THE SOONER YOU ARE DONE WITH THIS THE SOONER WE CAN START OUR
GROUP WORK SO PLEASE HURRY!!!!!!

Progressives at Home

REVIEW:The US population growth:

 swamped municipal services
 caused terrible housing and sanitary conditions
 aggravated class differences and conflicts
The physical deterioration, ethnic diversity, and social instability alarmed native-born reformers who tried to clean up cities and quickly “Americanize” immigrants.

Migrants and Immigrants
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
In the late 19th century, “new immigrants” from southern and eastern Europe arrived
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Italians
Slavs
Greeks
Jews
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Armenians (from the Middle East)
By 1890, the foreign-born and their children accounted for 4/5’s of the population of Great
New York

Battling Poverty

Middle-class reformers also set out to relieve poverty.

They often tended to blame:
 the problem on character flaws of the poor

“self-destructive” cultural practices of the immigrants

Reformers concentrated on moral uplift and
Americanization campaigns among the needy.

Battling Poverty


Young Men’s and Young Women’s Christian
Associations offered rural young people arriving in the cities temporary housing, recreation, and moral strictures against alcohol and other vices
New York Children’s Aid Society

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Charles Loring Brace
Founded dormitories, reading rooms, and workshops for indigent boys
Sent thousands of them to live with and work for families in the Midwest

New Approaches to Social Reform

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By the 1880’s, the Salvation Army and Charity
Organization Society (COS) joined the fight against poverty
COS preached a tough-minded approach to charity

Insisted that the needy must meet the standards of responsibility and morality set by the COS’s “friendly visitors” to receive aid
Critics charged that the COS was more interested in
“controlling the poor than in alleviating their suffering”

The Moral-Purity Campaign

Middle-and upper-class reformers attacked what they considered urban vice

Crusaders demanded that city officials close down gambling dens, saloons, and brothels and censor obscene publications

Anthony Comstock and Charles Parkhurst

The Comstock Act

The Comstock Law is named after its author, social crusader Anthony Comstock. After serving in the infantry during the Civil War, Comstock moved to
New York City. In his view, as a devout Christian, the city was filled with depravity. He began an antiobscenity crusade that included banning all material that he deemed to be lewd. These included literary works. He also believed that the availability of contraceptives promoted lust.

The Comstock Act

In 1873 the Comstock Act was made law as part of a larger bill governing the U.S. Postal Service.

The Act made it illegal for anyone, even physicians, to manufacture, sell, or distribute birth control

The Act made it illegal for anyone to distribute any information about birth control methods or to send “obscene” materials through the mail. Œ

Because the law prevented the sharing of information, it was used to prohibit sex education, to censor literature (including D.H. Lawrence,
James Joyce, Edmund Wilson, Tolstoy, Balzac, and many other authors now considered great), and to prevent people receiving publications with any kind of sexual content (entertainment or educational) in their homes via the U.S. mail.

The Comstock Act




In 1916, Margaret Sanger was arrested for opening the nation’s first birth control clinic. Her case, decided in 1918, made it legal for women to use birth control for therapeutic purposes.
In1936 the Comstock Act was amended (U.S. v. One Package) to make it legal for physicians to distribute birth control devices and information across state lines, including via the U.S. mail. Œ
Much of the Comstock Act remained in effect until 1965, when the
Supreme Court ruled that banning contraception was unconstitutional. Œ
The Comstock Act has been amended several times, but it has never been repealed.

Socialist Party
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
Eugene V. Debs
Founder of the Socialist party
Candidate in 5 presidential elections
Railway union leader
Jailed for the Pullman Strike
Critical of business; champion of labor
Joined with the Progressives…on issues of minimum wage and compensation
Sought Radical Reforms:
1.
2.
3.
Public ownership of railroads
Public ownership of utilities
Public ownership of oil & steel industries


Democratic Party nominee Woodrow Wilson won the presidential election, beating out three other candidates: Republican incumbent William Howard Taft, Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt, and Socialist Party nominee Eugene V. Debs.

Candidates:
Party:
• Campaign:
Taft
Republican
• Unpopular
Roosevelt
Bull Moose
Wilson
Democrat
Debs
Socialist
• “New
Nationalism”
• More government regulation
• Woman suffrage
• Social welfare programs
• “New
Freedom”
• Limit big business
• End corruption
• Revive competition
• Support small businesses
• Too radical
Results: 23% 27% 41% WON
EASILY
6%

Wilson’s “New Freedom”
2 nd Democrat since the war; 1 st southerner since Taylor; believed a President should actively lead Congress.
•
•
•
•

Tariff Reduction
Passed Underwood Tariff of 1913: lowered tariffs for the 1 st time in 50 years.
Established a graduated income tax from 1% to 6%

Business Regulation
Clayton Anti-Trust Act : strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and exempted unions from being tried as trusts.
Federal Trade Commission: took action against “unfair practice” (except banking and railroads)

Wilson’s “New Freedom”
2 nd Democrat since the war; 1 st southerner since Taylor; believed a President should actively lead Congress.

