Chapter 05
*Lecture Outline
*See separate Image PowerPoint slides for
all figures and tables pre-inserted into
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PowerPoints prepared by
Melanie Waite-Altringer
Biology Faculty Member of
Anoka-Ramsey Community College
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Chapter 5
Tissues

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Introduction:
A.
B.
C.
Cells are arranged in tissues that
provide specific functions for the body.
Cells of different tissues are structured
differently, which leads to their
differences in function.
The tissues of the human body include
four major types: epithelial, connective,
muscle, and nervous.
3

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Epithelial Tissues:
A.
General Characteristics
1.
Epithelial tissue is widespread
throughout the body, covers organs,
and lines body surfaces.
2.
Epithelial tissues are anchored to a
basement membrane, are made up
of tightly packed cells containing
little intercellular material, generally
lack blood vessels, and are replaced
frequently.
4
Table 05.01

3.
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Epithelial tissues function in
protection, secretion, absorption,
excretion, and sensory reception.
5

B.
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
1.
Simple squamous epithelium is made
up of a single layer of thin, flattened
cells.
2.
Because it is suited for diffusion, it
functions in the exchange of gases in
the lungs and lines blood and lymph
vessels as well as body cavities.
6
Fig05.01
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Free surface
of tissue
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Basement
membrane
Nucleus
Connective
tissue
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)
Free surface
of simple
squamous
epithelium
Nucleus
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(c)
(d)
7

C.
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
1.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
consists of a single layer of
cube-shaped cells with
centrally located nuclei.
2.
It functions in secretion and
absorption in the kidneys, and
in secretion in glands.
8
Fig05.02
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Lumen
Connective
tissue
Nucleus
Basement
membrane
Free surface
of tissue
Simple
cuboidal
epithelium
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)
9

D.
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
1.
Simple columnar epithelium is
made up of a row of
elongated cells whose nuclei
are all located near the
basement membrane. It may
be ciliated.
2.
It lines the uterus, stomach,
and intestines where it
protects underlying tissues,
secretes digestive fluids, and
absorbs nutrients.
10
Fig05.03

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3.
In the intestine, these cells
possess microvilli that increase the
surface area available for absorption.
4.
Mucus-secreting goblet cells
can be found among columnar cells.
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Mucus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Microvilli
(free surface
of tissue)
Goblet cell
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
(a)
(b)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
11

E.
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
1.
These cells appear layered due to the
varying positions of their nuclei
within the row of cells, but are not
truly layered.
2.
Cilia may be present, along with
mucus-secreting goblet cells, that
line and sweep debris from
respiratory tubes.
12
Fig05.04
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Cilia
(free surface
of tissue)
Cytoplasm
Goblet cell
Nucleus
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
(a)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(b)
13

F.
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
1.
This type of tissue is made up of
layers of flattened cells that are
designed to protect underlying layers.
2.
It makes up the outer layer of skin,
and lines the mouth, throat, vagina,
and anal canal.
14

3.
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In the skin, outer layers of cells
undergo keratinization; however, this
process does not occur where tissues
remain moist in the throat, vagina, or anal
canal.
15
Fig05.05
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Free surface
of tissue
Squamous
cells
Layer of
dividing
cells
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)

G.
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
1.
This tissue consists of two to three
layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen
of the mammary glands, sweat glands,
salivary glands, and pancreas.
2.
Several layers of cells provide greater
protection than one single layer.
17
Fig05.06
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Stratified
cuboidal
epithelium
Nucleus
Lumen
Free surface
of tissue
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
18
Fig05.07
H.

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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
1.
This tissue consists of several layers
of cells and is found in the ductus
deferens, part of the male urethra,
and parts of the pharynx.
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Lumen
Free surface
of tissue
Stratified
columnar
epithelium
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)
19

I.
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Transitional Epithelium
1.
Transitional epithelium is designed
to distend and return to its normal
size, as it does in the lining of the
urinary bladder.
2.
This design provides distensibility
and keeps urine from diffusing back
into the internal cavity.
20
Fig05.08
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Free surface
of tissue
Unstretched
transitional
epithelium
Basement
membrane
Underlying
connective tissue
©Ed Reschke
(a)
(b)
Free surface
of tissue
Stretched
transitional
epithelium
Basement
membrane
Underlying
connective tissue
©Ed Reschke
(c)
(d)
21

J.
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Glandular Epithelium
1.
This tissue is made up of cells
designed to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body
fluids.
2.
Glands that secrete products into
ducts are exocrine; those that
secrete into body fluids and blood
are called endocrine.
22

3.
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Glands are classified by the ways
the glands secrete their products.
a.
Merocrine glands release fluid
products by exocytosis
(pancreas) and are grouped
as serous which produce a
watery fluid or mucus which
produce a thicker, protective
substance.
23
Fig05.09

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b. Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies
during secretion (mammary glands).
c. Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous
glands).
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Intact
cell
Secretion
Pinched-off
portion of cell
(secretion)
Disintegrating cell
and its contents
(secretion)
Cell
dividing
(a) Merocrine gland
(b) Apocrine gland
(c) Holocrine gland
24

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Connective Tissues:
A.
General Characteristics
1.
Connective tissues bind, support,
protect, serve as frameworks, fill
spaces, store fat, produce blood
cells, protect against infection, and
repair tissue damage.
2.
Unlike epithelial tissues, connective
tissues have an abundance of
extracellular matrix, or intercellular
material, throughout, and have
good blood supplies (except cartilage).
25

