Chapter 15
Nervous System and Psychological
Disorders
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1
Lesson 15.1
1. State the function of the nervous system and
analyze associated terms.
2. Write the meaning of word parts associated with the
nervous system and use them to build and analyze
terms.
3. Distinguish between the structures of the central
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
and define the terms associated with these
structures.
4. Write the names of the five sense organs and define
the terms associated with these structures.
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2
Function First!

The Nervous System





is the control center and communications network;
stimulates movement, senses changes both within
and outside the body;
provides us with thought, learning, and memory;
maintains homeostasis with the help of the
hormonal system; and
has sensory, integrative, and motor components.
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3
Organization of the Nervous System



central nervous system (CNS)
= brain + spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
(PNS) = nerves that connect
the CNS to receptors, glands,
and muscles
types of cells =
neurons + neuroglia
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4
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5
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6
Word Parts: Neurons
dendr(o)
tree
nerv(o), neur(o) nerve
gli(o)
neuroglia or a sticky substance
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Neurotransmitters




acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase)
dopamine
serotonin
endorphins
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Deep Tendon Reflex
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Protection: Central Nervous System



brain: cranium
spinal cord: vertebrae
both: meninges (meninx) and cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
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Meninges
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11
Brain and Upper Spinal Cord,
Sagittal Section
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12
Cerebral Hemispheres
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13
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14
Word Parts: Structures
cerebell(o)
cerebr(o), encephal(o)
myel(o)
mening(i), mening(o)
arachn(o)
arachnoid
cerebellum
brain (cerebr(o)
sometimes means
cerebrum)
spinal cord
(sometimes, bone
marrow)
meninges
spider or
membrane
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Peripheral Nervous System




afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)
sense organs
receptors = sensory nerve endings
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Peripheral Nervous System (cont.)
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Word Parts: Receptors
chem(o)
mechan(o)
phot(o)
therm(o)
noc(i)
chemical
mechanical
light
heat
cause harm, injury, or pain
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18
Taste Receptors
From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiology, ed 6, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.s
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Word Parts and Terminology: Eye



ocul(o), ophthalm(o)
ocular, ophthalmic
intraocular, interocular, extraocular
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20
Structures of the Eye
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Word Parts: Eye (cont.)
ir(o), irid(o)
kerat(o)
dacry(o), lacrim(o)
opt(o), optic(o)
iris
cornea; hard, horny
tear
vision
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23
From Palay DA, Krachmer JH, editors: Ophthalmology for the primary care physician, ed 2, St Louis, 2005, Mosby.
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24
Structures of the Inner Ear
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25
Word Parts: Ear
audi(o)
hearing
audible
audiology
audiologist
ot(o)
ear
otoscopy
otolaryngologist
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Terminology: Sense of Smell


olfaction, olfactory
anosmia, hyperosmia
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27
Quick Quiz!

Which part of the nervous system contains
the brain and spinal cord?
peripheral nervous system
B. autonomic nervous system
C. cardiac nervous system
D. central nervous system
A.
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28
Lesson 15.2
5.
6.
7.
8.
Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures for
assessment of the nervous system when given their
descriptions, or match the procedures with the descriptions.
Write the names of nervous system pathologies when given
their descriptions, or match the pathologies with their
descriptions.
Write the names of eye and ear pathologies when given their
descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions.
Write the names of psychological disorders when given their
descriptions, or match the disorders with their descriptions.
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29
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures




deep tendon reflex (DTR)
superficial reflex
CSF analysis
lumbar puncture
From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 7, St
Louis, 2007, Mosby.
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30
Electroencephalography
From Lewis S, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR: Medical-surgical nursing, assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 6, St Louis, 2004, Mosby.
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31
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
(cont.)






plain x-ray imaging, CT, MRI
echoencephalography
positron emission tomography (PET)
encephalography
myelography
brain scan
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Cerebral Angiography
From Polaski AL, Tatro SE: Luckmann’s core principles and practice of medical-surgical nursing, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders.
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
(cont.)




ophthalmoscopy, ophthalmoscope,
ophthalmometer
otoscopy
audiometer, audiogram
sleep studies
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Pathologies



dyslexia
algesia, hyperalgesia, hypoalgesia
paresthesia, pseudesthesia
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Pathology Word Parts
pseud(o)
-asthenia
-esthesia
-lexia
false
weakness
sensitivity to pain
words, phrases
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Pathologies (cont.)





neuralgia, polyneuralgia
polyneuropathy, polyneuritis
sciatica, peripheral neuropathy
carpoptosis
cephalalgia, cephalgia
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Pathologies (cont.): Trauma




craniocerebral trauma
concussion, contusion
aphasia, dysphasia, dysarthria
semiconscious, stupor, coma, semicoma
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Glasgow Coma Scale

Eyes open 1-4



Best verbal response 1-5



1 is no opening
4 is eyes open spontaneously
1 is no response
5 is oriented to time, place and person
Best motor response 1-6


1 = no response
6 = obeys a command
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Types of Stroke
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Quick Quiz!