Banking Reform
Saw the gold standard as too inflexible and influenced by stock speculators
•
•


Proposed National Banking System with 12 district banks supervised by a federal reserve
Federal Reserve Act (1914): Americans used federal reserve notes
(dollars) issued by the federally regulated banking system.
Other Reforms
Federal Farm Loan Act: 12 regional farm loan banks provided loans to farms at low interest rates.
Child Labor Act: prohibited the shipping of products manufactured by children under 14 years of age [Supreme Court found this unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart]

th
• The Great War began when Austria, assured of Germany’s support, declared war against Serbia, and Russia mobilized on Serbia’s side. President Woodrow
Wilson issued a declaration of American neutrality in the European war.

A. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
B. British propaganda
C. Zimmerman Telegraph
D. Russian Revolution

• Germany created new submarine called the ”U-Boat”
• British blockaded North Sea, so Germany gave a “sink on sight” order to any ship approaching Britain
• May 7 th , 1915-British passenger liner the “Lusitania” sunk off the coast of Ireland
• Killed 128 Americans

• Aug. 1915The Arabic is sunk by the Germans
• 2 Americans are killed

• March 1916The Sussex , an unarmed passenger ship is sunk
• America threatens to cut off diplomatic relations
• Sussex pledge- no passenger or merchant ships would be sunk without warning

• The British sent news of the war to US newspapers everyday which were Full of
Propaganda
• Led the American public to be sympathetic toward the British

• March 1917-British authorities gave to the US a telegram that was supposedly sent to Mexico from Germany
• It had been decoded by the British
• It asked Mexico to declare war on the US and they would be supported by Germany

• March 1917-Russia left WWI due to a Revolution in their own country
• Germany now would concentrate totally on the Western Front
• Pleas from Great Britain and France to join the war effort

• April 2, 1917-Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany
• “The World must be made safe for Democracy”
• April 6 th -Congress votes and declares war

• Europe needed munitions and supplies-immediate action
• Encouraged people to eat less meat and bread
• Invented Daylight Savings to conserve fuel

• Convinced Americans to put savings into “Liberty Bonds”
• Increased income tax, business tax, and excise tax

• Made heroes out of soldiers and villains out of the Germans
• Attacked and gave new names to anything that sounded German

• Espionage Act of 1917-imprisoned for 20 years if caught inciting a riot or obstructing the draft
• Sedition Act of 1918-Prohibited from making disloyal remarks
• Schneck v. US (1919)-Restriction of civil liberties. Is ok if it demonstrates a “clear and present danger” to public safety

• Women-Entered the workforce in mass, took the jobs of soldiers fighting in Europe
• Mexicans-immigrating in mass to get agricultural work in the southwest
• African-Americans-400,000 volunteered for the armed services, served in non-combat roles, and in segregated units

• Thousands volunteered
• Selective Service Act (1917)-2.8 million drafted by lottery
• American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by General John J. “Black Jack”
Pershing

• 49,000-Combat Deaths
• 64,000-Died from Disease
• Worldwide Flu Epidemic

• November 11, 1918 at 11am
• “On the 11 th day of the 11 th month at the 11 th hour”
• Memorialized-Veterans Day
• Germany surrendered their arms, Navy, and occupied territory

• What was Woodrow Wilson trying to accomplish with the
Fourteen Points?
• How realistic were Wilson’s ideas? Explain.
• How idealistic were Wilson’s ideas? Explain
• Do the Fourteen Points address the causes of WWI? If yes, which ones?
• If you were a member of the Triple Entente (Britain, Russia,
France) would you be satisfied with President Wilson’s 14
Points for a peace negotiation? Why or why not?


Communism is a theory. It says that one day all the people/workers will own all the ways of making money—all the land, all the machines, all the stores (so there will be no private business, and there will be no way for one person to become very rich).


 In this theory, socialism is when you’re on the way to communism.
 Today, many people believe in socialist ideas without necessarily believing in communism.
 Some signs of socialism would be government owning of major private businesses (like banks); government owning of major public services (like hospitals and healthcare); and laws that make rich people contribute more taxes so that there isn’t a huge difference between rich and poor.


In the United States, there’s been a long history of fear of communism and suppression of socialist ideas because the ideas of communism and socialism threaten the individual’s right to private wealth.




