EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
European Forest Types and the EUNIS habitat
classification
To EEA project manager: Rania Spyropoulou / rania.spyropoulou@eea.europa.eu,
(copied to Annemarie Bastrup-Birk / Annemarie.Bastrup-Birk@eea.europa.eu for Work
Package 1.2.2.B.1)
ETC/BD task manager: Sabine Roscher / roscher@mnhn.fr
ETC/BD task team: Douglas Evans / evans@mnhn.fr
Work package no.: 1.2.1.B.4 (also 1.2.2.B.1)
Date: 10/03/2013
Muséum National
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Tel. +33.1.40.79.38.70
Fax. +33.1.40.79.38.67
etc.biodiversity@mnhn.fr
http://bd.eionet.europa.eu
The European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity (ETC/BD) is a consortium of nine organisations
under a Framework Partnership Agreement with the European Environment Agency
NCA-CR ECNC GDNAP-TR ILE-SAS ISPRA JNCC MNHN SLU UBA-V
European Forest Types and the EUNIS habitat classification
Douglas Evans
European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity
This report is a deliverable under ‘1.2.1.B.4 Further development of EUNIS / ii Work on
habitats data’ (EEA sub-task manager: Rania Spyropoulou ) but it is also a contribution
towards work under ‘1.2.2.B.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem assessments related to the EU
Biodiversity Strategy/ ii EU Target 3 Agriculture and Forests’ (EEA sub-task manager:
Annemarie Bastrup-Birk) and in particular for;iii)
Support the work on HNV forests entrusted to ETC/SIA and University of Molise
(as contractors). This includes fine-tuning the cross-walk from EUNIS to the
European forest types and links to CLC (see task 1.2.1.B.4);
iv)
Participate in a meeting with the UNECE/FAO/Timber section team of specialists
for the further development of assessments of sustainable forest management
at European level, the development of European forest types for the report of
Forest Europe 2015;
Introduction
The EUNIS habitats classification is a classification of all habitat types in Europe, covering
terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, developed by the European Topic Centre on
Biological Diversity (ETC/BD) for the European Environment Agency (EEA). European
Forest Types is a classification of forests developed for the Ministerial Conference on the
Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE). This document examines the relationship
between the 2 classifications and, where possible, gives crosswalks in both directions
between them.
The EUNIS Habitat Classification
The EUNIS habitat classification was developed by the ETC/BD and its predecessors and
can be considered to be a development from the earlier CORINE biotopes and Palaearctic
habitat classifications (Evans 2012). EUNIS was based on similar principles but aimed to
give better coverage of marine habitats and have agreed criteria to define the habitat
classes. Development started in the mid 1990s with the last major revision being
published in 2004. EUNIS is a hierarchical classification with 10 level one classes (plus
habitat complexes), Class ‘G’ is ‘Woodland, forest and other wooded land’.
EUNIS (Davies, Moss & Hill 2004) defines ‘Woodland, forest and other wooded land’ as
“Woodland and recently cleared or burnt land where the dominant
vegetation is, or was until very recently, trees with a canopy cover of at least
10%. Trees are defined as woody plants, typically single-stemmed, that can
reach a height of 5 m at maturity unless stunted by poor climate or soil.
Includes lines of trees, coppices, regularly tilled tree nurseries, tree-crop
plantations and fruit and nut tree orchards. Includes Alnus and Populus swamp
woodland and riverine Salix woodland. Excludes Corylus avellana scrub and
Salix and Frangula carrs. Excludes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees
(krummholz) < 3m high, such as occur at the arctic or alpine tree limit.
Excludes parkland and dehesa with canopy less than 10%, which are listed
under sparsely wooded grasslands E7.”
Class G is divided into 5 level 2 classes and 60 level 3 classes. Further subdivisions are
given but these are units copied from other classifications, primarily the Palaearctic
classification and may not cover all the variation in the parent class. No criteria are given
for these levels.
EUNIS was conceived as a tool for reporting at a European scale and not to replace the
many existing national or regional classifications. Several crosswalks have been produced
to help EUNIS function as a common language, such as the crosswalks to plant
communities (Schaminée et al 2012) and Nordic vegetation types (Påhlsson 1994) and all
habitat types listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive can be allocated to one or
more EUNIS classes. EUNIS is an approved code list under the EU ISPIRE directive.
European Forest Types
European Forest Types was produced for the MCPFE by a group of experts and is
intended to be used for reporting on sustainable forest management in Europe. It is
derived from an earlier classification of European forests by the BEAR project (Larsson
2001). The classification includes 14 classes divided into 78 types and covers forest land as
defined by FAO (2004) “Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a
canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in
situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban
land use.
Explanatory notes
1. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other
predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5
meters in situ. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are
expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 m are
included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human
intervention or natural causes, which are expected to regenerate.
2. Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that height and canopy
cover criteria are met.
3. Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in
national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of
specific scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest.
4. Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more
than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m.
5. Includes plantations primarily used for forestry or protection purposes, such
as rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands.
6. Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit
plantations and agroforestry systems. The term also excludes trees in urban
parks and gardens.”
European Forest Types was first published in 2006 (EEA 2006) with a second edition in
2007 (EEA 2007). The second edition changes some names and descriptions (e.g.
‘montane’ is replaced by ‘mountainous’ in several names; ‘Southern boreal birch forest’
becomes ‘Other birch forest’). The EEA reports give descriptions and criteria (presented
as keys) together with links to the EUNIS habitats classification and the habitats of Annex
I of the Habitats Directive.
