APA:
Documentation and Format
A Workshop from the Writing Support Center
A Workshop from the Writing Support Center
Featuring 6th edition updates
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Individual Differences
THE TITLE PAGE
(APA, p. 41)
For
Research Papers
Individual Differences in
Bimodal Processing and Text Recall
Bruce R. Dunn and Kate I. Rush
University of West Florida
Note: If you use a Running
head, it must appear as a
header on each page (APA
6th ed., p. 42).
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1
Title Page
for
Pepperdine
Dissertation
(EDUCATION)
[2”]
Pepperdine University
Graduate School of Education and Psychology
[1 ½”]
GLOBALIZATION AND EDUCATION
[2 ½”]
A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership
by
Jane Doe Student
May, 2007
Anne Smith, Ph.D. - Dissertation Chairperson
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[2”]
Title
Title Page
Page
for
for
Pepperdine
Pepperdine
Dissertation
Dissertation
Pepperdine University
Graduate School of Education and Psychology
[1 ½”]
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER:
AN ASSESSMENT STRATEGY
[2 ½”]
(PSYCHOLOGY)
A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Psychology
by
Jane Doe Student
May, 2007
Anne Smith, Ph.D. - Dissertation
Chairperson
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Levels of Headings
Think of heading levels as outline levels—or
groupings—but with different indentation rules. First,
determine how many groupings you’re using for your
paper:
•
•
Countries [first grouping]
States [second grouping]
Okay, so we have two levels.
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TWO LEVELS LOOK LIKE THIS:
Countries (bold, upper/lowercase)
Text begins here.
States (bold, flush left, upper/lowercase)
Text begins here.
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THREE LEVELS
Countries
States
Counties. (Text begins here.)
Note: Levels 3-5 are followed by period, are lowercase,
and text always begins next to heading.
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FOUR LEVELS
Countries
States
Counties.
Cities.
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FIVE LEVELS
Continents
Countries
States.
Counties.
Cities. (No bold…)
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REFERENCES
Most references should include:
– Author’s name
– Title of work
– Publication information
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Globalization
183
References
Borjas, G. (2005). Globalization and immigration. In M. Weinstein
(Ed.), Globalization: What’s new? (pp. 75-95). New York:
Columbia University.
A Sample
Reference Page
Fischman, G. E. (2007). The university, state, and market: The
political economy of globalization in the Americas.
Comparative Education Review, 51(2), 251-253.
Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice. Cambridge: Belknap Harvard
University Press.
Rethinking globalization: Teaching for justice in an unjust world. Social
Education, 71, 15-25.
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Helpful Hints . . .
• Only the major publication for each entry is italicized:
(Article title, Journal Title)
• All reference pages are double-spaced throughout
(exception: dissertation reference pages).
• Capitalization rules vary, depending upon type of reference
(e.g., book vs. journal).
• Each reference entry is indented after the first line (hanging
indent).
• Never use underlined or colored text in references.
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Reference Examples
Book
Clifford, J. (1997). Routes: Travel and translation in the late
twentieth century. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
(Always include city and state.)
Article in a Magazine
Stein, J. (2003, October 5). Asia’s diaspora. The New Yorker,
40-45.
As citation: (Stein, 2003).
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A Newspaper Article,
No Author:
Darfur’s refugees: High motivation, few resources. (2004,
September 14). New York Times, p. A17.
As citation: (“Darfur’s,” 2004, p. A17).
In place of author, use first word or two of title in quotes.
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Reference Examples
Article in a journal (printed version only)
Roy, A. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 141(2), 171177.
•
Volume number is italicized; issue number is not.
•
Each significant word in journal title is capitalized.
As citation: (Roy, 1982, pp. 171-172).
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Reference Examples
Electronic issue of printed journal (article with DOI¹):
Cole, M., & Bedeian, A. (2007). Leadership consensus as a cross-
level moderator. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(5), 447-462.
doi: 0.1016/jleaqua.2007.07.002
¹Digital Object Identifier
*No retrieval date necessary since this is the final (archival) version.
*No database name needed since DOI takes the place of database name or accession
number.
As citation: (Cole & Bedeian, 2007).
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Journal Article (from database), No DOI
Hager, M. (2007). Therapeutic diet order writing: Current issues and
considerations. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 22(1), 28-36. Retrieved
from http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com
As citation: Hager (2007) argues…
*Give exact URL (if content is open-access) or URL of journal home page (if content is
accessible only by subscription).
*No retrieval date is included because the above article is the final version.
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Chapter in Edited Book
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive
mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger
(Ed.) Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp.
309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
As a citation w/quote: (Bjork, 1989, p. 310).
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Dissertation
French, M. (2006). The alignment between personal
meaning and organizational mission. Retrieved from
ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3241802)
For hard-copy only:
French, M. (2006). The alignment between personal
meaning and organizational mission. (Doctoral
dissertation, Pepperdine University, 2006). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 67, 11.
