Chapter 7
Audition, the Body Senses, and
the Chemical Senses
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• Chapter 7 Outline
• Audition
• Vestibular System
• Somatosenses
• Gustation
• Olfaction
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• The Stimulus
• Sound is produced by objects that ________and set
molecules of air into __________.
• Sound travels approximately 700 miles per hour.
• Humans are sensitive to vibrations between ____and
_________________ times per second.
• Vibrations of air are perceived as sounds.
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•
The Stimulus
• ___________
• A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to
the _______________________of the stimulus.
• _____________
• Cycles per second.
• ________________
• A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to
the ______________ of the stimulus. (__)
• Timbre
• A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to
the _____________.
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• Anatomy of the Ear
• _______________membrane
• The ___________; vibrates when stimulated by sound
waves.
• _____________
• The bones of the _____________.
• The three ________________ in the body.
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• Anatomy of the Ear
• __________
• The first of the three ossicles; attached to the
tympanic membrane.
• __________
• Located between the malleus and the stapes.
• _______________
• The third ossicle; attached to the ______________ of
the cochlea.
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• Anatomy of the ear
• _______________
• The _________, fluid-filled, bony structure of the
inner ear; contains the basilar membrane and the
auditory receptor hair cells.
• ____________window
• An opening in the bone of the cochlea that reveals a
membrane against which the baseplate of the stapes
presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid
within the cochlea.
• _____________window
• An opening in the bone of the cochlea that permits
vibrations to be transmitter, via the oval window, into
the fluid of the cochlea.
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• Anatomy of the ear
• _______________
• The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that
contains the auditory hair cell; considered the
receptive organ of the auditory system.
• _________________
• The sensory receptive cell of the auditory apparatus.
• Deiter’s cell
• A supporting cell found in the organ of Corti; sustains
the auditory hair cells.
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• Anatomy of the ear
• _______________ membrane
• A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains
the organ of Corti.
• ______________ membrane
• A membrane located above the basilar membrane;
serves as the shelf against which the cilia of the
auditory hair cells move.
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• Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of
Auditory Information
• ___________
• A _________ appendage of a cell involved in
movement or transducing sensory information; found
on the
__________________________________________
__________________________________________.
• Tip link
• An elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium
to the side of the adjacent cilium.
• Insertional plaque
• The point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium.
• Site of origin of ___________________.
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• The Auditory Pathway
• Cochlear nerve
• A branch of the ____________cranial nerve; the
branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory
information from the cochlea to the brain.
• _____________________
• One of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive
auditory information from the cochlea.
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•
Shearing force (left-right bending of the cilia)
•
Opens and closes __________________.
•
Hair cells _________________________as the cilia
bend back and forth.
______________ are receptors.
Outer hair cells
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
•
•
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• The Central Auditory System
• ______________________
• A group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with
auditory functions, including ____________ of the
sound source.
• Lateral lemniscus
• A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla
and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system.
Subthalamic auditory system is very complex. The
______________ processing is largely devoted to
sound localization.
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• The Central Auditory System
• _______________________
• A topographical organized mapping of different
frequencies of sound that are represented in a
particular region of the brain.
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• Perception of Pitch
• ________________
• The system by which information about different
frequencies is coded by different locations on the
basilar membrane.
• ____________________
• An electrical device surgically implanted in the inner
ear that can enable a deaf person to hear.
• The implants simulate place coding and improve
speech perception.
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• Rate Coding
• Rate code (________________)
• The system by which information about different
frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in
the auditory system.
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• Perception of Timbre
• _____________________
• The _____________, and usually most intense,
frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived
as the sound’s basic __________.
• Overtone
• The frequency of complex tones that occurs at
______________ of the fundamental frequency.
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• Perception Spatial Location
• Humans can determine the location of a sound because
auditory neurons respond selectively to
_____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
• _____________ difference
• The difference in arrival times of sound waves at each
of the eardrums.
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Elevation specific
transfer functions
produced by head and
pinna geometry.
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• Perception of Environmental Sounds
• Transfer functions reveal the elevation of the signal.
• ___________
• Loss or impairment of musical abilities, produced by
hereditary factors or brain damage. Inability to
recognize ___________, but the emotional quality of
the music may be identified (happy/sad).
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Blue =
dorsal
pathway,
location.
Orange =
ventral
pathway,
pattern
recognition
.
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Recognized (sound played forward), unrecognized
(sound played backwards).
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• Vestibular System
• __________________
• One of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that
detects changes in the ____ of the head (orientation).
• ______________
• One of the three ring-like structures of the vestibular
apparatus that detect changes in head rotation (angular
_______________).
• Match the three ____________ of the head: sagittal,
transverse, & horizontal.
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• Vestibular System
• Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus
• Utricle
• One of the vestibular sacs
• Saccule
• One of the vestibular sacs.
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• Vestibular System
• Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus
• ______________
• An enlargement in a semicircular canal; contains the
cupula and crista.
• _______________
• A ________________ mass found in the ampulla of the
semicircular canals; moves in response to the flow of the
fluid in the canals.
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• Vestibular System
• The receptor cells
• Hair cells
• Similar to the hair cells found in the cochlea; method
of transduction is also similar to hair cells of the
cochlea.
• Vestibular ganglion
• A nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the cell
bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular
information to the brain.
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• Somatosenses
• The stimuli
• The cutaneous senses respond to several different types
of stimuli: pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, and
events that cause tissue damage (and hence pain).