Proposals for 3 additional forest types together with some restructuring and other
modifications were made by UNECE/FAO (2010). The new types are
2.7 Atlantic Maritime pine forest
2.8 Nemoral Silver fir forest
7.9 Mountainous Silver fir forest
11.1 Spruce mire forest*
11.2 Pine mire forest*
*11.1 & 11.2 were formerly ‘11.1 Conifer dominated or mixed mire forest’ which has been
split to give the 2 new types, numbering of other types within class 11 has changed to
accommodate this change, e.g. Alder swamp forest was formerly code 11.2 but is now
11.3.
Descriptions are given for these new and revised types but the criteria & keys in the
earlier reports have not been revised and no correspondence to EUNIS or Annex I is
given. UNECE/FAO (2010) also proposes replacing the previous class ‘14 Plantations and
self sown exotic forest’ with ‘14 Introduced tree species forest’ and using
recommendations in annex I of FOREST EUROPE, UNECE & FAO (2011) for types (see
box). An overview of these changes is given as appendix 1.
Box 1: Recommendations for class 14. Introduced tree species forest from
FOREST EUROPE, UNECE & FAO (2011)
Introduced tree species can be identified at regional (recommended) or national
level and comprise:
• tree species that are not native to Europe (e.g. Eucalyptus spp., Robinia
pseudoacacia, Acacia dealbata, Ailanthus altissima, Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra,
Fraxinus alba, Picea sitkensis, Pinus contorta, Pinus banksiana, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla);
• tree species native to Europe, but not naturally occurring within the borders of
individual FOREST EUROPE member states;
• tree species native only in some regions of an individual FOREST EUROPE
country.
The correspondence to EUNIS (at level 3) given in EEA (2006, 2007) is incomplete and not
available as a table. For this report the relationships between European Forest Types and
EUNIS given in EEA (2007) are presented as a table (Appendix 2). The changes proposed
in UNECE/FAO (2010) have been included. While compiling the table some gaps and
possible errors were identified and suggestions for corrections have been made. For
example EEA (2006) gives ‘G2.1 Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland’ as the
corresponding EUNIS habitat type for ‘9.2 Olive-carob forest’ but this should be ‘G2.4
Olive - carob woodland’.
European Forest Types gives the English form of the EUNIS name, in the crosswalk
presented below the ‘scientific name has been given. A crosswalk from EUNIS level 3 to
European Habitat Types has also been produced (Appendix 3).
Problems encountered
Mixed Forests
With a few exceptions European Forest Types have names and relationships to EUNIS
habitat types which refer purely to deciduous or evergreen forests although often the
description and criteria mention mixed stands.
Although EFT has no types named as mixed beech woods it is clear from the descriptions
that most of the types in class ‘7 Mountainous beech forest’ can be mixed. For example
‘7.1 South-western European mountainous beech forest’ is described as “beech or beechfir dominated” and the only EUNIS habitat type noted is ‘G1.6 Beech woodland’ although
mixed stands could be ‘ G4.6 Mixed Abies- Picea - Fagus woodland’. The mixtures
described are mostly with spruce or fir and only ‘7.6 Moesian mountainous beech forest’
describes a mix of beech and Scots pine equivalent to EUNIS ‘G4.5 Mixed Pinus sylvestris Fagus woodland’ although such stands occur elsewhere, often as a result of forest
management.
Although it has been possible to assign a EUNIS habitat type to each European Forest
Type, in some cases it has not been possible to assign an European Forest Type to each
EUNIS habitat type. For example G4.9 Mixed deciduous woodland with Cupressaceae or
Taxaceae’ has no clear place in European Forest Types.
Taiga larch woods
EUNIS type G3.C Larix taiga woodland has no clear forest type in EFT although they would
be in the Boreal class. Open woodlands with Larix sibirica are described by Bohn et al
(2000/2003) under Eastern boreal open woodlands.
Plantations
EUNIS separates stands of trees native to a region into ‘natural’ or plantation but the
2010 edition of EFT would not make any distinction. For example beech within its natural
range could be ‘G1.C Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations’ or ‘G1.6
Fagus woodland’ depending on its origin but EFT (2010) would classify as one of the types
in classes 6 or 7.
Orchards
EUNIS has classes for orchards (e.g. ‘G1.D fruit and nut tree orchards’, G2.9 Evergreen
orchards and groves’) which are not covered by EFT.
G5 Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage
woodland and coppice
Many elements here have no counterpart in European Forest Types (e.g. ‘G5.1 Lines of
trees’) while others such as ‘G5.7 Coppice and early stage plantations’ are difficult,
especially with the 2010 proposals for class 14 Introduced tree species forest. No
correspondence has been given between G5 and EFT in Appendix 3.
References
Bohn, U., Neuhäusl, R., unter Mitarbeit von / with contributions by Gollub, G., Hettwer, C.,
Neuhäuslová, Z., Raus, Th., Schlüter, H. & Weber, H. (2000/2003): Karte der natürlichen
Vegetation Europas / Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. Maßstab / Scale 1 : 2 500
000. Münster (Landwirtschaftsverlag)
Davies CE, Moss D & Hill M. (2004). Eunis Habitat Classification Revised 2004. Available
from http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/upload/EUNIS_2004_report.pdf
EEA (2006) European forest types-categories and types for sustainable forest
management reporting and policy European Environment Agency Technical Report
9/2006
EEA (2007) European forest types-categories and types for sustainable forest
management reporting and policy (2nd edition) European Environment Agency Technical
Report 9/2006
Evans, D (2012) The EUNIS habitats classification - past, present & future. Revista de
Investigación Marina 19(2): 28-29.