Which term means difficult, poorly articulated
speech?
A. dyslexia
B. aphasia
C. dysarthria
D. carpoptosis
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Pathologies (cont.): Paralysis



hemiplegia, diplegia, paraplegia
quadriplegia, monoplegia
Bell palsy
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Pathologies (cont.): Congenital
Disorders




meningocele, meningomyelocele
cerebral palsy
Huntington chorea
anotia
From Zitelli BJ, Davis HW: Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis, ed 3, St Louis, 1997, Mosby.
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Pathologies (cont.): Infections




meningitis, encephalitis
encephalomeningitis, encephalomyelitis
cerebellitis
ventriculitis
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Pathologies: Infections (cont.)




tetanus
botulism
poliomyelitis
rabies (hydrophobia)
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Pathologies (cont.)




tumors: glioma, meningioma
intracranial
hydrocephalus
neuroma
From Osborn AG: Diagnostic neuroradiology, St Louis, 1994, Mosby.
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Pathologies (cont.): Seizures



convulsions
epilepsy
narcolepsy
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Pathologies (cont.): Degenerative
Disorders



amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS)
Parkinson disease
bradykinesia
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Pathologies: Degenerative Disorders
(cont.)

multiple sclerosis (MS)
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Pathologies: Degenerative Disorders
(cont.)



dementia
Alzheimer disease
myasthenia gravis
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Pathologies (cont.): Eye Disorders





ophthalmomalacia, ophthalmoplegia
ophthalmorrhagia, ophthalmalgia
cataract
glaucoma
blepharoptosis
From Palay DA, Krachmer JH, eds: Ophthalmology for the primary care physician, St Louis, 1998, Mosby.
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Pathologies: Eye Disorders (cont.)




blepharoptosis
blepharitis, blepharedema
conjunctivitis
retinopathy, detached retina, macular
degeneration
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Detached Retina
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Pathologies: Eye Disorders (cont.)



dacryolith, dacryolithiasis
dacryocystitis
dacryosinusitis
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Refractive Disorders: Myopia
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Refractive Disorders (cont.): Hyperopia,
Astigmatism
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Pathologies (cont.): Ear Disorders



otalgia, otitis media
mastoiditis
otorrhea
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Normal vs. Damaged Ear Drum
From Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML: Medical-surgical nursing: critical thinking for collaborative care, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.
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Pathologies: Ear Disorders (cont.)




otosclerosis
tinnitus
Meniere disease
vertigo
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Quick Quiz!

Which test uses ultrasonic waves to record
structural aspects of the brain?
electroencephalography
B. echoencephalography
C. cerebral angiography
D. audiometry
A.
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Word Parts: Psychological Disorders
ment(o), psych(o)
phren(o)
pyr(o)
schist(o), schiz(o)
idio-
mind
mind or diaphragm
fire
split
individual
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Psychological Disorders





mental retardation
autism
hyperkinesia, hyperkinesis
attention deficit disorder (ADD)
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)

phobias: agoraphobia, zoophobia,
phobophobia, acrophobia, claustrophobia,
pyrophobia, arachnophobia
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)



neurosis
mood disorder
panic disorder, panic attack
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)


clinical depression
anxiety disorders
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)




obsession, compulsion
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
somatoform disorders
hypochondriasis
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)


sexual disorders, paraphilia
posttraumatic stress disorder
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)





mania, megalomania
bipolar disorder
pyromania, pyromaniac
kleptomania, pseudomania
pseudoplegia
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Psychological Disorders (cont.)





neurasthenia, psychosomatic
schizophrenia
psychosis, psychotic disorder
personality disorders: antisocial behavior,
paranoia
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM)
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Lesson 15.3
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Write the terms for surgical and therapeutic
interventions for nervous system pathologies and
psychological disorders when given descriptions, or
match the interventions with their descriptions.
Use word parts from this chapter to determine the
meanings of terms in a health care report.
Spell the terms accurately.
Pronounce the terms correctly.
Write the meanings of the abbreviations.
Categorize terms as anatomy, a diagnostic test or
procedure, pathology, surgery, or therapy.
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions




analgesic, opioid analgesics
epidural anesthesia
nerve block anesthesia
sympathectomy, vagotomy
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
(cont.)




neurotripsy, neurolysis, neurectomy
neuroplasty, neurorrhaphy
cerebrotomy, craniotomy, craniectomy
TENS
From Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML: Medical-surgical nursing: critical thinking for collaborative care, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
(cont.)





aneurysmectomy, cerebrotomy
cranioplasty, burr hole
stereotaxis, stereotactic surgery
stereotactic radiosurgery, gamma knife
procedure
shunt, ventriculoperitoneal shunt
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Gamma Knife Treatment with
Stereotaxis
B, From Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML: Medical-surgical nursing: critical thinking for collaborative care, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.
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Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
(cont.)





hypnotics
anticonvulsants
antiparkinsonian drugs
contraindication
thrombolytics
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
(cont.)



blepharoplasty
intraocular lens
corneal grafting
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
(cont.)



corrective glasses, corrective lenses
radial keratotomy, excimer laser
dacryocystorhinostomy, dacryocystostomy
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Radial Keratotomy
From Phipps WJ, Monahan FD, Sands JK, Marek JF, Neighbors M: Medical-surgical nursing, ed 6, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
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Therapeutic Interventions (cont.)





psychoanalysis, psychotherapy
psychopharmacology
antidepressants, antianxiety drugs
antipsychotics, tranquilizers
narcotic drugs
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Quick Quiz!

Which of the following means surgical
excision of a dilation of an artery?
aneurysmectomy
B. cerebrotomy
C. pseudoplegia
D. stereotactic radiosurgery
A.
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Abbreviations





ACh
CNS
CSF
DTR
PNS





DSM
EEG
dB
TENS
LBP
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Abbreviations (cont.)





CVA
ICP
SCI
TIA
IOL





ADD
ADHD
ALS
MS
OCD
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