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INTERNET-ONLY SOURCES
Should include:
•
•
•
•
Title or description of document
Date of posting or update
Retrieval date
URL (address)
•
•
Use document names, not home or menu pages
Ensure that the URLs you cite work.
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ONLINE REFERENCES
U.S. Government Report on Web site:
U.S. Department of State. (2004, June). Victims of trafficking and
violence protection act of 2000: Trafficking in persons report.
Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/
Do not include a period at the end of a URL since readers must be able to
access the reference’s site correctly.
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CITING A WEB SITE
If there is no author listed, use the article/topic title
as the identifier:
Human subject research. (n.d.). Pepperdine
University Web site. Retrieved April 29, 2009
from http://services.pepperdine.edu/irb/
Direct quote citation: (“Human,” n.d., ¶ 2)
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DICTIONARIES
Online Dictionary
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.
Retrieved October 20, 2005, from http://www.m-w.com
/dictionary/
Citation: (“Heuristic,” n.d.).
Printed Dictionary
Mish, F. (Ed). (2007). Merriam-Webster’s collegiate
dictionary (11th ed.) Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Citation: (Mish, 2007, p. 399).
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Annual Report
Pearson PLC. (2005). Reading allowed: Annual review and summary financial statements
2004. Retrieved from http://www.pearson.com/investor/ar2004/pdfs/summary_report
_2004.pdf
Fact Sheet
RAND Corporation. (2006). Three steps for improving mental health care in the United
States [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs
/2006/RAND_RB9190.pdf
The organization is usually the author of these types of documents.
Use brackets to describe the type of document when it is otherwise unclear.
Divide lengthy URLs by striking the Enter key before a slash or underscore.
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6th Edition Reference Change
• Journal article with DOI, 8 or more authors:
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C.,
Plath, L. Cl., Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004). Effects of
quitting smoking on EEG activation. Nicotine and Tobacco
Research, 6, 249-267. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305
Note: Include 1st seven authors, insert ellipses and add last
author.
From Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Associaion, (6th edition, 2010), p. 198.
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REFERENCES
• There are myriad sources and thus myriad formats for
referencing in APA.
• Beginning on p. 193 of APA’s Publication Manual is an
extensive list of types of references and corresponding
section numbers to indicate formats.
• Visit : http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx
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USE PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
• When summarizing
• When paraphrasing
• When quoting*
*Direct quotes always require page (or
paragraph) number(s) in their citations.
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Keys to Parenthetical Citations
• Keep references brief
• Give only information needed to identify the
source on your reference page
• Give author’s last name, year of publication and,
when using a direct quote, page number.
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Handling Quotes in Your Text
Truss (1996) argues that “it would be nice if one day
the number of apostrophes properly placed in it’s
equaled exactly the number of apostrophes properly
omitted from its” (p. 65).
OR . . .
“It would be nice if one day the number of apostrophes
properly placed in it’s equaled exactly the number of
apostrophes properly omitted from its” (Truss, 1996,
p. 65).
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PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
Some details . . .
• Two authors, always cite both.
(Smith & Hong, 1982)
• Three, four or five authors, cite all in first citation;
subsequent citations cite only first author, et al.
(Martin, Villa, & Lewis, 2000) (Martin et al., 2000)
• Work with six or more authors
(Smith et al., 1998)
• Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, p. 332) or (Jones, 1995, ¶3) when pages are
unnumbered.
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PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• A reference to an interview, e-mail or other
irretrievable correspondence should be
included in the text but not in the references.
An e-mail from Patti Anne Smith:
(P. A. Smith, personal communication, May
16, 2007)
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SOME DETAILS
• Citation from a lecture:
(D. M. Rodriguez, SOC. 118 lecture, March 7,
2007).
• Secondary Source: “Smith’s study (as cited in
Jones, 1993)…”
• On reference page: Jones, M. (1993). Seeing is
believing. New York: Penguin Books.
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PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by
Higonnet et al. (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to
include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its
resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It
is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have
been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997,p. 2). Though these studies focus
solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating
the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and
Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell (1975), arguing
that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a
sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of
institutions” (p. 6). Moreover, Tylee suggests that . . . .
•
•
Punctuation always follows the citation, not the ending word, of a sentence. Exception: block quote.
When a citation is mentioned as part of the sentence (“sentence citations”), the year need not be
repeated in subsequent in-sentence citations within same paragraph (see ¶2). However, all
parenthetical citations must always include the year (see ¶ 1).
Adapted from Purdue University Writing Lab Web site, (April, 2004)
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Where can I go for additional help with APA
documentation?
• Writing Support Center, West L.A., Room 522, 310-258-2815
• Check our Web page: http://services.pepperdine.edu/gsep/writing/
• APA Publication Manual, 6th edition
• Check the APA Website:
http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx
• Try the free software RefWorks (now in 6th edition format)
http://library.pepperdine.edu/information/databases/alpha.html?letter=R
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