FAO (2004). Global forest resources assessment update 2005 - terms and definitions.
FAO, Rome.
FOREST EUROPE, UNECE & FAO 2011: State of Europe’s Forests 2011. Status and Trends in
Sustainable Forest Management in Europe.
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/timber/Forest_Europe_report_2011_w
eb.pdf
Larsson TB. (2001). Biodiversity Evaluation Tools for European forests. Ecol Bull 50:1 – 237.
Påhlsson, L. (1994). Vegetationstyper i Norden. Tema Nord 1994:665. Nordisk Ministerråd,
Copenhagen.
Schaminée, JH.J. et al (2012) Development of vegetation syntaxa crosswalks to EUNIS
habitat classification and related data sets. Unpublished report for the EEA
UNECE/FAO (2010) Annex to Enquiry State of Forests and Sustainable Forest
Management in Europe 2011. New European Forest Types. Complementary
documentation. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/publications/europeanforest-type.pdf
European Forest Types and the EUNIS habitat classification
Appendix 1: Changes in European Forest Types between 2006 & 2010
Class
1 Boreal forest
2 Hemiboreal forest and
nemoral coniferous and
mixed
broadleaved-coniferous
forest
Forest type 2006
Forest type 2010
1.1 Spruce-dominated boreal
forest
1.1 Spruce-dominated boreal forest
1.1 Spruce-dominated boreal
forest
1.2 Pine-dominated boreal
forest
1.2 Pine-dominated boreal forest
1.2 Pine-dominated boreal
forest
2.1 Hemiboreal forest
2.1 Hemiboreal forest
2.1 Hemiboreal forest
2.2 Nemoral scots pine forest
2.2 Nemoral Scots pine forest
2.2 Nemoral Scots pine forest
2.3 Nemoral spruce forest
2.3 Nemoral spruce forest
2.3 Nemoral spruce forest
2.4 Nemoral Black pine forest
2.4 Nemoral Black pine forest
2.4 Nemoral Black pine forest
2.5 Mixed scots pine-birch
forest
2.5 Mixed Scots pine-birch forest
2.5 Mixed Scots pine-birch
forest
2.6 Mixed scots pinepedunculate oak forest
2.6 Mixed Scots pine-pedunculate oak
forest
2.6 Mixed Scots pinepedunculate oak forest
3 Alpine forest (was
3.1 Subalpine larch-arolla pine
Alpine coniferous forest in and dwarf pine forest
2006 & 2007)
3.2 Subalpine and montane
spruce and montane mixed
spruce-silver fir forest
ETC Biological Diversity
Forest type 2007
3.1 Subalpine larch-arolla pine and
dwarf pine forest
2.7 Atlantic Maritime pine
forest
new in 2010
2.8 Nemoral Silver fir forest
new in 2010
3.1 Subalpine larch-arolla pine
and dwarf pine forest
3.2 Subalpine and mountainous spruce 3.2 Subalpine and
and mountainous mixed spruce-silver
mountainous spruce and
fir forest
mountainous mixed
spruce-silver fir forest
7
comment
Class
Forest type 2006
Forest type 2007
3.3 Alpine scots pine and Black 3.3 Alpine Scots pine and Black pine
pine forest
forest
Forest type 2010
3.3 Alpine Scots pine and
Black pine forest
3.4 Mountainous birch forest
4 Acidophilous oak and
oak-birch forest.
5 Mesophytic deciduous
forest
6 Beech forest
comment
4.1 Acidophylous oakwood
4.1 Acidophylous oakwood
4.1 Acidophylous oakwood
4.2 Oak-birch forest
4.2 Oak-birch forest
4.2 Oak-birch forest
5.1 Pedunculate oak-hornbeam 5.1 Pedunculate oak-hornbeam forest
forest
5.1 Pedunculate oak-hornbeam
forest
5.2 Sessile oak-hornbeam
forest
5.2 Sessile oak-hornbeam forest
5.2 Sessile oak-hornbeam
forest
5.3 Ashwood and oak-ash
forest
5.3 Ashwood and oak-ash forest
5.3 Ashwood and oak-ash
forest
5.4 Maple-oak forest
5.4 Maple-oak forest
5.4 Maple-oak forest
5.5 Lime-oak forest
5.5 Lime-oak forest
5.5 Lime-oak forest
5.6 Maple-lime forest
5.6 Maple-lime forest
5.6 Maple-lime forest
5.7 Lime forest
5.7 Lime forest
5.7 Lime forest
5.8 Ravine and slope forest
5.8 Ravine and slope forest
5.8 Ravine and slope forest
