Study guide for U.S. History EOCT
Puritans left England because of religious differences
Virginia Joint Stock Company founded Virginia for profit.
Ga- buffer colony, and debt colony
Penn, RI, Maryland, Mass founded for religious reasons
1st permanent settlement in colonies was Jamestown
House of Burgesses 1st representative govt in the colonies
Settlement of Quebec was by the French and for fur trading
Mercantilism- beliefs that colonies were financially good for the mother countries- sell more than you buy. Gain gold.
Middle passage- enslaved Africans came to the Americas. Part of the triangle trade
King Philip- natives tried to drive out English settlers out of new England. The result was that English colonist gained a firm grip on
New England
John Lock –natural rights- rights people are born with cant be taken away. Social contract
Benjamin Franklin- inventor and sign of social mobility- poor to rich. Bifocals. He also went to france to influence them to join the
American revolution on the side of the Americans.
Proclamation of 1763- said settlers could not go past the Appalachian mts.
1st shots of American revolution Lexington and concord
Declaration of Independence – wrote by Thomas Jefferson- list grievance against Great Britain
Articles of Confederation- weak central govt that had no power to tax.
Thomas Paine- Pamphlet called common sense – why we should declare ourselves independent
Son’s of liberty tarred and feathered tax collectors
Battle of Saratoga- turning point in American Revolution
Battle of Yorktown- Cornwallis surrendered ending American revolution
bacon’s rebellion- showed the need for land for back country farmers
Shays rebellion showed the articles of confederation were too weak. Need new form of government called the constitution.
Virginia plan- benefit big states- bicameral govt
New Jersey plan- unicameral legislature – benefit small states
Great compromise took both Virginia and New Jersey plan and combined themFederalist- for the ratification (passing) of the constitution. Wrote the federalist papers to try to get the constitution passed
Antifederalist- said constitution needed a bill of rights (first 10 amendments)
Whisky rebellion showed the new constitution was strong unlike the articles of confederation.
Northwest ordinance - set principles for state hood and education system.
Louisiana purchase- bought from France (Napoleon leader) - double size of United States.
Lewis and Clark explored the new territory in Louisiana Purchase and ended up in Oregon territory
War of 1812- nationalism emerged- people thought of themselves as Americans. Start spangled banner
*War of 1812 called Madison’s War, the war started because of impressments
*Monroe doctrine- told all European countries to stay out of the western hemi-sphere and Latin American
Industrialization – man power to machine power.
Eli Whitney –invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts to the musket. This helped spur the industrial revolution
*Invention of the cotton gin increased slavery.
*Manifest destiny- United States should go from east coast to west coast
Abolition- - William Lloyd garrison- Frederick Douglass and the Grimke sisters- no more slavery
Temperance- limit on sale and consumption of alcohol
Horace Mann- came up with the education system we know of today
Women’s suffrage movement- Elizabeth cady Stanton- Seneca falls convention
Jacksonian democracy – spoil system. Force removal of Cherokee from Ga (trail of tears) universal white suffrage – right to vote
Nullification crisis- john c. Calhoun- states did not have to follow national law- (states rights)
Wilmot proviso- proposed banning slavery in land bought from Mexico. This did not pass congress but divided the north and south
more. Sectionalism
Nat turner- minister who killed 55 whites in a slaver revolt. This tighten rules on slaves (slave codes)
John brown- raided harpers ferry Va, trying to gain weapons to lead a slave revolt. This showed southers they would have to fight to
preserve their way of life.
Missouri comprise- - banning slavery in land within Louisiana Purchase lying above the 36, 30 N parallel. With exception of
Missouri. Missouri slave state and Maine as Free State
Civil war- Union (Lincoln) and confederacy (Jefferson Davis)
Fort Sumter- 1st battle of civil war
Robert E. Lee- commander of confederate army
Antietam- bloodiest one day battle of civil war
Vicksburg- split the south into two pieces (confederacy surrounded and had to eat dogs, cats and other things)
Gettysburg- turning point in the civil war for the union in the civil war
Emancipation proclamation- (Lincoln issued it) changed the war from preserving the union to ending slavery – did not free
any slaves
Sherman’s march to the sea- burned everything for 60 mile stretch from Atlanta to savannah –
Appomattox court house- lee surrendered to Grant ending civil war.