3.
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Major Cell Types
a.
The fibroblast is the most
common cell type, and is a fixed,
star-shaped cell that secretes
fibers and is large in size.
b.
c.
Wandering macrophages function
as scavenger cells and defend
against infection.
Mast cells are large and are
located near blood vessels where
they release heparin
(anticoagulant) and histamine
(promotes inflammation).
26
Fig05.10
Fig05.11
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Cell being
engulfed
Macrophage
©Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary
Fig05.12

4.
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Connective Tissue Fibers
a.
Strong collagenous fibers (white
fibers), made of the protein
collagen, add strength for holding
body parts together.
b.
Elastic fibers (yellow fibers), made
of the protein elastin, are stretchy
and add flexibility to certain types
of connective tissues.
c.
Reticular fibers are thin collagenous
fibers that form supportive
networks in a variety of tissues.
30

B.
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Categories of Connective Tissue
1.
Loose connective Tissue includes areolar,
adipose and reticular connective tissues.
a.
Areolar Tissue forms delicate,
thin membranes throughout the
body that bind body parts together
such as skin and underlying
organs.
i.
The majority of the cells are
fibroblasts that are separated
by a gel-like ground
substance that contains
collagenous and elastic
fibers.
31
Fig05.13
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Collagenous
fiber
Fibroblast
Ground
substance
Elastic
fiber
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(a)
(b)
32

b.
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Adipose Tissue is loose
connective tissue designed to
store fat.
i.
It is found beneath the skin,
around joints, padding the
kidneys and other internal
organs, and in certain
abdominal membranes.
33
Fig05.14
y.
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Fat droplet
Cell
membrane
Nucleus
(a)
(b)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
34
c.
Reticular connective tissue is
composed of thin, collagenous
fibers in a 3-D network.
i.
It helps to provide
framework of certain
internal organs (liver and
spleen).
35

2.
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Dense Connective Tissue
a.
b.
This tissue consists of densely
packed collagenous fibers and
is very strong but lacks a good
blood supply.
It is found as part of tendons
and ligaments.
36
Fig05.15
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Fibroblasts
Collagenous
fibers
(a)
(b)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
37

3.
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Cartilage
a.
Cartilage is a rigid connective
tissue that provides a
supportive framework for
various structures. It lacks a
vascular system and so heals
slowly.
b.
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
lie within lacunae in the gellike fluid matrix.
38

c.
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Cartilaginous structures are
enclosed within a connective
tissue called the
perichondrium.
d.
The most common, hyaline
cartilage, is white with
abundant fine collagen fibers,
is found at the ends of bones,
and supports respiratory
passages.
39

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e.
Elastic cartilage, with elastic
fibers, provides a framework
for the external ears and parts
of the larynx.
f.
Fibrocartilage, with many
collagenous fibers, is a tough
tissue that provides a shockabsorbing function in
intervertebral discs and in the
knees and pelvic girdle.
40
Fig05.16
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Nucleus
Lacuna
Chondrocyte
Extracellular
matrix
(a)
(b)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Fig05.17
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Elastic fibers
Nucleus
Lacuna
Chondrocyte
Extracellular
matrix
(a)
(b)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Fig05.18
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Chondrocyte
Nucleus
Collagenous
fiber
Extracellular
matrix
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)

4.
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Bone
a.
Bone is the most rigid
connective tissue, with
deposits of mineral salts and
collagen within the matrix.
b.
Bone internally supports the
body, protects, forms muscle
attachments and is the site for
blood cell formation.
44

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c.
Bone cells, called osteocytes,
lie within lacunae and are
arranged in concentric circles
(osteons) around osteonic
canals interconnected by
canaliculi.
d.
Bone has a good blood supply,
enabling rapid recovery after
an injury.
45
Fig05.19
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Osteon
Lamella
Central
canal
Lacuna
Canaliculi
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(a)
(b)
©Prof. P. Motta/Univ."La Sapienza"/Photo Researchers
(c)
46

5.
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Blood
a.
Blood is composed of cells
(red and white) suspended in
a liquid matrix called plasma.
b.
It functions to transport
substances throughout the
body.
47
Fig05.20
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White blood
cell
Red blood
cells
Plasma
(extracellular
matrix of blood)
Platelets
(a)
(b)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
Types of Membranes:
A.
Epithelial membranes are thin, sheetlike
structures composed of epithelium and
connective tissues, covering body surfaces
and lining body cavities.
B.
The four main types are: serous, mucous,
cutaneous, and synovial.
49

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Muscle Tissues:
A.
General Characteristics
1.
Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract
and consist of three major types:
skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
50

B.
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1.
Skeletal muscle is attached to
bone and can be controlled by
conscious effort (voluntary).
2.
The cells (muscle fibers) are
long and cylindrical, striated,
have many nuclei and contract
from nervous impulse.
51
Fig05.21
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Striations
Nuclei
Portion of a
muscle fiber
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)
52

C.
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
1.
Smooth muscle tissue lacks
striations, is uninucleate, and
consists of spindle-shaped
cells.
2.
This involuntary muscle is
found in the walls of internal
organs, and in the digestive
tract, blood vessels, and
urinary bladder.
53
Fig05.22
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Cytoplasm
Nucleus
(a)
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(b)
54

D.
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
1.
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only
in the heart and consists of
branching fibers that are connected
to each other with intercalated
discs.
2.
This involuntary muscle has a single
nucleus in each cell but appears
striated.
55
Fig05.23
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Striations
Nucleus
Intercalated
disc
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)
56

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Nervous Tissues:
A.
Nervous tissues are found in the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
B.
Neurons, or nerve cells, conduct
nervous impulses while helper cells,
or neuroglia, support and nourish
the neurons.
57
Fig05.24
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Nuclei of
neuroglia
Cellular
process
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
Nucleus
(a)
(b)
©Royalty-Free/Corbis
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