure that wick does
not fall inside the mould by placing a rod across on its top. The
wick is tied to it. Now the Melted wax is poured into it. The
filled mould is put into a bucket containing cold water. The
weight is removed and the wax is left to harden over night.
Next Day the candle is gently pulled out. The candle is ready.
My Best Friend
I Have many friends. But Ram is my best friend. He is 14 Years
old. Her father is a Doctor. Her mother is a teacher. He belongs to a
good family.
He gets up early in the Morning. He goes out for walk daily. He
is an Intelligent student. He is a good player. He helps the poor.
Ram is also a good player. He is a captain of the Tennis team of
our School. All teachers love him. He always Speaks the truth. He is
an Honest and Sincere. He respect his Elders. He is true friend in the
real sense. Everybody wants to be friendly with him. May he live
long!
A visit to Zoo
There is a zoo in our city. I visit it last Sunday. I
went with my parents. We bought tickets and went in. First of
all we saw birds. There were many beautiful and rare kinds of
birds. We saw parrots,Swallows,peacocks,ducks, herons, gulls
and geese. Then we saw some wild beasts. A lioness and her
cub were basking in the sun. We saw also Wolvs,tigers,
elephants and rhinos. When we were coming back we saw a
muddy Pond. There were many big snakes in it. I saw fearful
to look at them. We stayed in the zoo for about three hours.
Then we came back home.
A House on Fire
It was Sunday. I was sitting in my room with my
friends. Suddenly, we saw clouds of smoke rising in the
sky. There was a big fire in the next street. People were
running to the site of fire. Children were shouted for help.
People brought buckets of water. We also joined them.
We Threw sand and water on the flames. The fire was put
out after half an hour. It was the house of carpenter. The
poor man suffered a big loss. All his wood, grain and
money were gone. The house was reduced to ashes. He
was very sad at his loss. People felt sorry for him. They
give him food, clothes and some money. The poor
carpenter thanked them with folded hands.
Thanking You
G.H.S Cheema
Jodhpur
(BARNALA)