 Industrialization created a huge gap between rich and poor and when people looked around, they thought that wasn’t fair.
 Many people joined labor unions. Not all labor unions were socialist. Some, like the American Federation of
Labor (A.F.L.), thought they would be more successful by only organizing skilled workers. But some labor unions, like the International Workers of the World-
I.W.W., were socialist—wanted all workers to unite
(black, white, men, women, skilled, unskilled).


 In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia established a communist country. Many people in the
United States were inspired by their success. Others were very scared by the potential spread of communism.


 At this time, some people were also anarchists— people who didn’t believe in any government. Some anarchists thought the government should be overthrown with violence. Although anarchists, socialists, and communists shared some of the same ideas (for example, they all opposed government protection of private wealth), they represented different theories.




 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nOzlo8gSlQ




Answer questions at the end.


 According to Document A, who is Palmer going to arrest?
 According to Document B, who did Palmer arrest?
 What is happening at this time?
 Why does Palmer think Goldman is dangerous? Why does
Goldman think Palmer is violating her rights?
 Why did the nation allow the Palmer Raids to take place?
Why were people so afraid of anarchists, socialists and communists?


“Sacco and Vanzetti Trial” http://video.about.com/history1900s/Saccoand-Vanzetti.htm


 The “Red Scare” technically ended in 1920, but in many ways the 1920s continued to be a time of intolerance.
 The evidence in the Sacco and Vanzetti trial was very sketchy and many have argued that their trial was extremely unfair but they were executed in 1927.
 KKK membership exploded—at its peak in 1924 it had 4 million members.
 National Origins Act of 1924 severely restricted immigration by setting quotas and limited the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
(favoring immigrants from Northwest Europe). Because Western Hemisphere was excluded from the National Origins Act, this actually became a time of high Mexican immigration]

Urbanization & Industrialization
Do Now: Complete the reading on Jim Crow Laws and the Great Migration and answer questions

The Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which a group of talented African-American writers, thinkers and artists produced a sizable contribution to American culture.

SOUTHERN BLACKS AND THE LURE OF THE
NORTH BEFORE AND AFTER 1914
 Most African Americans remained in the South nearly fifty years after the
Civil War.
 There were plenty of reasons for blacks to leave the south, but little economic advantage to moving northward.
 With outbreak of World War I, this dynamic changes because:
 1) war generates new opportunities for industry
 2) much of existing labor supply leaves work force
 3) immigrant labor pool evaporates.
 End result: The Great Migration congregated black populations in northern cities like Chicago and New York in unprecedented numbers. The concentration, in New York city, occurred on the upper west side, in Harlem.

Harlem, New York

THE NORTH AS PROMISED LAND
AND THE LAND OF BROKEN PROMISES
 Northern city life proves both exhilarating and extremely troubling from World War I onward.
 Economically, gains moving from the South are real, but frustrations over their limits grow over time.
 Relative to the South, the North provides greater educational, political, social opportunities, but rising northern racism leads to strict residential segregation that causes overcrowding, run-down conditions, artificially high rents.

Important Features of the HR
 It became a symbol and a point of reference for everyone to recall. The name, more than the place, became synonymous with new vitality, Black urbanity, and Black militancy.
 It became a racial focal point for Blacks the world over; it remained for a time a race capital.
 The complexity of the urban setting was important for Blacks to truly appreciate the variety of Black life. Race consciousness required a shared experience.

Important Features of the HR
 It encouraged a new appreciation of folk roots and culture. Peasant folk materials and spirituals provided a rich source for racial imagination.
 It continued a celebration of primitivism and the mythology of an exotic Africa that had begun in the 19 th century.
 Common themes begin to emerge: alienation, marginality, the use of folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for an elite audience.
 The HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey, racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others.

Music of the HR
 Bessie Smith
 Duke Ellington
 Louis Armstrong
 Cab Calloway

 Among the important intellectuals writing and thinking during the Harlem renaissance were W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Alain Locke.
 The notion of "twoness," a divided awareness of one's identity, was introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois, one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP). and the author of the influential book The
Souls of Black Folks (1903):
"One ever feels his two-ness - an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."

Artists of the Harlem Renaissance
Palmer Hayden
Hale Woodruff
Edward Burra
Aaron Douglas
John Henry Adams
Laura Wheeling Waring
Jacob Lawrence
“The Janitor Who Paints”
H A L E W O O D R U F F ,
1 9 3 4
E D W A R D B U R R A ,
1 9 3 4

Writers of the HR
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Sterling Brown
Claude McKay
Langston Hughes
Zora Neal Hurston
James Weldon Johnson
Countee Cullen
Nella Larson
Richard Wright

Read more…Learn more…
 You will now complete a reading on the Harlem Renaissance and then be asked to complete a Short Answer Quiz Question on the Harlem Renaissance!