5.9 Other mesophytic
deciduous forests
5.9 Other mesophytic deciduous
forests
5.9 Other mesophytic
deciduous forests
6.1 Lowland beech forest of
southern Scandinavia and
north central Europe
6.1 Lowland beech forest of southern
Scandinavia and north central Europe
6.1 Lowland beech forest of
southern Scandinavia and
north central Europe
6.2 Atlantic and subatlantic
lowland beech forest
6.2 Atlantic and subatlantic lowland
beech forest
6.2 Atlantic and subatlantic
lowland beech forest
6.3 Subatlantic submontane
beech forest
6.3 Subatlantic submountainous beech 6.3 Subatlantic
forest
submountainous beech forest
previously 13.3
Class
7 Mountainous beech
forest (was Montane
beech forest in 2006)
Forest type 2006
Forest type 2007
Forest type 2010
6.4 Central European
submontane beech forest
6.4 Central European submountainous
beech forest
6.5 Carpathian
submontanebeech forest
6.5 Carpathian submountainous beech 6.5 Carpathian
forest
submountainous beech forest
6.6 Illyrian submontane beech
forest
6.6 Illyrian submountainous beech
forest
6.6 Illyrian submountainous
beech forest
6.7 Moesian submontane
beech forest
6.7 Moesian submountainous beech
forest
6.7 Moesian submountainous
beech forest
7.1 South western European
montane beech forest
(Cantabrians, Pyrenees, central
Massif, south western Alps)
7.1 South western European
mountainous beech forest
(Cantabrians, Pyrenees, central
Massif, south western Alps)
7.1 South western European
mountainous beech forest
(Cantabrians, Pyrenees,
central Massif, south western
Alps)
7.2 Central European montane
beech forest
7.2 Central European mountainous
beech forest
7.2 Central European
mountainous beech forest
7.3 Apennine-Corsican
montane beech forest
7.3 Apennine-Corsican mountainous
beech forest
7.3 Apennine-Corsican
mountainous beech forest
7.4 Illyrian montane beech
forest
7.4 Illyrian mountainous beech forest
7.4 Illyrian mountainous beech
forest
7.5 Carpathian montane beech
forest
7.5 Carpathian mountainous beech
forest
7.5 Carpathian mountainous
beech forest
7.6 Moesian montane beech
forest
7.6 Moesian mountainous beech forest 7.6 Moesian mountainous
beech forest
7.7 Crimean montane beech
forest
7.7 Crimean mountainous beech forest 7.7 Crimean mountainous
beech forest
7.8 Oriental beech and
7.8 Oriental beech and
hornbeam-oriental beech forest hornbeam-oriental beech forest
comment
6.4 Central European
submountainous beech forest
7.8 Oriental beech and
hornbeam-oriental beech forest
7.9 Mountainous Silver fir
forest
new in 2010
Class
8 Thermophilous
deciduous forest
6.9 Broadleaved
evergreen forest
Forest type 2006
Forest type 2007
Forest type 2010
8.1 Downy oak forest
8.1 Downy oak forest
8.1 Downy oak forest
8.2 Turkey oak, Hungarian oak
and Sessile oak forest
8.2 Turkey oak, Hungarian oak and
Sessile oak forest
8.2 Turkey oak, Hungarian oak
and Sessile oak forest
8.3 Pyrenean oak forest
8.3 Pyrenean oak forest
8.3 Pyrenean oak forest
8.4 Portuguese oak and
Mirbeck's oak Iberian forest
8.4 Portuguese oak and Mirbeck's oak
Iberian forest
8.4 Portuguese oak and
Mirbeck's oak Iberian forest
8.5 Macedonian oak forest
8.5 Macedonian oak forest
8.5 Macedonian oak forest
8.6 Valonia oak forest
8.6 Valonia oak forest
8.6 Valonia oak forest
8.7 Chestnut forest
8.7 Chestnut forest
8.7 Chestnut forest
8.8 Other thermophilous
deciduous forests
8.8 Other thermophilous deciduous
forests
8.8 Other thermophilous
deciduous forests
9.1 Mediterranean evergreen
oak forest (Cork oak and holm
oak forest,Kermes and
alder-leaved oak forest)
9.1 Mediterranean evergreen oak
forest (Cork oak and holm oak
forest,Kermes and alder-leaved oak
forest)
