Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
About Human Development
Chapter One
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
I.
Human Development:
Basic Concepts
A.
Study of Human Development
1.
Developmental Change
a.
b.
2.
Quantitative Change
Qualitative Change
Four goals
a.
b.
c.
d.
Description
Explanation
Prediction
Modification
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
B.
Periods of the Life Span
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prenatal (conception to birth)
Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
Early Childhood (3 to 6 years)
Middle Childhood (6 to 12 years)
Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
Young Adulthood (20 to 40 years)
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Late Adulthood (65 years and older)
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C.
Aspects of Development
1.
2.
3.
D.
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development
Individual Differences
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E.
Influences on Development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
F.
Heredity
Environment
Normative Influences
Nonnormative Life Events
Timing of Influences: Critical Periods
Influences in Context:
An Ecological Approach
The Role of Culture
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
II.
Human Development:
How the Study has Evolved
A.
B.
C.
Studying Childhood
Studying Adolescence, Adulthood
and Aging
Studying the Life Span
1.
2.
3.
4.
D.
Multidirectionality
Plasticity
History and Context
Multiple Causation
Life-span Issue:
Can Early Personality Traits Predict
Midlife Development?
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
III. Human Development:
Research Methods
A.
B.
Steps in the Scientific Method
Sampling
1.
2.
C.
Generalizability
Random Selection
Forms of Data Collection
1.
2.
3.
Self-Reports
Behavioral Measures
Observation
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D.
Basic Research Design
1.
2.
3.
E.
Case Studies
Correlational Studies
Experiments
Studying Age Effects:
Quasi-Experimental Methods
1.
2.
3.
Longitudinal Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Cross-Sequential Studies
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
F.
Ethics of Research
1.
2.
3.
Right to Informed Consent
Right to Self-Esteem
Right to Privacy
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
IV.
Human Development:
Theoretical Perspectives
A.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
1.
Freud: Psychosexual Theory
a.
b.
2.
3.
Stages of Development
Personality
Erikson: Psychosocial Theory
Miller: Relational Theory
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
B.
Learning Perspective
1.
Behaviorism
a.
b.
2.
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social-Learning Theory
a.
b.
Contrast to Behaviorism
Observational Learning
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
C.
Cognitive Perspective
1.
Piaget: Stage Model
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
Four stages
Organization
Adaptation
Equilibration
Information Processing
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
D.
Ethological Perspective
1.
2.
E.
Imprinting
Attachment
Contextual Perspective
1.
2.
3.
Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky)
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.