BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Senses: Classification of receptors
Receptors generally sensitive to
a specific type of stimuli
Types:
______________
Respond to physical deformation
______________
Respond to chemicals
______________
Respond to heat and cold
______________
Respond to tissue damage
______________
Respond to light
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The General Senses: __________ __________
_____________ nerve
endings:
* _____ ______ ______
include warm receptors, cold
receptors and nociceptors
* ________ ________
flattened nerve endings for
light touch and pressure
* _______ ________ with dendrites
wrapped around base of hair follicles
respond to light touch
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The General Senses: Cutaneous sensation
__________ nerve endings:
* _________ _________
deep pressure
* _______ _______ 2-point
discrimination and light
touch
* _______ _______ heavy
continuous touch
* _______ ______ stretch of muscle
* _____ _______ ____ heavy/excessive tendon tension
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The General Senses: Pain
Nociceptors found in most all tissues except the brain!
_____ _____ 12-30m/sec sharp, stabbing, short duration
_____ _____ .5-2m/sec dull ache, throbbing long duration
_____ _____ arises from skin, connective tissue, muscles
Superficial
Deep
_____ _____ arises from internal organs and is due to
_____ (stretch), ______ ________ and _________.
Causes feelings of poorly localized pain and nausea.
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Senses: Pain
Referred pain:
interpreted as coming
from a source other than
actual source
Sensory neurons from
viscera and skin share
interneurons and brain
interprets as coming
from skin
Ex. Myocardial infarction (MI) is often felt as pain
radiating down left arm. Important reference for diagnosing
internal organ dysfunction.
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Senses: Pain
Pain pathways:
1st order neurons (nociceptors)
2nd order neurons (projection)
3rd order neurons
Anesthesia and pain control:
Local anesthesia – (ex. novacaine) decreased Na+
permeability
General anesthesia – (ex. Ether, Nitrous oxide) cross bloodbrain barrier, make plasma membrane more permeable to K+
Neuromodulators – (ex. Morphine, endorphins) affect
synaptic properties of pain neurons
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Special Senses: Olfaction (
)
Olfaction occurs _____
___________________
_________ on patch of
specialized _________.
Axons ascend through
______ ______ (in w/c
bone?) to _________
_______.
Can detect ~_____
distinct smells, derived 1) __________
3) __________
from a number of
“primary odors” 7-50 5) __________
7) __________
2) __________
4) __________
6) __________
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Special Senses: Olfaction (
Olfactory neurons
___________________
__________________.
Like taste must be ___
_____________.
Epithelium and neurons
are replaced ~ ______.
This is unusual for
neurons.
)
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Special Senses: Gustation (
Oral
chemoreceptors that
detect chemicals
which are __
________ (saliva)
are ____ _____.
)
Taste buds are
comprised of
specialized
________ ____ that Associated mainly with ________.
synapse with
Also on lips etc.
_______.
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Senses: Gustation (
)
Types of papillae:
___________
___________
___________
___________
(most numerous
but NO taste buds
here.
Foliate papillae
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Senses: Gustation (taste)
Taste buds can detect
_____ basic tastes:
________
________
________
________
________
Taste buds are
“specialized” to be more
sensitive to specific taste.
Taste map
BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Senses: Gustation (taste)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
What do we need to visualize the universe?
•________ that respond
to light intensity
•__________ of light to
receptors
•Receptors that respond
to __________
•________ of receptors
•Mechanism to _____
light on receptors
•Control over _______
of light striking
receptors
•________ of organs (eyes)
•Pair of organs for ________
________
•Ability to ______________
organs
What structures help protect the eye?
Shade and protect
(Palpebrae) protect
Protective hairs
Protective mucosa
How do we keep our eyes moist?
_____________________:
Keeps eyes moistened with
tears, which are formed in
lacrimal gland.
Palpebrae help spread tears
across eyes
Where do tears go?
Excess tears drain via
________ into
_____________, then
_________________ and
finally into nasal cavity
Milk squirting…
How do we move our eyes?
Eye
movements
accomplished
via 6 extrinsic
eye muscles:
*
Superior view
Lateral view
*
Which cranial nerves innervate w/c muscles?
What are the layers of the eye and what are
their functions?
3 distinct layers
of tissue in eye:
____________
Sclera & cornea
____________
Choroid, etc.
____________
Retina
Clear light pathway
How do our eyes control the amount
of light entering?
_________ refracts light as
it head towards lens
_________ is attached to
ciliary body and consists of
contractile tissue (smooth
muscle). Coloration is due
to varying amounts of
melanin
_____ is simply the hole in
the center of the iris
How do we focus the image?
_____________ contains
smooth muscle fibers, which
allow the distortion of the
lens via ________________.
_____________________
are very vascular and
produce ________
_________ (watery fluid in
anterior compartment).
How is light converted into action potentials?
3 neuronal layers of the
retina:
___________________
Also ____________ and
__________________
Are all photoreceptors created equally?
_________ (~120 million each)
______ (~6-7 million each)
How is light converted into action potentials?
Light causes
___________ to
“bleach” and it
must be
recharged. The
____________
is moved to the
_____________
_____ of the
retina (back to
____________)
How is light converted into action potentials?
The Senses: Vision
Photoreceptors are rather
unique in that they are
__________________ as
a result of stimulation.
In dark (no stimulus)
leaky Na+ channels.
In light (stimulus) Na+
channels close and
hyperpolarization occurs
How do we see milions of colors with only “3 primary
color” receptors?
Different colors
are identified by
analysis of the
____________
of each of the 3
colors (RGB).
Is a rose by any other color still a rose?
Heritable mutation of
genes coding for red/green
on the ________________
result in color blindness
(dichromatism)
If no cones at all…
If red-green color blind…
BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
The Senses: Hearing
______ collects
sound waves
_____ ______
_______ (canal)
channels sound
waves
__________
______ &
_________
conduct sound
waves
The Senses: Hearing
The ____ _______
transfers sound
waves to the liquid
inside the _______
Three _____:
________
________
(cochlear duct)
________
The Senses: Hearing
Sound waves
vibrate basilar
membrane
causing
________ __
________
Bending causes ____________ in
hair cells that in turn create action
potentials in synapsing neurons
The Senses: Hearing
Basilar membrane
stiff near vestibule,
responds to ______
________ ______
(20,000 Hz).
______ _______
picked up further in
to cochlear duct,
with lowest
Excess wave energy travels back
frequencies (200
down via _____ ________ and out
Hz) at apex
_______ __________
The Senses: Balance
______
__________
Responds to
force of
________
The Senses: Hearing
________ _________
Responds to movement
of ____________ (fluid)
in _________ _______