9.1 Mediterranean evergreen
oak forest
9.2 Olive-carob forest
9.2 Olive-carob forest
9.2 Olive-carob forest
9.3 Palm groves
9.3 Palm groves
9.3 Palm groves
9.4 Macaronesian laurisilva
9.4 Macaronesian laurisilva
9.4 Macaronesian laurisilva
9.5 Other sclerophlyllous
forests
9.5 Other sclerophlyllous forests
9.5 Other sclerophlyllous
forests
10.1 Thermophilous pine forest
10.1 Mediterranean pine forest
10.2 Mediterranean and
Anatolian Black pine forest
10.2 Mediterranean and Anatolian
Black pine forest
10.2 Mediterranean and
Anatolian Black pine forest
10.3 Canarian pine forest
10.3 Canarian pine forest
10.3 Canarian pine forest
10 Coniferous forest of the 10.1 Thermophilous pine forest
Mediterranean, Anatolian
and Macaronesian regions
comment
Class
11 Mire and swamp
forests
12 Floodplain forest.
Forest type 2006
Forest type 2007
Forest type 2010
comment
10.4 Mediterranean and
Anatolian scots pine forest
10.4 Mediterranean and Anatolian
Scots pine forest
10.4 Mediterranean and
Anatolian Scots pine forest
10.5 Alti-Mediterranean pine
forest
10.5 Alti-Mediterranean pine forest
10.5 Alti-Mediterranean pine
forest
10.6 Mediterranean and
Anatolian fir forest
10.6 Mediterranean and Anatolian fir
forest
10.6 Mediterranean and
Anatolian fir forest
10.7 Juniper forest
10.7 Juniper forest
10.7 Juniper forest
10.8 Cypress forest
10.8 Cypress forest
10.8 Cypress forest
10.9 Cedar forest
10.9 Cedar forest
10.9 Cedar forest
10.10 Tetraclinis articulata
stands
10.10 Tetraclinis articulata stands
10.10 Tetraclinis articulata
stands
10.11 Mediterranean yew
stands
10.11 Mediterranean yew stands
10.11 Mediterranean yew
stands
11.1 Conifer dominated or
mixed mire forests
11.1 Conifer dominated or mixed mire
forests
11.1 Spruce mire forest
former 11.1 split into 2 types
11.2 Pine mire forest
former 11.1 split into 2 types
11.2 Alder swamp forest
11.2 Alder swamp forest
11.3 Alder swamp forest
new code
11.3 Birch swamp forest.
11.3 Birch swamp forest.
11.4 Birch swamp forest.
new code
11.4 Pedunculate oak swamp
forest
11.4 Pedunculate oak swamp forest
11.5 Pedunculate oak swamp
forest
new code
11.5 Aspen swamp forest
11.5 Aspen swamp forest
11.6 Aspen swamp forest
new code
12.1 Riparian forest
12.1 Riparian forest
12.1 Riparian forest
12.2 Fluvial forest
12.2 Fluvial forest
12.2 Fluvial forest
12.3 Mediterranean and
Macaronesian riparian forest
12.3 Mediterranean and Macaronesian 12.3 Mediterranean and
riparian forest
Macaronesian riparian forest
Class
13 Non-riverine alder,
birch or aspen forest
Forest type 2006
Forest type 2007
Forest type 2010
comment
13.1 Alder forest
13.1 Alder forest
13.1 Alder forest
13.2 Italian alder forest
13.2 Italian alder forest
13.2 Italian alder forest
13.3 Boreal birch forest
13.3 Mountain birch forest
13.4 Southern boreal birch
forest
13.4 Other birch forest
13.3 Birch forest
new descriptions in 2007 &
2010
13.5 Aspen forest
13.5 Aspen forest
13.4 Aspen forest
new code
14.1 Plantations of site-native species
no types described
In 2006 & 2007 class was
Plantations and self-sown
exotic forest
14 Introduced tree species 14.1 Plantations of site-native
forest
species
14.2 Plantations of not-sitenative species and self-sown
exotic forest
14.2 Plantations of not-site-native
species and self-sown exotic forest
now 3.4
Appendix 2: Crosswalk from European Forest Types to EUNIS habitat types (level 3)
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
1. Boreal forest
1.1 Spruce and
spruce-birch boreal
forest
Comment
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
G3.A — Spruce taiga woodland
G3.A
[Picea] taiga woodland
G4.2 — Mixed taiga woodland with
birch
G4.2
Mixed taiga woodland with [Betula]
G3.B — Pine taiga woodland
G3.B
[Pinus] taiga woodland
G4.2 — Mixed taiga woodland with
birch
G4.2
Mixed taiga woodland with [Betula]
2.1 Hemiboreal forest
G4.3 — Mixed sub-taiga woodland
with acidophilous oak
G4.3
Mixed sub-taiga woodland with
acidophilous [Quercus]
2.2 Nemoral Scots
pine forest
G3.4 — Scots pine woodland
south of the taiga
G3.4
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of
the taiga
2.3 Nemoral spruce
forest
G3.1 — Fir and spruce woodland
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
2.4 Nemoral Black
pine forest
G3.5 — Black pine (Pinus nigra)
woodland
G3.5
[Pinus nigra] woodland
2.5 Mixed Scots pinebirch forest
G4.4 — Mixed Scots pine-birch
woodland
G4.4
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Betula]
woodland
2.6 Mixed Scots pinepedunculate oak
forest
G4.7 — Mixed scots pine
acidophilous oak woodland
G4.7
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] acidophilous [Quercus] woodland
B1.7
Coastal dune woods
1.2 Pine and pinebirch boreal forest
2. Hemiboreal forest
and nemoral
coniferous and
mixed broadleavedconiferous forest
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
2.7 Atlantic Maritime
pine forest
added in
2010
not given
B1.7 Coastal dune
woods
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
4. Acidophylous
oakwood and oakbirch forest
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
G3.7 Lowland to
montane mediterranean
pine woodland
(excluding black pine
[Pinus nigra]
G3.7
Lowland to montane mediterranean
pine woodland (excluding black pine
[Pinus nigra])
G3.1 [Abies] and [Picea]
woodland
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
G3.2 — Alpine larch-Arolla
woodland
G3.2
Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra]
woodland
G3.3 — Mountain pine (Pinus
uncinata) woodland
G3.3
[Pinus uncinata] woodland
3.2 Subalpine and
mountainous spruce
and mountainous
mixed spruce-silver fir
forest
G3.1 — Fire and spruce woodland
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
3.3 AlpineScots pine
and Black pine forest
G3.4 — Scots pine woodland
south of the taiga
G3.4
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of
the taiga
3.4 Mountainous birch previously
forest
13.3 Boreal
birch forest
(2006)/13.3
Mountain
birch forest
(2007)
G1.9 — Non-riverine woodland
with birch, aspen, rowan
G1.9
Non-riverine woodland with [Betula],
[Populus tremula] or [Sorbus
aucuparia]
4.1 Acidophylous
oakwood
G1.8 — Acidophilous oakdominated woodland
G1.8
Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated
woodland
2.8 Nemoral Silver fir
forest
3. Alpine forest
Comment
added in
2010
3.1 Subalpine larcharolla pine and dwarf
pine forest
not given
EFT class
5. Mesophytic
deciduous forest
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
4.2 Oak-birch forest
G1.8 — Acidophilous oakdominated woodland
G1.8
Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated
woodland
5.1 Pedunculate oakhornbeam forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.2 Sessile
oak-hornbeam forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.3 Ashwood and
oak-ash forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.4 Maple-oak forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.5 Lime-oak forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.6 Maple-lime forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.7 Lime forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
EFT class
6. Beech forest
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
5.8 Ravine and slope
forest
