Chapter 1
Lecture Slides
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Learning Outcomes
• Anatomy and Physiology
1. Define anatomy and physiology.
• Levels of Organization
2. List and describe the levels of organization in
the human body.
3. List the major organs and functions for each
organ system.
Learning Outcomes
• Directional Terms
4. Use directional terms to describe the location
of body parts.
• Body Regions
5. Locate the major body regions on a chart or
manikin.
• Body Planes and Sections
6. Name and describe the four planes used in
making sections of the body or body parts.
Learning Outcomes
• Body Cavities
7. Name the two major body cavities, their
subdivisions and membranes, and locate them on
a chart or manikin.
8. Name the organs located in each body cavity.
• Abdominopelvic Subdivisions
9. Name the abdominopelvic quadrants and nine
regions, locate them on a chart or manikin, and
list the major internal organs found in each.
Learning Outcomes
• Maintenance of Life
10. Describe the general nature of metabolism.
11. List the five basic needs essential for human
life.
12. Define homeostasis and explain its
relationship to both normal body functions and
disorders.
13. Describe the general mechanisms of negative
feedback and positive feedback.
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy
– Study of structure and organization of the
body and its parts
– Gross anatomy vs. Microanatomy
• Physiology
– Study of the function of the body and its
parts
1.2 Levels of Organization
• Chemical level
– Simplest level
– Atoms
– Molecules
• Cellular level
– Cells are the basic structural and functional
unit of the body
– Organelle
• Tissue level
– Aggregation of similar cells that perform
similar functions
– Several different types
• Organ level
– Two or more tissues that work together to
perform specific functions
• Organ system level
– Groups of organs that work together to
perform specific system functions
– 11 organ systems
1.3 Directional Terms
• Describe relative position of a body part
• Terms occur in pairs with opposite
meanings
• Uses the anatomical position
– Upright body
– Arms at sides with palms forward
1.4 Body Regions
• Body consists of two portions
– Axial portion
– Appendicular portion
• Portions divided into regions with
special names to aid in communication
and location of body components
1.5 Body Planes and Sections
• Body planes are imaginary flat surfaces
that pass through the body at right
angles to each other
• Important to understand the threedimensional structure of an observed
object
• Transverse plane
– Divides body into superior and inferior
portions
• Sagittal plane
– Divides the body into right and left portions
– Midsagittal (medial) plane
• Coronal (frontal) plane
– Divides the body into anterior and posterior
portions
1.6 Body Cavities
• A body cavity is a space within the body
and contains internal organs
• There are two major body cavities
– Dorsal cavity
– Ventral cavity
• Dorsal cavity
– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral canal
• Ventral body cavity
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic
cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Membranes of Body Cavities
– Support and protect the internal organs in
the cavities
• Dorsal Cavity Membranes
– Meninges
• Ventral Cavity Membranes
– Serous membranes
• Line cavity and organ surfaces
• Secrete watery lubricating fluid
– Pleura and pleural membranes in thoracic cavity
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pleura
• Serous fluid is located between the two pleurae in the
pleural cavity
– Pericardium envelops the heart
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
• Serous fluid between the membranes fills the
pericardial cavity
– Peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and
surfaces of organs in that cavity
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
– Forms supportive mesenteries that support
abdominal organs
• Space between membranes is the peritoneal
cavity
1.7 Abdominopelvic
Subdivisions
• Abdomen can
be divided into
four quadrants
• Abdomen can
also be
divided into
nine regions
1.8 Maintenance of Life
• Metabolism consists of all the chemical
reactions that are collectively known as
life
– Anabolism
– Catabolism
• Life is FRAGILE!!! It depends on
normal functioning of trillions of cells
• Survival Needs are essential for life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Food
Water
Oxygen
Body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
• Homeostasis is also essential for life
– Maintenance of relatively stable internal
environment by self-regulating physiological
processes
– Dynamic balance held within narrow limits
– Maintained despite internal and external
factors altering body temperature and fluids
– Disruption leads to disorder and disease
– Negative-feedback mechanisms
• Most common type of regulatory mechanism
• Minimizes deviation from the norm
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure
– Positive-feedback mechanisms
• Rare
• Stimulate and promote a change in a body
condition
• Examples: uterine contractions during labor,
blood clotting
Negative Feedback Mechanism
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