Citations
Take notes on this presentation. I
will give you a quiz over this
material.
Citing Facts
• As you work on developing your outline for
your persuasive speech, you will be citing
the facts from your research. You will also
need to cite facts in your essay. Add your
citations into your outline as it develops.
I. American Girl dolls cultivate imagination and
activate the brain.
A. According to psychologists, imaginative play is
one of the most important components of early
learning and is a key factor in brain development.
1. Research Fact (citation)
2. Research Fact (citation)
B. Social development is also inspired through
imaginative play.
1. Fact (citation)
2. Fact (citation)
Which of these is a fact that needs to be cited?
American Girl dolls cultivate imagination and activate the
brain.
According to psychologists, imaginative play is one of the
most important components of early learning and is a key
factor in brain development.
80% of American girls play with dolls.
Social development is also inspired through imaginative play.
• For EACH of your THREE key ideas in
your outline you need THREE FACTS. In
total, the minimum number of citations for
this essay is NINE.
• HW: Work on adding facts to your outline.
Bring your draft to class tomorrow to show
me your progress. You should pick up your
rough outline before you leave class today
to read my comments.
What is a citation? Why do we
cite facts in an essay?
• A citation is a reference to the source of
the information- the article or document
where you read a specific fact or from
which you copied a specific quote.
• We cite facts to show that we have solid
credible sources.
• We cite because if we don’t we are simply
stealing the idea of others. This is
plagiarism- a form of intellectual theft.
2. What does credible mean?
Would an anonymous source be
more or less credible than a
named source?
• Credible means believable.
• An anonymous source is less credible
usually because we don’t know anything
about the merits or qualifications of the
writer.
• If something is published by a major
publication such as a large magazine, the
credibility is greater, but you should not rely
on facts from blogs or message postings
even on a Website sponsored by a credible
group.
3. What is a quote? Can I quote
the writer of an article even if
nothing in the article is in quotes?
A quote is anything you take word for
word from another text, movie, or other
printed source, or anything you take
word for word from an interview.
You can quote the writer of an article.
That person’s ideas need to be quoted if
you take them word for word, and need
to be cited if they are original and not
“common knowledge”.
4. How do you properly
introduce a quote or a research
fact in a paper or a speech to
make your fact come across to
your audience as credible?
Lead in with information about who said
the quote and when.
During a recent speech at the White
House, President Obama said, “…..
New York Times sports columnist John
Brown stated his views about the draft
in his recent article, “…
5. What is a paraphrase? When
should I paraphrase? When
should I quote an idea instead of
paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing is when you write an idea in
your own words.
A paraphrase needs to be cited when it is
an idea that is unique to a specific
article. Often you will paraphrase
general ideas that you see in several
articles. These ideas would not need to
be cited.
6. When do I need to cite
information? Do I cite quotes?
Do I cite statistics? Do I cite
everything?
Always cite quotations.
Cite paraphrased information if it is a
unique and original idea that belongs to
someone else.
Cite research data such as statistics.
7. When I cite a quote, what
information is included within
the parentheses? Why?
The citation is a short reference to the Works
Cited sheet. So it contains the first thing listed
on the works cited sheet.
On the Works Cited I can find all of the
information about the source.
The first thing you list on a Works Cited sheet is
the author’s name. If there is no author, you
list the title of the article.
A citation looks like this
( Smith 6) - Author and page number
when possible
(“The Truth about Barbie”) If there is no
author, you cite the title of the article. If
there is no page number, you leave it
out.
Do not cite the speaker’s
name unless the speaker is
the writer of the article.
• Use a lead-in to say who is speaking. The
citation should refer the reader to the Works
Cited Sheet.
• According to psychologist Susan Smith,
“Barbies are harmless” (“The Truth about
Barbie”). *Notice the punctuation here?
Notice that I do not put Smith in parentheses
because she is not the writer of the article I
am citing.
No Citation Needed
common knowledge
• ________________Children often create
their own stories when they play with dolls.
No citation needed
general information/ common
knowledge
• _________________According to many child
development experts, the best toys for babies and
toddlers are developmental toys such as playgyms,
swings, simple stacking toys, puzzles and musical
toys. Toys more suitable for older children are
electronic educational toys, construction toys such
as Lego, and puzzles, board games and sciencebased toys.
Cite Needed
Direct Quotation
• _________________"Toys 'R' Us strongly
believes in promoting outdoor activities and
a healthy lifestyle among children," says
Toys ‘R’ Us executive Mr R.J. Sen. Its retail
outlets offer a wide range of sports and
outdoor toys.
No Citation Needed
Common Knowledge
• _________________Children are struggling
to make friends at school because they
spend too long playing computer games and
listening to MP3 players, according to many
teachers.
Citation Needed
Specific Study Referenced
• __________________A survey of primary
teachers in the UK by the organization Save
the Children reveals that an increase in
"solitary pastimes'' has caused damaged to
the social skills and has resulted in greater
levels of loneliness amongst young people
today.
Citation Needed
Quoted Material
• __________________Education Correspondent,
Graeme Paton of The Daily Telegraph explains
that there are growing concerns that the toxic mix
of modern life, including exposure to electronic
entertainment, junk food and over-competitive
schooling, is poisoning childhood”.
Citation Needed
Statistic
• __________________More than 70 percent
of teachers said that increased use of games
consoles, mobile phones, the internet and
MP3 players has harmed children's ability
to interact with their peers.
No Citation Needed
General Information
Idea Not Unique To One Source
• __________________If young people do
not learn to form solid relationships with
others and rely too much on solitary play, it
can be difficult for them to form long-term
relationships later in life. This can affect
both their work relationships and their
family lives.
8. What is a Works Cited Sheet
and how is it different than a
Bibliography?
A bibliography lists all the sources you
read or used in any way.
A Works Cited ONLY lists the sources that
you actually cited in your essay.
Where do I put citations on my
outline?
Place the citation right after the fact.
Include the author’s name and the page
number (if applicable.)
If there is no author, list the title of the
article in quotation marks.
How many citations do I need
for each of my key ideas?
You should have 2-3 for each key idea
and a MINIMUM of 9 citations in your
typed outline.
You need to CITE your sources.
How do I make a Works Cited
page? What is MLA format?
• Use MLA format. Examples of this format can
be found in your planner and also on many
solid college writing sites.
• My favorite is Purdue University’s Owl Writing
Center.
• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/74
7/01/
Make sure you have all of the
source information and that
you use the right format.
• Don’t forget to punctuate titles.
• Pay attention to the punctuation
between each part of the Works Cited.
• Make sure you alphabetize your
sources based on the first word of the
entry.
• Double space and indent second and
third lines of each entry (when
applicable)
Turn in Outline
• Turn in your outline draft today.
• Work on your Works Cited tonight. It is
due on Thursday.
• Bring your typed outline to class
tomorrow. You will need to reference it!
Speeches
• Speeches will start next Monday.
• I am going to stretch them out over the last
two weeks. Everyone should be ready to go
on their assigned day. You will have a 20%
late penalty if you are not prepared. That
means a B- is the highest grade you can get
even if you give the most incredible speech I
have ever seen. PLAN AHEAD!