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
5.9 Other mesohpytic
deciduous forests
G1.A — Meso- and eutrophic oak,
hornbeam, ash,sycamore, lime,
elm and related woodland
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus],
[Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia],
[Ulmus] and related woodland
6.1 Lowland beech
forest of southern
Scandinavia and
north central Europe
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6.2 Atlantic and
subatlantic lowland
beech forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6.3 Subatlantic to
Atlanto-Mediterranean
submountainous
beech forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6.4 Central European
submountainous
beech forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6.5 Carpathian
submountainous
beech forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6.6 Illyrian
submountainous
beech forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6.7 Moesian
submountainous
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
beech forest
7. Mountainous
beech forest
7.1 South-western
European
mountainous beech
forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G4.6 : Mixed [Abies] [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
7.2 Central European
mountainous beech
forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7.3 ApennineCorsican
mountainous beech
forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G4.6 : Mixed [Abies] [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
7.4 Illyrian
mountainous beech
forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G4.6 : Mixed [Abies] [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
7.5 Carpathian
mountainous beech
forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G4.6 : Mixed [Abies] [Picea] - [Fagus]
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
woodland
G1.6 — Beech woodland
7.6 Moesian
mountainous beech
forest
[Fagus] woodland
G4.6 : Mixed [Abies] [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G4.5 Mixed [Pinus
sylvestris] - [Fagus]
woodland
G4.5
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Fagus]
woodland
7.7 Crimean beech
forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7.8 Oriental beech
and
hornbeam-oriental
beech forest
G1.6 — Beech woodland
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
G4.6 : Mixed [Abies] [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland
G3.1 [Abies] and [Picea]
woodland
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
7.9 Mountainous
Silver fir forest
8. Thermophilous
deciduous forest
G1.6
added in
2010
not given
8.1 Downy oak forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8.2 Turkey oak,
Hungarian oak and
Sessile oak forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8.3 Pyrenean oak
forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
EFT class
9. Broadleaved
evergreen forest
10. Coniferous
forests of the
Mediterranean,
Anatolian and
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
8.4 Portoguese oak
and Mirbeck's oak
Iberian forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8.5 Macedonian oak
forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8.6 Valonia oak forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8.7 Chestnut forest
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8.8 Other
thermophilous
deciduous forests
G1.7 — Thermophilous deciduous
woodland
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
9.1 Mediterranean
evergreen oak forest
G2.1 — Mediterranean evergreen
oak woodland
G2.1
Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus]
woodland
9.2 Olive-carob forest
G2.1 — Mediterranean evergreen
oak woodland
G2.4
[Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua]
woodland
9.3 Palm groves
G2.5 — Palm groves
G2.5
[Phoenix] groves
9.4 Macaronesian
laurisilva
G2.3 — Macaronesian laurel
woodland
G2.3
Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland
9.5 Other
sclerophlyllous forest
G2.2 — Eurasian continental
sclerophyllous woodland
G2.2
Eurasian continental sclerophyllous
woodland
G2.6 — Holly woods
G2.6
[Ilex aquifolium] woods
G2.7 — Canary islands heath
woodland
G2.7
Canary Island heath woodland
G3.7 — Lowland to montane
mediterranean pine woodland
(excluding black pine Pinus nigra)
G3.7
Lowland to montane mediterranean
[Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus
nigra])
10.1 Mediterranean
pine forest
G2.4 — Olive - carob
woodland
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
Macaronesian
regions
10.2 Mediterranean
and Anatolian Black
pine forest
G3.5 — Black pine (Pinus nigra)
woodland
G3.5
[Pinus nigra] woodland
10.3 Canarian pine
forest
G3.8 — Canary island pine (Pinus
canariensis) woodland
G3.8
Canary Island [Pinus canariensis]
woodland
10.4 Mediterranean
and Anatolian Scots
pine forest
G3.4 — Scots pine woodland
south of the taiga
G3.4
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of
the taiga
10.5 AltiMediterranean pine
forest
G3.6 — Subalpine Mediterranean
pine woodland
G3.6
Subalpine mediterranean [Pinus]
woodland
10.6 Mediterranean
and Anatolian fir
forest
G3.1 — Fir and spruce woodland
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
10.7 Juniper forest
G3.9 — Coniferous woodland
dominated by Cupressaceae or
Taxaceae
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10.8 Cypress forest
G3.9 — Coniferous woodland
dominated by Cupressaceae or
Taxaceae
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10.9 Cedar forest
G3.9 — Coniferous woodland
dominated by Cupressaceae or
Taxaceae
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10.10 Tetraclinis
articulata stands
G3.9 — Coniferous woodland
dominated by Cupressaceae or
Taxaceae
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
G3.9 — Coniferous woodland
dominated by Cupressaceae or
Taxaceae
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
G3.D — Boreal bog conifer
woodland
G3.D
Boreal bog conifer woodland
G3.E — Nemoral bog conifer
woodland
G3.E
Nemoral bog conifer woodland
G4.1
Mixed swamp woodland
G3.D — Boreal bog conifer
woodland
G3.D
Boreal bog conifer woodland
G3.E — Nemoral bog conifer
woodland
G3.E
Nemoral bog conifer woodland
11.2 Alder swamp
forest
G1.4 — Broadleaved swamp
woodland not on acid peat
G1.4
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on
acid peat
11.3 Birch swamp
forest
G1.5 — Broadleaved swamp
woodland on acid peat
G1.5
Broadleaved swamp woodland on
acid peat
10.11 Mediterranean
yew stands
11. Mire and swamp 11.1 Spruce mire
forest
forest
former11.1
Conifer
dominated
or mixed
mire forest
split into
spruce &
pine forms
G4.1 Mixed swamp
woodland
11.2 Pine mire forest
former11.1
Conifer
dominated
or mixed
mire forest
split into
spruce &
pine forms
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
11.4 Pedunculate oak
swamp forest
G1.4 — Broadleaved swamp
woodland not on acid peat
G1.4
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on
acid peat
11.5 Aspen swamp
forest
G1.4 — Broadleaved swamp
woodland not on acid peat
G1.4
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on
acid peat
G1.1 — Riparian and gallery
woodland with dominant alder,
birch, poplar and willow
G1.1
Riparian and gallery woodland, with
dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus]
or [Salix]
12.2 Fluvial forest
G1.2 — Mixed riparian floodplain
and gallery woodland
G1.2
Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery
woodland
12.3 Mediterranean
and Macaronesian
riparian forest
G1.3 — Mediterranean riparian
woodland
G1.3
Mediterranean riparian woodland
13. Non-riverine
13.1 Alder forest
alder, birch or aspen
forest
G1.9 – Non-riverine woodland with G1.B : Non-riverine
birch, aspen, rowan
[Alnus] woodland
G1.B
Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
13.2 Italian alder
forest
G1.9 – Non-riverine woodland with G1.B : Non-riverine
birch, aspen, rowan
[Alnus] woodland
G1.B
Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
G1.9
Non-riverine woodland with [Betula],
[Populus tremula] or [Sorbus
aucuparia]
12. Floodplain forest 12.1 Riparian forest
13.3 Mountain birch
forest
former 13.3
Mountain
birch forest
now 3.4
13.3 Birch forest
equivalent
G1.9 – Non-riverine woodland with
to former
birch, aspen, rowan
13.4
Southern
boreal birch
forest
(2006)/other
birch forest
(2007)
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
13.4 Aspen forest
14 Introduced tree
species forest
no types given
Comment
EUNIS level 3 (from EEA 2006, 7)
Proposed change
G1.9 – Non-riverine woodland with
birch, aspen, rowan
was 14.
not given
Plantations
and selfsown exotic
forest
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
G1.9
Non-riverine woodland with [Betula],
[Populus tremula] or [Sorbus
aucuparia]
G1.C : Highly artificial
broadleaved deciduous
forestry plantations
G1.C
Highly artificial broadleaved
deciduous forestry plantations
G2.8 : Highly artificial
broadleaved evergreen
forestry plantations
G2.8
Highly artificial broadleaved
evergreen forestry plantations
G3.F : Highly artificial
coniferous plantations
G3.F
Highly artificial coniferous plantations
Appendix 3: Crosswalk from EUNIS level 3 to European Forest Types
Note - EUNIS classes with no clear correspondence, or where the relationship is unclear are highlighted in yellow
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
B1.7
Coastal dune woods
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.7 Atlantic Maritime pine forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G1.1
Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant
[Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]
12. Floodplain forest
12.1 Riparian forest
G1.2
Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland
12. Floodplain forest
12.2 Fluvial forest
G1.3
Mediterranean riparian woodland
12. Floodplain forest
12.3 Mediterranean and Macaronesian riparian forest
G1.4
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.2 Alder swamp forest
G1.4
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.4 Pedunculate oak swamp forest
G1.4
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.5 Aspen swamp forest
G1.5
Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.3 Birch swamp forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.1 Lowland beech forest of southern Scandinavia and
north central Europe
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.2 Atlantic and subatlantic lowland beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.3 Subatlantic to Atlanto-Mediterranean submountainous
beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.4 Central European submountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.5 Carpathian submountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.6 Illyrian submountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
6. Beech forest
6.7 Moesian submountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.1 South-western European mountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.2 Central European mountainous beech forest
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.3 Apennine-Corsican mountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.4 Illyrian mountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.5 Carpathian mountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.6 Moesian mountainous beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.7 Crimean beech forest
G1.6
[Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.8 Oriental beech and hornbeam-oriental beech forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.1 Downy oak forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.2 Turkey oak, Hungarian oak and Sessile oak forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.3 Pyrenean oak forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.4 Portoguese oak and Mirbeck's oak Iberian forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.5 Macedonian oak forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.6 Valonia oak forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.7 Chestnut forest
G1.7
Thermophilous deciduous woodland
8. Thermophilous deciduous forest
8.8 Other thermophilous deciduous forests
G1.8
Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
4. Acidophylous oakwood and oak-birch
forest
4.1 Acidophylous oakwood
G1.8
Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
4. Acidophylous oakwood and oak-birch
forest
4.2 Oak-birch forest
G1.9
Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus
tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
3. Alpine forest
3.4 Mountainous birch forest
G1.9
Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus
tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
13. Non-riverine alder, birch or aspen forest
13.3 Birch forest
G1.9
Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus
tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
13. Non-riverine alder, birch or aspen forest
13.4 Aspen forest
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.1 Pedunculate oak-hornbeam forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.2 Sessile oak-hornbeam forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.3 Ashwood and oak-ash forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.4 Maple-oak forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.5 Lime-oak forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.6 Maple-lime forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.7 Lime forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.8 Ravine and slope forest
G1.A
Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus],
[Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related
woodland
5. Mesophytic deciduous forest
5.9 Other mesohpytic deciduous forests
G1.B
Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
13. Non-riverine alder, birch or aspen forest
13.1 Alder forest
G1.B
Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
13. Non-riverine alder, birch or aspen forest
13.2 Italian alder forest
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
G1.C
Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry
plantations
14 Introduced tree species forest
G1.D
Fruit and nut tree orchards
Not covered by EFT
G2.1
Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus] woodland
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.1 Mediterranean evergreen oak forest
G2.2
Eurasian continental sclerophyllous woodland
