Codes and Rules for
Description: History
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information
IS 245: Organization of Information In
Collections
IS 257 – Fall 2007
2007.01.24 - SLIDE 1
Lecture Contents
• Review
– Controlled Vocabularies
– Metadata as Infrastructure
• Introduction to Description – Codes and
Rules
• Discussion
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Controlled Vocabularies
• Vocabulary control is the attempt to
provide a standardized and consistent set
of terms (such as subject headings,
names, classifications, etc.) with the intent
of aiding the searcher in finding
information
• That is, it is an attempt to provide a
consistent set of descriptions for use in (or
as) metadata
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Goethe
…etc…
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John Muir
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Pauline Cochrane nee Atherton
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Pauline Cochrane nee Atherton
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Metadata as Infrastructure
• The difference between memorization and
understanding lies in knowing the context
and relationships of whatever is of interest.
When setting out to learn about a new
topic, a well-tested practice is to follow the
traditional “5Ws and the H”: Who?, What?,
When?, Where?, Why?, and How?
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Metadata as Infrastructure
• The reference collections of paper-based
libraries provide a structured environment for
resources, with encyclopedias and subject
catalogs, gazetteers, chronologies, and
biographical dictionaries, offering direct support
for at least What, Where, When, and Who.
• The digital environment does not yet provide an
effective, and easily exploited, infrastructure
comparable to the traditional reference library.
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Connecting Metadata Systems
Linking vocabularies WHAT, WHERE, WHEN
Library subject headings
Topic – Geographic subdivision – Chronological subdivision
Place name gazetteer:
Place name – Type – Spatial markers (Lat & long) – When
Time Period Directory
Period name – Type – Time markers (Calendar) – WhereC
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Time period directories link via the place
(or time)
Texts
Maps/
Geo Data
EVI
Thesaurus/
Ontology
Gazetteers
captions
Time Period Directory
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Numeric
datasets
Time lines, Chronologies
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WHEN: Time Period Directory Timeline
Link to Catalog
Link to Wikipedia
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WHO: Biographical Dictionary Complex
relationships
Life events metadata
WHAT: Actions
prisoner
WHERE: Places
Holstein
WHEN: Times
1261-1262
WHO: People
Margaret Sambiria
Need external links
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Any document, object, or
performance
Connect it with its context – and other resources.
Facet
Vocabulary
Displays
WHAT
Thesaurus
e.g. LCSH
WHERE
Gazetteer
WHEN
Period directory Timeline
WHO
Biograph. dict. Personal
e.g. Who’s Who relations
IS 257 – Fall 2007
Crossreferences
Any catalog: Archives,
Libraries, Museums, TV,
Publishers
Map
Any resource:
Audio, Images, Texts, Numeric
data, Objects,
Virtual reality, Webpages
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Demo of search interface
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Entry Vocabulary
Index suggests correct
LCSH with different
spelling
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Related places
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Potentially related
people
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Potentially related
periods
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Mostly in India 16th18th century
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Find out more about
this area.
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Different Browsing Options!
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Zooming in to
South Asia
Select
Restricting time
frame
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More information about
the country of India…
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More information about
the country of India…
Berkeley Natural History Museums
Wikipedia
BBC
Ethnologue
CIA Factbook
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Historical events – linked to
Library catalog & Wikipedia :
none avail. for this time period
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ECAI Cultural Atlases:
presenting history in its geographical
& chronological contexts
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Today
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History of Cataloging Codes
Other Metadata systems
Bibliographic information
Bibliographic records
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Cataloging Codes
• Why have codes?
• Definition:
– A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement
of laws and stututes so as to avoid
inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
(Rowley, p. 105)
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History of Cataloging Codes
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Early Library Organization Methods
British Museum Rules (Panizzi’s 91 rules,1841)
Cutter’s Rules for a Dictionary Catalog (1876)
Prussian Instructions (1898)
Anglo-American Code (1908)
ALA Code (1949)
Library of Congress Rules (1949)
AACR (1967) Lubetsky’s revision
AACR II (1978 revised 1988 and 1998)
Vis. Rowley, Chap 8
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Bibliographic Information
• Describes documents
• What is a document (revisited)?
• Choice of descriptive elements and
content of those elements typically
governed by a set of rules:
– AACR II
• Elements coded in standard ways for
transmission.
– MARC
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Goals of Descriptive Cataloging
• 1. To enable a person to find a document of
which
– the author, or
– the title, or
– the subject is known
• 2. To show what a library has
– by a given author
– on a given subject (and related subjects)
– in a given kind (or form) of literature.
• 3. To assist in the choice of a document
– as to its edition (bibliographically)
– as to its character (literary or topical)
Charles A. Cutter, 1876
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Rules for Descriptive Cataloging
• ISBD
• AACR
• AACR II
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AACRII
• Sources of Information
• ISBD areas
• Choice of Access Points
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Sources of Information
• Each different type of material has a
preferred location for deriving information
about it.
– Books and printed material
• Title page
– Cartographic Materials (Maps, globes, etc)
• The map itself, or containers, stands, etc.
– Sound recordings
• Disc label, cassette label, etc.
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ISBD Areas
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Title and Statement of Responsibility
Edition
Material or type of publication specification
Publication, Distribution (etc.)
Physical Description
Series
Notes
Standard Numbers
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ISBD Punctuation
• Title Proper (GMD) = Parallel title : other
title info / First statement of
responsibility ; others. -- Edition
information. -- Material. -- Place of
Publication : Publisher Name, Date. -Material designation and extent ;
Dimensions of item. -- (Title of Series /
Statement of responsibility). -- Notes. -Standard numbers: terms of availability
(qualifications).
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Bibliographic Record
• Introduction to cataloging and
classification / Bohdan S. Wynar. -- 8th ed.
/ Arlene G. Taylor. -- Englewood, Colo. :
Libraries Unlimited, 1992. -- (Library
science text series).
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Choice of Access Points
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Title(s) (Always main title)
Main Entry??
Added Entries
Series Titles
Identifying Numbers
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Next Time
• More on bibliographic description and
rules
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Assignment (Due Thursday)
• Describe the Svenonius book using the 15
Dublin Core elements
• Describe the book using ISBD
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Dublin Core Elements
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Title
Creator
Subject
Description
Publisher
Other Contributors
Date
Resource Type
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Format
Resource Identifier
Source
Language
Relation
Coverage
Rights Management
2007.01.24 - SLIDE 42