• Some receptors report changes in _______________ to
the brain; providing our sense of ______________.
• Additional receptors provide information about the
internal organs such as the linings of muscles and the
gastrointestinal system.
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• Somatosenses
• Cutaneous sense
• One of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to
stimuli that involve the skin.
• Kinesthesia
• Perception of the body’s ___________________.
• Organic sense
• A sense modality that arises from receptors
located within the inner organs of the body.
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• Somatosenses
• Anatomy of the skin and its receptive organs
• __________________
• Skin that does not contain ____; found on the palms
and soles of the feet.
• Ruffini corpuscle
• Detects _____________ of the skin, located in hairy
skin.
• Pacinian corpuscles
• A specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve
ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially
_________________________.
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•Somatosenses
• Anatomy of the skin and its receptive organs
• ____________________
•The touch-sensitive end organs located in the
papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up
into the epidermis. Detect low frequency vibration or
________________.
• ___________________
•The touch-sensitive end organs found at the base of
the epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts. Detect
___________________ of the skin.
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•Somatosenses
•Perception of cutaneous stimulation
•___________________
•Sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has
been amputated.
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•Somatosenses
•Perception of cutaneous stimulation
Touch
•Fast conducting myelinated pathway
•Small diameter unmyelinated pathway underlies
___________________________________________
____________________________________
•Temperature (free nerve endings)
•There are at least 6 classes of TRP family receptor
sites that detect ____________________________.
•Some receptors respond to warmth
•Some receptors respond to coolness (menthal and
mint bind with the TRPM8 receptor (transcient
receptor potential) in the cutaneous fiber pathway.
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•Somatosenses
• The somatosensory pathways
• Trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve) [Head & Face]
• Dorsal columns
fine touch
• Medial lemniscus
• Ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus
• Spinothalamic tract
poor localization pain &
temperature
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•
Pain
•
•
Free nerve ending are the ________________.
Three categories of receptors:
• High threshold mechanoreceptors – respond to
intense pressure.
• Extreme heat and acids (Nerve endings contain
TRPV1 receptors.
• Free nerve fibers responsive to ATP – released
from ______________ muscles, blood vessel
blockage, and rapidly growing tumors.
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•
Pain Perception
•
Three components: (see Figure 7.19)
• Sensory – intensity of the pain
• Mediated by ventral posterior thalamic pathway
• Emotional consequence – the level of
unpleasantness.
• Mediated by pathways reaching the insular cortex, and
cingular cortex. (Reduced by ___________________
• Long-term implications of chronic pain
• Mediated by pathways reaching the prefrontal cortex.
Patients with prefrontal damage are _____________ with
the implications of chronic pain for healthfullness
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Increased activity produced by a
placebo that reduced pain.
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• Gustation
• The stimuli
• Gustation is related to eating and is our first chemical
sense.
• This sense modality helps us to determine the nature
of things we put in our mouths.
• The tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx contain
about 10,000 sensory receptor taste buds.
• There are only _____qualities of taste:
__________________________________________
_________________________________________.
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• Gustation
• The stimuli
• The are only five qualities of taste
•
•
•
•
•
Bitterness
Sourness
Sweetness
Saltiness
Umami
• Umami
• A Japanese word for “good taste, refers to the
taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG). This
receptor detects the presence of glutamate, an
amino acid found in ___________.
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•
Most vertebrates detect all 5 taste qualities
• Cats are unable to detect sweetness, it is usually
not a part of their diet. Most omnivores like ripe fruit
associated with sweetness..
• Saltiness – sodium chloride, necessary to maintain
electrolytes.
• Umami – a protein detector.
• Sour – associated with acidity associated with
bacterial activity. Causes an avoidance reaction.
• Bitter – associated with poisonous plant alkaloids.
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• Gustation
• Taste buds consist of groups of 20-50 receptors
cells.
• The receptor cells have a life span of 10 days.
There is a high turn over rate for these
receptors.
• The gustatory pathway
• Nucleus of the solitary tract
• A nucleus of the medulla that receives information
from visceral organs and from the gustatory
system.
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• Olfaction
• The stimulus
• Olfaction is the second chemical sense. Used to help us
avoid _______________.
• For humans, olfaction is the most enigmatic of the
modalities. ___________________.
• The stimulus for odor (known as odorants) consists of
volatile substances having a molecular weight in the
range of approximately 15 to 300.
• Almost all odorous compounds are ______________ and
of organic origin.
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• Olfaction
• Anatomy of the olfactory apparatus
• Olfactory epithelium
• The epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers
the _____________plate; contains the _____of
the olfactory ____________.
• Olfactory bulb
• The protrusion at the end of the olfactory tract;
receives information from the olfactory receptors.
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• Olfaction
• Anatomy of the olfactory apparatus
• Mitral cell
• A neuron located in the olfactory bulb that
receives information from olfactory receptors;
axons of mitral cells bring information to the rest of
the brain.
• Olfactory glomerulus
• A bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and
associated terminal buttons of the axons of
olfactory receptors.
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•
Olfaction
•
The sense of __________ is a blend of taste and
olfaction, the orbitofrontal cortex receives gustatory
and taste projections and this may be where flavor is
perceived.
•
Humans are thought to possess _____different
olfactory receptors, and the pattern of stimulation
gives rise to over ________________ odors.
•
Odors are not easily put into words.
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Lock & Key Concept
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