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.5 Other sclerophlyllous forest
G2.3
Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.4 Macaronesian laurisilva
G2.4
[Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.2 Olive-carob forest
G2.5
[Phoenix] groves
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.3 Palm groves
G2.6
[Ilex aquifolium] woods
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.5 Other sclerophlyllous forest
G2.7
Canary Island heath woodland
9. Broadleaved evergreen forest
9.5 Other sclerophlyllous forest
G2.8
Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry
plantations
14 Introduced tree species forest
G2.9
Evergreen orchards and groves
Not covered by EFT
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.3 Nemoral spruce forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
3. Alpine coniferous forest
3.2 Subalpine and mountainous spruce and mountainous
mixed spruce-silver fir forest
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.6 Mediterranean and Anatolian fir forest
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.9 Mountainous Silver fir forest
G3.1
[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.8 Nemoral Silver fir forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G3.2
Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland
3. Alpine forest
G3.3
[Pinus uncinata] woodland
3. Alpine forest
3.1 Subalpine larch-arolla pine and dwarf pine forest
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
G3.4
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.2 Nemoral Scots pine forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G3.4
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
3. Alpine forest
3.3 AlpineScots pine and Black pine forest
G3.4
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.4 Mediterranean and Anatolian Scots pine forest
G3.5
[Pinus nigra] woodland
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.4 Nemoral Black pine forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G3.5
[Pinus nigra] woodland
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.2 Mediterranean and Anatolian Black pine forest
G3.6
Subalpine mediterranean [Pinus] woodland
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.5 Alti-Mediterranean pine forest
G3.7
Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus]
woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.1 Mediterranean pine forest
G3.7
Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus]
woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.7 Atlantic Maritime pine forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G3.8
Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.3 Canarian pine forest
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.7 Juniper forest
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.8 Cypress forest
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.9 Cedar forest
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.10 Tetraclinis articulata stands
G3.9
Coniferous woodland dominated by
[Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
10.11 Mediterranean yew stands
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
G3.A
[Picea] taiga woodland
1. Boreal forest
1.1 Spruce and spruce-birch boreal forest
G3.B
[Pinus] taiga woodland
1. Boreal forest
1.2 Pine and pine-birch boreal forest
G3.C
[Larix] taiga woodland
Not described in EFT
G3.D
Boreal bog conifer woodland
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.1 Spruce mire forest
G3.D
Boreal bog conifer woodland
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.2 Pine mire forest
G3.E
Nemoral bog conifer woodland
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.1 Spruce mire forest
G3.E
Nemoral bog conifer woodland
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.2 Pine mire forest
G3.F
Highly artificial coniferous plantations
14 Introduced tree species forest
G3.F
Highly artificial coniferous plantations
14 Introduced tree species forest
G4.1
Mixed swamp woodland
11. Mire and swamp forest
11.1 Spruce mire forest
G4.2
Mixed taiga woodland with [Betula]
1. Boreal forest
1.1 Spruce and spruce-birch boreal forest
G4.2
Mixed taiga woodland with [Betula]
1. Boreal forest
1.2 Pine and pine-birch boreal forest
G4.3
Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous
[Quercus]
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.1 Hemiboreal forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G4.4
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Betula] woodland
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.5 Mixed Scots pine-birch forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G4.5
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.6 Moesian mountainous beech forest
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.1 South-western European mountainous beech forest
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.3 Apennine-Corsican mountainous beech forest
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.4 Illyrian mountainous beech forest
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.5 Carpathian mountainous beech forest
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.6 Moesian mountainous beech forest
G4.6
Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
7. Mountainous beech forest
7.8 Oriental beech and hornbeam-oriental beech forest
EUNIS
code
EUNIS name
EFT class
EFT type (2010)
G4.7
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - acidophilous [Quercus]
woodland
2. Hemiboreal forest and nemoral coniferous 2.6 Mixed Scots pine-pedunculate oak forest
and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest
G4.8
Mixed non-riverine deciduous and coniferous
woodland
Position in EFT not clear
G4.9
Mixed deciduous woodland with [Cupressaceae]
or [Taxaceae]
Position in EFT not clear
G4.A
Mixed woodland with [Cupressaceae],
[Taxaceae] and evergreen oak
Position in EFT not clear
G4.B
Mixed mediterranean [Pinus] - thermophilous
[Quercus] woodland
Position in EFT not clear
G4.C
Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - thermophilous
[Quercus] woodland
Position in EFT not clear
G4.D
Mixed [Pinus nigra] - evergreen [Quercus]
woodland
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean,
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
G4.E
Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak
woodland
10. Coniferous forests of the Mediterranean, 10.1 Thermophilous pine forest
Anatolian and Macaronesian regions
G4.F
Mixed forestry plantations
Position in EFT not clear
G5.1
Lines of trees
No correspondence given
G5.2
Small broadleaved deciduous anthropogenic
woodlands
No correspondence given
G5.3
Small broadleaved evergreen anthropogenic
woodlands
No correspondence given
G5.4
Small coniferous anthropogenic woodlands
No correspondence given
G5.5
Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous
anthropogenic woodlands
No correspondence given
G5.6
Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands
and regrowth
No correspondence given
10.2 Mediterranean and Anatolian Black pine forest
EUNIS
code
G5.7
EUNIS name
Coppice and early-stage plantations
EFT class
No correspondence given
EFT type (2010)