13th amendment- freed slaves
14th amendment- due process and citizenship African americans
15th- right to vote African Americans
Radical republicans- Thaddeus Stevens – wanted harsh condition put on the south
Jim crow- laws to segregate races
Ellis island where immigrants arrived coming to America .
Thomas Edison- invented light bulb, motion picture.
Standard oil started by John D. Rockefeller- 1st trust (monopoly)
Progressives- came up with referendum- recall, initiative and 17th amendment- direct election of senators.
Jane Addams started Hull house- helped the poor by education and food.
Muckrakers- journalist and novelist to expose abuses in business and corruption. Most famous ones are Ida Tarbell who exposed
Standard oil Company. Upton Sinclair- wrote the Jungle told about the unsanitary condition of the meat packing industry. This made
govt pass pure food and drug act of 1906.
Plessey v. Ferguson- separate but equal
NAACP- started by W.E.B. Dubois national association for the advancement of colored people
18th amendment- prohibition- no consumption and sale of alcohol
19th – women suffrage- right to vote
21st overturn prohibition- u can drink again.
Imperialism- power extends political and economical influence over another country.
Spanish-American war- causes were Yellow Journalist (Pulitzer and Hearst) and sinking of
U.S.S. Maine. Yellow
journalist- people who made up or sensationalize stories about what the
Spanish was doing to the Cubans.
Neutrality- not getting involved into wars. U.S. foreign policy before WWI
Roosevelt corollary- told everyone to stay out of Western hemisphere including Latin America.
Panama canal- was forcefully taken by the Panamanian from Colombian control. Roosevelt was the president
Teddy Roosevelt- Speak softly and walk with a big stick
World War I
Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife this started world war I.
Competition for territory and resources- also caused world war I. and also nationalism- pride in ones country. And entangled alliances.
Allied powers- Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Japan, eventually United States.
Central powers- Germany, Austria-hungry, and Ottoman Empire.
America was still had a policy isolationism at beginning of WWI
Sinking of Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegraph convinced Americans to join WWI and unrestricted submarine warfare practiced
by Germany on U.S. ships.
Wilson 14 point plan- forms a league of nations to prevent war. United States did not sign treaty of Versailles. So 14 point plan never
happened and United States did not join League of Nations.
Mass production- Henry ford-model T assembly line.
Growth in 20’s was called the Roaring 20’s.
Harlem Renaissance-explosion of African American music, arts, prose, theater. Example Langston Hughes- poet. Louis Armstrongimprovisational trumpet player.
Red scare1920’s- because of Russian revolution United States was scared communist was trying to bring ideas to America. Passed the
national origin act0 limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe. Now this is when big influx from Mexico.
Oct 29, 1929- black Tuesday- stock market crashed. And the great depression started.
Causes of great depression- speculation, overproduction.
Dust bowl- drought and not planting croups caused huge dust storm in the Midwest that made it all the way to the east coast.
Hoovervilles- people lost there houses and people built tin shacks on public land. And named them after the president Hoover.
Franklin d. Roosevelt won the election in 1932.
FDR- economic plan to help the economy was called the new deal.
New Deal plans
1. CCC- civilian conservation corps- plant trees, soil conservation, employed young men 18-25
2. TVA- Tennessee valley authority – electric dams- provided cheap electricity to rural areas.
3. WPA- work progress administration- built buildings- roads and employment for artist
4. Wagner Act- protected rights of labors and labor unions. Can’t fire anyone who joins unions and could have collective
bargaining. Increased unions and union members
5. SSA- social security act- disability insurance, retirement, unemployment.
6. AAA- subsides in croups, and also took croups and animals out of market- which increased price.
7. FDIC- insurance on deposits in the bank up to 100,000 dollars.
Huey long- believed Roosevelt didn’t go far enough. He believed take from the rich and give to poor.
World War II
Causes: fascist dictators, need for resources, great depression.
Germany-Hitler, Italy Mussolini.
U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Britain- Winston Churchill
Allies- U.S., Britain, France, Russia
Axis- Japan , Italy, Germany
Lend Lease- U.S. loaned, sold, traded, supplies to Great Britain and other allies.
Bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941) by Japan- this causes the united states to enter World War II
Operation overlord D-day (June 6, 1944) - Eisenhower commander- the largest amphibious invasion ever. Invasion of the
beaches of Normandy France
Manhattan project- the atomic bomb. Truman drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
A. Philip Randolph- executive order 8802- banned discriminating n industry related to the defense of the United States.
Rosie riveter- woman can do everything a man can. Women worked in factories during W.W. II
Executive order 9066- Japanese in America put in internment camps during World War II.
WWII- the league of nations was formed after it to keep another war from starting
Winston Churchill- coined the term iron curtain. The line marking soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
Containment policies toward communism- contain it where it is at don’t let it spread.
Truman doctrine- economic and military support to countries to fight off communist.
Marshall plan- aid to Western Europe that wasn’t communist.
Berlin airlift- had to get supplies into democratic controlled Berlin by bringing stuff in on a plane.
Korea war (1950-53) - divided at 38th parallel before and after the war. North Korea- communist; South Korea democratic.
Red scare- 1950’s- scared communist was in state department and movies.
Joseph McCarthy- said communist was in states department and he had the names. Called McCarthyism. Showed him in
television and people new he was not telling the truth.
GI Bill- pays for school and houses.
Levittown’s- suburbs outside the city because of GI bill
Baby boom – explosion of babies being born after World War II. 1945-1960
National highway act- Dwight Eisenhower- built the interstates that we know today.
Kennedy-Nixon debate-showed on TV and Kennedy won because he looked more cool and collective unlike Nixon.
Sputnik- first satellite in space launched by Russians.
Space race between soviets and United States. Neal Armstrong first man to walk on moon(u.s.)
Bay of Pigs Kennedy sent exiles to Cuba to try to over through Cuba dictator Fidel Castro. This failed.
Cuban missile crisis- Russia sent missiles to Cuba. 13 days later Russia removed missiles. And were moved ours from turkey.
Vietnam War – communist north (Ho chi Minh) known as Vietcong, South democratic (leader Diem)
Tet offensive- showed that the Vietcong in the north (communist) could put a coordinated attack together. They took over
Saigon. This also showed the U.S. this would be a long war.
Harry Truman desegregated the military in 1948.
Brown vs. board of education- integration of the public school system.
NAACP- national association for the advancement of colored people.
Little rock 9- 9 African American students integration central high school in little rock Arkansas.
James Meredith- 1st African American university of Miss.
Martin Luther King- head of SCLC (southern Christian leadership conference) head of civil rights movement
Montgomery bus boycotts- Rosa parks
Letters from a Birmingham jail- M.L. King wrote them to address his fellow priest on why the civil right movement needed to
happen.
March on Washington – king gave “I have a dream” speech
Sit in movement- started North Carolina- headed by SNCC- student non-violent coordinating committee. These were manly young
people SNCC.
Lyndon B. Johnson- passed Civil rights act of 64, voting rights act of 65, and came up with the great society.
Civil rights act 1964- no segregation in public accommodations
Voting rights act of 1965- no more literacy test for registration of voting.
Great society- welfare, Medicaid and Medicare
Gideon vs. Wainwright- free court appointed attorney
Miranda.vs Arizona- must be read your rights.
Roe. V wade- right to privacy- abortion
United farm workers- headed by Cesar Chavez- supported rights of migrant farm workers in California.
Betty Friedman- wrote the Feminine Mystique- told about the idea that a woman was happy at home was a lie. She also started the
organization called NOW- National organization for women
Environmental movement- started with the creation of the EPA (environmental protection agency) also because of the book wrote by
Rachel Carson called Silent springs- that told about the harmful use of pesticides like DDT.
Regents of U.C. vs. Bakke- said that quotas was unconstitutional in some situations and also limited affirmative action.
Watergate- Nixon scandal.- Nixon had to resign as president. He knew about people breaking into the Watergate building and lied
about knowing anything about it.. Ford vice president became president and pardoned Nixon for his crimes.
Camp David accords- peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Jimmy carter helped with this.
Clinton- was impeached but not convicted because of Monaca Lewinsky scandal. He lied under oath.
NAFTA- North American free trade agreement- free trade between American, Canada and Mexico.
War on terror started sept. 11, 2001 when the world trade center was attacked.
President Reagan –came up with reaganimics- trickle down economy- give tax breaks to rich and money will eventually get to the
poor.
When Martin Luther King was killed riots happened.
Gore Vs. Bush- when a disputed election happened in Florida over the presidential election of 2000. Who ever won Florida won the
presidential election the supreme court decided that no more recounts should happened and that mean bush won the election.
Dust Bowl Happened in the Great Plains
Happened
here